Italiano II il 13 di ottobre 2015SINTIERICapitolo 1 tests

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1. Le Opere alla lavagna 2. A Finire - Student Activity Manuel Sentieri textbook

Tests postponed - students needed more time:

L’esame lunedì il 13 di ottobre 2015 Comincia!

Studiate!!!!!

ESAME Grande il 15 di ottobre 2015

1. SENTIERI a. Sentieri Packet (green) Capitolo 1

Ripasso1. pagina 2 COME VA? VOCABOLARIO2. PAGINA 5 ITALIAN ALPHABET REVIEW3. PAGINA 7 ESPRESSIONI UTILI 4. PAGINA 8 REVIEW BACI DALL’ITALIA! 5. PAGINA 10 Nouns and articles6. Pagina 11 indefinite articles and nouns7. Pagina 12 Numbers8. Pagina 13 C’ e’ ci sono

9. Pagina Alla Facolta’ VOCABOLARIO 10. Pagina 21 Voabolario11. Pagina 22 Review ALL’universita’12. Pagine 24-25 ESSERE and subject pronouns13. Pagine 26-27 Adjective Agreement 14. Pagine 28-29 Telling Time15. Pagina 37 Review again of all vocabulary16. Review notes

17. La CULTURA e LA STORIA Origins of Italian CultureLa storia d’Italia una breve presentazione

A Brief History of Italy: From the Etruscans to TodaySubmitted by admin on Fri, 06/01/2012 - 00:00google_ad_section_startITALIAN HISTORY

History of Italy

In many ways, the history of Italy is the history of the modern world. So many pivotal moments in our collective past have taken place in Italy that it can be considered Europe’s historical keystone. In this section, learn about the great and not so great moments in Italian history, from the grandeur of Rome to the Renaissance, the Risorgimento to the battlefields of World War II.

BRIEF HISTORY OF ITALYBy 500 BC, a number of groups shared Italy. Small Greek colonies dotted the southern coast and island of Sicily. Gauls, ancestors of today's modern French, roamed the mountainous north. While the Etruscans, a group originally hailing from somewhere in western Turkey, settled in central

Italy, establishing a number of city-states, including what is now modern-day Bologna. Little is known about the Etruscans except that they thrived for a time, creating a civilization that would pass down a fondness for bold architecture (stone arches, paved streets, aqueducts, sewers) to its successor, Rome.

According to legend, Rome was founded on April 21, 753 BC by Romulus and Remus, twin brothers who claimed to be sons of the war god Mars and to have been raised as infants by a she-wolf. Romulus saw himself as a descendant of the defeated army of Troy, and wanted Rome to inherit the mantle of that ancient city, if not surpass it. When Remus laughed at the notion, Romulus killed his brother and declared himself the first king of Rome.

Rome went through seven kings until 509 BC when the last king was overthrown and the Roman Republic was formed. Rome then came to be ruled by two elected officials (known as consuls), a Senate made up of wealthy aristocrats (known as patricians), and a lower assembly that represented the common people (plebeians) and had limited power. This format of government worked well at first, but as Rome expanded beyond a mere city-state to take over territory not just in Italy, but overseas as well, the system of government came under severe strain. By the First Century BC, Rome was in crisis. Spartacus, a slave, led the common people in a revolt against the rule of the aristocratic patricians. Rome was able to put down the rebellion, but at great cost, as the Republic dissolved into a series of military of dictatorships that ended with the assassination of Julius Caesar. In 29 BC, after a long power struggle, Julius Caesar's nephew, Octavius, seized power and declared himself Emperor Augustus. The Roman Empire was born. For the next two hundred years, Rome thrived, ruling over a vast territory stretching from Britain and the Atlantic coast of Europe in the north and west to North Africa and the Middle East in the south and east.

This Pax Romana, a time of peace, ended in 180 AD with the death of Marcus Aurelius, Rome's last great emperor. A combination of economic problems, barbarian invasions, domestic instability, and territorial rebellions, combined with a lack of strong leadership, resulted in the slow and gradual decline of Rome. In 380 AD, after three hundred years of persecution, Christianity became the one and only official religion. By the end of the Fourth Century AD, the Roman Empire split into two. The East,

based out of the newly-built capital of Constantinople, in what is now Turkey, thrived, eventually becoming the long-lasting Byzantine Empire. Rome, capital of the West, continued to decline.

In 410 AD, Rome itself was sacked by barbarian hordes. The Eastern Empire invaded but failed to restore order and had to withdraw. The Roman Empire in the West completely collapsed. For the next thousand years, Italy once again became a patchwork of city-states, with Rome, home to the Catholic Church, being the most powerful. This long period of quiet stagnation was known as the Dark Ages.

Prosperity did not return to Italy again until the Fourteenth Century, when city-states such as Florence, Milan, Pisa, Genoa, and Venice became centers of trade. The influx of wealth and increased trade contact with foreign lands, transformed Italy into Europe's premier center of culture. Funded by wealthy patrons, figures such as Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Dante, Machiavelli, and Galileo, among others, revolutionized the fields of art, literature, politics, and science. Italian explorers, such as Marco Polo and Christopher Columbus, introduced Italy and Europe to the rest of the world.

Italy remained a center of power until the Sixteenth Century, when trade routes shifted away from the Mediterranean and the Protestant Reformation resulted in the Catholic Church, which was based in Rome, losing influence over much of Northern Europe. Weakened, the various Italian city-states became vulnerable to conquest by Spain, France, and Austria. Italy remained a patchwork of principalities controlled through proxy by various European powers until the Nineteenth Century, when the French leader Napoleon supported the unification of Italy as a way of creating a buffer state against his many enemies. With the backing of France, Italian nationalist Giuseppe Garibaldi led a popular movement that took over much of Italy, ending in 1870 with the fall of Rome and complete unification of Italy.

Plagued by internal political divisions and with an economy devastated by war, the new Kingdom of Italy was no Roman Empire. In 1919, frustrated that Italy had received few gains despite having been a victor in the First World War, a politician named Benito Mussolini launched a movement that

called for the restoration of Italy as a great power. In 1922, impatient with electoral politics, Mussolini led his supporters, known as Fascists, on a march on Rome to seize power directly through a coup. Spooked, the Italian king did not put up a fight and allowed Mussolini to become supreme ruler of Italy.

Mussolini spent the next twenty years consolidating power and building up the Italian economy, but he never gave up on the idea of restoring Italy as a great power. Calling himself "Il Duce" (meaning Leader), Mussolini dreamed of leading a new Roman Empire. In the 1930s, he indulged his dreams of conquest, by invading Ethiopia and Albania. When the Second World War broke out, Italy remained neutral at first. However, once it appeared through the Fall of France that Germany would win, Mussolini eagerly joined Hitler, a fellow Fascist and longtime ally, in the war effort and rushed to invade Greece, the Balkans, and North Africa. Overextended and unprepared for such a large-scale effort, Italy quickly found that it could not maintain its military position and had to ask Germany for help. Before long, Mussolini saw himself losing control of North Africa, the Mediterranean, and eventually his very own country to the Allies. Fleeing Rome, Mussolini tried to set up a puppet state in Northern Italy but failed. Abandoned by a disgusted Hitler, Il Duce and his mistress were captured and executed by Italian partisans.

After the Second World War, Italy abolished the monarchy and declared itself a republic. With the strong support of the United States, Italy rebuilt its economy through loans from the Marshall Plan, joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and became a strong supporter of what is now the European Union. Today, Italy is now one of the most prosperous and democratic nations in Europe.

Italian National Anthem

The Italian national anthem is a lively and rousing hymn called 'Il Canto degli Italiani' (The Song of the Italians). It is also called 'Fratelli d'Italia' (Brothers of Italy), taken from the first line of the lyrics.

The words were written by a young Genoese student called Goffredo Mameli in 1847 and set to music a few months later by a fellow Genoese, Michele Novaro. The hymn became very popular during the

turbulent period of the Risorgimento, leading to Unification in 1861.

The Marcia Reale (The Royal March) composed for the Royal House of Savoia, became the official national anthem of Italy after unification and remained so until the formation of the Italian Republic in 1946. 'Il Canto degli Italiani' was then chosen as the national anthem of the new Republic.

It is interesting to note that in his composition, Inno delle Nazioni (Hymn of the Nations), composed for the London International Exhibition of 1862, Guiseppe Verdi reflected public opinion by choosing to include 'Il Canto degli Italiani', rather than the official Italian national anthem, alongside the British and French national anthems.

Italian lyrics

Fratelli d'Italia,l'Italia s'è desta,dell'elmo di Scipios'è cinta la testa.Dov'è la Vittoria?Le porga la chioma,ché schiava di RomaIddio la creò.

CORO:Stringiamci a coorte,siam pronti alla morte.Siam pronti alla morte,l'Italia chiamò.Stringiamci a coorte,siam pronti alla morte.Siam pronti alla morte,l'Italia chiamò, sì!

Noi fummo da secolicalpesti, derisi,perché non siam popolo,perché siam divisi.Raccolgaci un'unicabandiera, una speme:di fonderci insiemegià l'ora suonò.

CORO

Uniamoci, amiamoci,l'unione e l'amorerivelano ai popolile vie del Signore.Giuriamo far liberoil suolo natio:uniti, per Dio,chi vincer ci può?

English translation

Brothers of Italy,Italy has woken,Bound Scipio's helmetUpon her head.Where is Victory?Let her bow down,For God created herSlave of Rome.

CHORUS:Let us join in a cohort,We are ready to die.We are ready to die,Italy has called.Let us join in a cohort,We are ready to die.We are ready to die,Italy has called, yes!

We were for centuriesdowntrodden, derided,because we are not one people,because we are divided.Let one flag, one hopegather us all.The hour has struckfor us to unite.

CHORUS

Let us unite, let us love one another,For union and loveReveal to the peopleThe ways of the Lord.Let us swear to set freeThe land of our birth:United, for God,Who can overcome us?

CORO

Dall'Alpi a Siciliadovunque è Legnano,ogn'uom di Ferruccioha il core, ha la mano,i bimbi d'Italiasi chiaman Balilla,il suon d'ogni squillai Vespri suonò.

CORO

Son giunchi che pieganole spade vendute:già l'Aquila d'Austriale penne ha perdute.Il sangue d'Italia,il sangue Polacco,bevé, col cosacco,ma il cor le bruciò.

CORO

CHORUS

From the Alps to Sicily,Legnano is everywhere;Every man has the heartand hand of FerruccioThe children of ItalyAre all called Balilla;Every trumpet blastsounds the Vespers.

CHORUS

Mercenary swords,they're feeble reeds.The Austrian eagleHas already lost its plumes.The blood of Italyand the Polish bloodIt drank, along with the Cossack,But it burned its heart.

CHORUS

Studiate!!!Work in home journalSummarize lesson todayBuona Fortuna!!!In Bocca al Lupo!!!

wolf

•

•

in bocca al lupo!!!!!!!!!!

Italian Language Lessons Possessive adjectives are those that indicate possession or ownership. They correspond to the English "my," "your," "his," "her," "its," "our," and "their." The Italian possessive adjectives are also preceded by definite articles and agree in gender and number with the noun possessed, not with the possessor. The table below provides a chart of possessive adjectives (aggettivi possessivi) in Italian.

ITALIAN POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

ENGLISH MASCULINE FEMININE MASCULINE FEMININE PLURAL

SINGULAR SINGULAR PLURALmy il mio la mia i miei le mie

your (of tu)

il tuo la tua i tuoi le tue

your (of Lei)

il Suo la Sua i Suoi le Sue

his, her, its

il suo la sua i suoi le sue

our il nostro la nostra i nostri le nostre

your (of voi)

il vostro la vostra i vostri le vostre

your (of Loro)

il Loro la Loro i Loro le Loro

their il loro la loro i loro le loroAs a rule, the Italian possessive adjectives are preceded by definite articles:la mia camicia (my shirt)il nostro amico (our friend)i vostro vicini (your neighbors)i suoi libri (his/her books)One exception is made for idiomatic phrases such as these:a casa mia (my house)ècolpa sua (it's his/her fault)è merito tuo (it's your merit)piacere mio (my pleasure)

1.2. Miss, where are you from?3. Paolo, how are you?4. Professore, how are you?5. Good night!

6. What is the real name of the Mona Lisa? ANSWER7. Who is the father of the Italian language?ANSWER

Aggettivi

Adjectives in Italian: Form and Agreement

An adjective is a word that qualifies a noun; for example, a good boy. In Italian an adjective agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies. In Italian there are two groups of adjectives: those ending in -o and those ending in -e.Adjectives ending in -o in the masculine have four forms:

Maschile FemminileSingolare

-o -a

Plurale -i -eil libro italiano la signora italianai libri italiani le signore italianeil primo giorno

la mensa universitaria

i primi giorni le mense universitarie

If an adjective ends in -io, the o is dropped to form the plural.l'abito vecchio (the old suit)gli abiti vecchi (the old suits)il ragazzo serio (the serious boys)i ragazzi seri (the serious boys)Uli è tedesco. (Uli is German.)Adriana è italiana. (Adriana is Italian.)Roberto e Daniele sono americani. (Robert and Daniel are Americans.)Svetlana e Natalia sono russe. (Svetlana and Natalia are Russian.)Adjectives ending in -e are the same for the masculine and the feminine singular. In the plural, the -e changes to -i.il ragazzo inglese (the English boy)la ragazza inglese (the English girl)i ragazzi inglesi (the English boys)le ragazze inglesi (the English girls)An adjective modifying two nouns of different gender is masculine.i padri e le madre italiani (Italian fathers and mothers)

Una Pizza Grande o Una Grande Pizza?Position of Adjectives1. Adjectives generally follow the noun.È una lingua difficile. (It is a difficult language.)Marina è una ragazza generosa. Marina is a generous girl.)Note that adjectives of colors that derive from nouns are invariable.

Non trovo il maglione rosa. (I can't find the pink sweater.)The adjective blu (blue, navy), which is monosyllabic, is also invariable.

Porto la giacca e i pantaloni blu in lavanderia. (I'm taking the blue coat and pants to the laundry.)

2. Certain common adjectives, however, generally come before the noun. Here are the most common:

bello (beautiful)bravo (good, able)brutto (ugly)buono (good)caro (dear)cattivo (bad)giovane (young)grande (large; great)lungo (long)nuovo (new)piccolo (small, little)stesso (same)vecchio (old)vero (true)

Anna è una cara amica. (Anna is a dear friend.)

Gino è un bravo dottore. (Gino is a good doctor.)

È un brutt'affare. (It's a bad situation.) Brutta affare

But even these adjectives must follow the noun for emphasis or contrast, and when modified by an adverb.

Oggi non porta l'abito vecchio, porta un abito nuovo. Today he is not wearing the old suit, he is wearing a new suit.)

Abitano in una casa molto piccola. (They live in a very small house.)

Italian Language Lessons

Possessive adjectives are those that indicate possession or ownership. They correspond to the English "my," "your," "his," "her," "its," "our," and "their." The Italian possessive adjectives are also preceded by definite articles and agree in gender and number with the noun possessed, not with the possessor. The table below provides a chart of possessive adjectives (aggettivi possessivi) in Italian.

ITALIAN POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

ENGLISH MASCULINE SINGULAR

FEMININE SINGULAR

MASCULINE PLURAL FEMININE PLURAL

my il mio la mia i miei le mie

your (of tu)

il tuo la tua i tuoi le tue

your (of Lei)

il Suo la Sua i Suoi le Sue

his, her, its

il suo la sua i suoi le sue

our il nostro la nostra i nostri le nostre

your (of voi)

il vostro la vostra i vostri le vostre

your (of Loro) il Loro la Loro i Loro le Lorotheir il loro la loro i loro le loroAs a rule, the Italian possessive adjectives are preceded by definite articles:la mia camicia (my shirt)il nostro amico (our friend)i vostro vicini (your neighbors)i suoi libri (his/her books)One exception is made for idiomatic phrases such as these:a casa mia (my house)ècolpa sua (it's his/her fault)è merito tuo (it's your merit)piacere mio (my pleasure)

Question words!Che cosa fai?What are you doing?

Cosa hai detto?What did you say?

Chi?CHI?The word chi means who. It can be used to ask and answer question about people.

Chi hai incontrato?Who did you meet?

chi riceve gli ospitihost (the one who receives guests)

Dove?

The word dove is used to ask where questions. Also, one interesting thing to note is that for questions of "how far?", Italians ask fin dove? or "ending where?".

Di dove sei?Where are you from? Di Dov’ e’ Lei?

Fin dove andrai?

How far will you go?Dove vai?

Quando?

The Italian word quando means when. It asks and answers "when" questions. When paired with da (from), it can be used to form the present perfect tense.

Quando torni?When will you return?

Da quando sei qui?How long have you been here?

Perché?

The word perchè means both why and because.

Sono in ritardo perché avevo dimenticato di mettere la sveglia.

I an late because I forgot to set my alarm clock.

Dimme perchè.Tell me why.

Come?

The word come means both how and like. It is capable of both asking and answering "how" questions.

Come è vestido lui?How is he dressed?

È vestido come un poliziotto.He is dressed like a policeman.

It can also be used in the phrase come mai to ask "why" questions (how come).Come mai non sei venuto alla festa?Why didn't you come to the party?

Quanto?

The Italian word quanto translates both as how much and how many, depending on its ending. In English, we have separate words for questions about single or plural quantities. In Italian, you just pluralize the question word as you would any other word.

Quanto sono grandi i cani?How big are the dogs?

Quanti anni hai?How old are you?

Quale?

The word quale is the equivalent of the English question word "which".Quale preferisci?Which one do you prefer?

Quale macchina è la tua?

Which car is yours?

Meeting people Introducing Yourself in Italian 

When meeting new people in Italy, you will most likely find yourself asking either ‘tu come ti chiami?’ or ‘Lei come si chiama?’ Both mean ‘what is your name’ but the first version is informal, and can be used with people of the same age or younger, and the second version is formal to be used with people of an older age or in a business / formal situation. Tu means you informal and Lei means you formal.If in doubt, use Lei and you may be invited to use Tu with the expression ‘Diamoci del tu?’ (Shall we use the informal with each other?)Male or Female? Gender confusing namesIf asking the name of a male, you may be surprised to hear them answer Andrea or Nicola as these are female names in the UK and US. The pronunciation in Italian is different, however, with the stress on the middle syllable, rather than the first one as it is in English. These are typical male names in Italy, along with others which can be gender confusing to non-Italians such as Gianmaria, Luca, Rosario and Toni (short for Antonio).

Typical expressions

There are some typical expressions we can use in addition to

asking someone’s name when we meet them, such as:Ciao - HelloPiacere - Nice to meet youDi dove sei / di dov’è? - Where are you from (informal and formal)?Sono di ... - I am from ...Che lavoro fai / che lavoro fa? What’s your job (informal and formal)?Mi chiamo ... - My name is ...

MEETING PEOPLE more here……

Your handshake should be firm, and don't be surprised if your new friend moves in for a cheek kiss or shoulder slap. When greeting friends, cheek kisses on both sides are as common as shaking hands in Italy. Remember, though, if you're even in Russia or places like Lebanon they'll be expecting three kisses, not two.When you introduce yourself tell someone your name, first and last. For "my name is..." you can say "Io mi chiamo..." or "Il mio nome è...". If you have a nickname or preferred to be called by a shortened version of your name let people know up front.Eating and dining are an important part of Italian culture and one of the main way friends connect with one another. If you meet Italians during your vacation, don't be surprised if you're invited for a long, lazy dinner where conversation and laughter is shared over some good food. What better way to bond and unwind? Here is an example of a conversation that may occur between two people who have just met. The scene is a private home in Naples...YOU: "Ciao, mi chiamo Carlo, Carletto per gli amici, piacere di conoscerti. Come ti chiami?" = "Hi, I'm Carlo, but my friends call me Carletto. Nice to meet you. What's your name?"NEW FRIEND: "Io mi chiamo Claudia." = "I'm Claudia."Y: "Come va?" = "How are you doing?" or "How are you?"NF: "Io sto bene, grazie." = "I'm great, thanks."Y: "Di dove sei?" = "Where are you from?"NF: "Io sono italiano e vivo a Roma, e tu?" = "I'm Italian and I live in Rome and you?"Y: "Io vengo da Sidney." = "I'm from Sydney."NF: "Sei mai stata in Italia?" = "Have you ever been to Italy before?"Y: "No, questa è la prima volta." = "No, this is the first time."NF: "Prego, accomodati!" = "Please, take a seat!"

NF: "Vorresti un caffè o qualcosa altro da bere?" = "Would you like a coffee or something else to drink?"Y: "Si, grazie un caffè." = "Yes, thank you, a coffee."NF: "Ti stai divertendo qui?" = "Are you having a good time here?"Y: "Si certamente." = "Yes, of course."NF: "Cosa hai fatto di bello oggi?" = "What did you do today?"Y:  "Oggi sono andata al Maschio Angioino e ho fatto delle belle foto." = "Today I went to the Maschio Angioino and I took some beautiful pictures."NF: "Napoli è una bella città, e penso che valga la pena vederla una volta nella vita." = "Naples is a amazing city, I think it's worth seeing it once in a lifetime."Y: "Non molto tempo fa ho pensato a questo viaggio in Italia alla scoperta del paese natio di mio nonno." = "Not too long ago I decided to make this trip to explore the country where my grandfather was born."NF: "Che bella idea! Ricercare le tue radici è interessante. Dove vuoi andare precisamente?" = "What a great idea! Discovering your roots is very interesting. Where would you like to go, exactly?"Y: "Mio nonno era di Caserta, e domani vado là." = "My grandfather was born in Caserta and tomorrow I'm going there."NF: "Dal momento che non conosci bene la strada, posso procurarti una cartina." = "Given that you're not familiar with the area I can get you a map."Y: "Grazie, molto gentile." = "Thank you, that's very kind of you."NF: "Ad ogni modo se vuoi stare qui a lungo, mi piacerebbe farti fare un giro qui attorno." = "By the way, if you want to stay here longer, I would love to show you around."Y: "Grazie, sarebbe bello!" = "Thanks, that would be great!"NF: "Allora, fa' buon viaggio!" = "Well, then, have a great trip!"Y: Grazie per la tua ospitalità = "Thanks for your hospitality." This is only an example about what can be talked about when you meet someone

Nouns and articles in ItalianItalian Definite Article

1.The Italian Definite Article

The Definite Article are used to introduce the persons, animals or things. In English we have just one: "The"Italian Definite Articles are:

SingularFemenine La ex. La sorella

Masculine Il ex. Il libro

Lo (used when the word begins with z,gn, pn, ps, x, or s followed by a consonant)Plural

Femenine Le ex. Le sorelle

Masculine I ex. I libri

Gli (used when the word begins, with z, gn, pn, ps, x, or s followed by a consonant)

In English the definite article (l'articolo determinativo) has only one form: the. In Italian, l’articolo determinativo has different forms according to the gender, number, and first letter of the noun or adjective it precedes.

I

i ragazzi e le ragazze (the boys and girls)il quaderno e la penna (the notebook and pen)

Here are some rules for using definite articles:

1. Lo (pl. gli) is used before masculine nouns beginning with s + consonant or z.

2. Il (pl. i) is used before masculine nouns beginning with all other consonants.

3. L’ (pl. gli) is used before masculine nouns beginning with a vowel.

4. La (pl. le) is used before feminine nouns beginning with any consonant.

5. L’ (pl. le) is used before feminine nouns beginning with a vowel.

The article agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies and is repeated before each noun.

la Coca–Cola e l’aranciata (the Coke and orangeade)

gli italiani e i giapponesi (the Italians and the Japanese)

le zie e gli zii (the aunts and uncles)

The first letter of the word immediately following the article determines the article’s form. Compare the following:

il giorno (the day)l’altro giorno (the other day)lo zio (the uncle)il vecchio zio (the old uncle)i ragazzi (the boys)gli stessi ragazzi (the same boys)l’amica (the girlfriend)la nuova amica (the new girlfriend)

In Italian, the definite article must always be used before the name of a language, except when the verbs parlare (to speak) or studiare (to study) directly precede the name of the

language; in those cases, the use of the article is optional.Studio l’italiano. (I study Italian.)

Parlo italiano. (I speak Italian.)Parlo bene l’italiano. (I speak Italian well.)

The definite article is used before the days of the week to indicate a repeated, habitual activity.

Domenica studio. (I’m studying on Sunday.)

Marco non studia mai la domenica. (Marco never studies on Sundays)

The Italian indefinite article (l'articolo indeterminativo)

Italian Language Lessons Italian Indefinite ArticleThe Italian indefinite article (l'articolo indeterminativo) corresponds to English a/an and is used with singular nouns. It also corresponds to the number one.

INDEFINITE ARTICLESMASCHILE FEMMINILEuno zio (uncle) una zia (aunt)un cugino (cousin, m.)

una cugina (cousin, f.)

un amico (friend, m.) un’amica (friend, f.)Uno is used for masculine words beginning with z or s + consonant; un is used for all other masculine words. Una is used for feminine words beginning with a consonant; un’ is used for feminine words beginning with a vowel.

un treno e una biciclettaun aeroplano e un’automobileuno stadio e una stazione

corresponds to English a/an and is used with singular nouns. It also corresponds to the number one.

INDEFINITE ARTICLES

MASCHILE FEMMINILE

uno zio (uncle) una zia (aunt)

un cugino (cousin, m.)

una cugina (cousin, f.)

un amico (friend, m.)

un’amica (friend, f.)

Uno is used for masculine words beginning with z or s + consonant;

un is used for all other masculine words.

Una is used for feminine words beginning with a consonant;

un’ is used for feminine words beginning with a vowel.

Indefinite ArticleIn Italian, the indefinite article is placed before the noun to indicate a generic, uncountable noun. It is also used before the names of professions as well as with common names or surnames to indicate a work of art. In English, indefinite articles correspond to the terms "a" and "an." It has the following forms:MASCULINE (singular): un, unoFEMININE (singular): una, un'• un is used before a masculine noun that starts

with a vowel or consonant:•un amicoa friendun giornoone dayun tavoloa tableNOTE: un is never followed by an apostrophe.• uno pressed a word that starts with:» s impura (s + consonant)uno scontrinoa receipt

uno specchioa mirroruno svagoa diversion» y semiconsonantica (semivowel y)uno yogurta yogurtuno yachta yacht» gn, ps, x, and zuno gnomoa gnomeuno psicologoa psychologistuno xenofoboa xenophobicuno zainoa backpack

una is used before a feminine word that begins with a consonant:

una madrea motheruna ziaan aunt

un' is used before a feminine word that begins with a vowel:

un'automobilea carun'amicaa friend

The Indefinite Article (Articolo Indeterminativo)In Italian grammar the Indefinite article ( UN - UNO - UNA/UN') is one of the variable elements of a sentence, and agrees in gender and number with the noun.For Masculine Nouns, the indefinite articles are UN and UNO•UNO is used before all nouns not beginning with

sc- sp- st- gn- z-•UN is used in all other cases, also before vowels

(with NO apostrophe)For Feminine Nouns, the indefinite articles are UN' and UNA•UN' (with apostrophe) is used before vowels•UNA is used in all other cases

Practice with indefinite articles Indefinite ArticlesA. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the indefinite article.• _____ professore e _____ professoressa• _____ stazione e _____ venditore• _____ aranciata e _____ caffè• _____ studente e _____ studentessa• _____ anno e _____ mese• _____ automobile e _____ treno• _____ zio e _____ zia• _____ cornetto e _____ cappuccino

Questions | B. Make the following phrases singular.EXAMPLE: due stazioni — una stazione

• due treni• otto aeroplani• due automobili• cinque autobus• tre biciclette• due zoo• tre caffè• due motociclette

Questions | C. Repeat the pattern in the example with each of the following nouns.EXAMPLE: carciofo — un carciofo, due carciofi• pompelmo• carota• pesca• arancia• mela• limone• patata

Questions | Answers

B. Complete the exercises, filling in the blanks with the correct form of the definite article.

• Ecco _____ famiglia di Piero. _____ uomini sono tutti alti e bruni, ma _____ donne sono bionde e piuttosto basse! Buffo, no? _____ zii e _____ zie di Piero sono molti e anche _____ cugini. _____ bambini di Piero hanno sette e nove anni, ma _____ bambina è ancora molto piccola. _____ parenti di Piero sono tutti simpatici. (E anche _____ cane Fido!)

• _____ italiano è _____ lingua preferita in questa classe! Ma ci sono altre belle lingue: _____ spagnolo, _____ francese, _____ inglese, _____ giapponese e molte altre. Anche se _____ grammatica italiana non è difficile, _____ nuovi studenti hanno molto da imparare: _____ verbi, _____ aggettivi, _____ articolo determinativo. Siamo fortunati, però: _____ studenti di questa classe sono bravi e studiosi, vero?

ANSWERS

Questions | AnswersIndefinite ArticlesA. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the indefinite article.

• un professore e una professoressa• uno stazione e un venditore• un'aranciata e un caffè• uno studente e una studentessa• un anno e un mese• un'automobile e un treno• uno zio e una zia• un cornetto e un cappuccino

Questions | Answers

B. Make the following phrases singular.

EXAMPLE: due stazioni — una stazione• due treni — un treno• otto aeroplani — un aeroplano• due automobili — un automobile• cinque autobus — un autobus• tre biciclette — una bicicletta• due zoo — uno zoo• tre caffè — un caffè• due motociclette — una motocicletta

Questions | Answers

C. Repeat the pattern in the example with each of the following nouns.

EXAMPLE: carciofo — un carciofo, due carciofi

• pompelmo — un pompelmo, due pompelmi• carota — una carota, due carote• pesca — una pesca, due pesce• arancia — un'arancia, due arance• mela — una mela, due mele• limone — un limone, due limoni• patata — una patata, due patate• pomodoro — un pomodoro, due pomodori/due pomidoro

Some More Verbs : Present TenseIrregular verbs

Andare (to go) Volere (to want) io vado tu vai lui /lei /Lei va noi andiamo voi andate loro /Loro vanno

 io voglio tu vuoi lui /lei /Lei vuole noi vogliamo voi volete loro /Loro vogliono

Fare (to make/do) Dovere (to have to) io faccio tu fai lui /lei /Lei fa noi facciamo voi fate loro /Loro fannoNote:

we write fa without an accent

 io devo, debbo tu devi lui /lei /Lei deve noi dobbiamo voi dovete loro /Loro devono, debbono

Dare (to give) Potere (to be able to) io do tu dai lui /lei /Lei dà noi diamo voi date loro /Loro dannoNote:we write do without an accent we write dà with an accent

 io posso tu puoi lui /lei /Lei può noi possiamo voi potete loro /Loro possono

Sapere (to know) io so tu sai lui /lei /Lei sa noi sappiamo voi sapete loro /Loro sannoNote:We write so and sa without an accentBere (to drink) io bevo tu bevi lui /lei /Lei beve noi beviamo voi bevete loro /Loro bevono

FINE

Ci sono

C’ e’

DI+NOME - per esprimere possesseo

The preposition di + a NOUN

is used to express

possession or relationship!

Examples:

Where is Gabriel’s radio?

Dov’ e’ la radio di Gabriele?

The capital of Italy is Rome.La capitale d’Italia è Roma.

I’m Gina’s father.Io sono il padre di Gina.

They are Giacomo’s sisters.Sono le sorelle di Giacomo.

Di chi e’ l’appartamento?E’ l’appartamento di Marco.

Di chi sono le riviste?

Sono le riviste di Maria.

Marco ha un televisore.Ecco il televisore di Marco!