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PRACTICUM PROJECT:
United States Army Military Police Corps Regimental MuseumMaster Script
Part 2: History of the Military Police Corps From World War II to Today
ByKathy J. West
4297967
HIST 696, Session K001, Summer 2014American Public University System
November 23, 2014
United States Army Military Police Corps Regimental MuseumMaster Script
Part 2: History of the Military Police Corps From World War II to Today
As of November 23, 2014
Bold and regular text provides notes for the tour guide.
Italic text provides the material presented to the visitor.
Green text provides vignettes that support the recurring theme “Military Police Soldiers
Living the Army Values.”
Blue text informs the tour guide where they should be standing when presenting material.
Section 1: World War II (WWII)
(WWII Military Police [MP] Corps Poster by Jes Schlaikjer)
Learning Objective: To present the events leading to the establishment of the MP Corps as a
permanent branch of the US Army.
The outbreak of war in Europe in 1939 and the rapid buildup of the U.S. Army
highlighted the need for an organized MP Corps. With a rising national concern over possible
subversion and a perceived need to control hostile aliens, the Secretary of War, Henry L.
Stimson appointed Major General Allen W. Guillon, the Adjutant General of the Army, as acting
Provost Marshal on July 31, 1941.1 With the demands associated with an army mobilizing for
war, the War Department recognized that a centralized authority above the corps level was
necessary. To fill that need, the Secretary of War established the MP Corps as a permanent
branch of the Army on September 26, 1941. This date is the official birthday of the MP Corps. It
1 Robert K. Wright, Jr., comp., Army Lineage Series, Military Police (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 2002), 9.
1
marks a turning point in the Corps’ history from a transitory branch of the Army to a permanent
combat service support element operating during war and peace.2
(Poster for the Third Anniversary of the MP Corps: “A Soft Job? –depends on how you
look at it!”)
Learning Objective: To present information on the growth of the MP Branch, its many duties
and missions, and serve as an introduction to significant events and noteworthy people during
WWII.
With the onset of WWII, the MP Corps experienced permanence, growth in numbers, and
increased professionalism in training and operations. The MP Corps started with 2,000 men in
1941 and grew to more than 200,000 during the course of the war. The duties of the branch were
those traditionally associated with the MP specialty:
The enforcement of military laws and regulations
The maintenance of order
Controlling the movement of traffic both in the battlefield area as well as in
camps, posts, and stations
Safeguarding soldiers from violence or accidents
Recovering lost, stolen, and abandoned government property
Operating the prisoner of war system
New duties such as assisting combat troops in destroying hostile airborne troops
when necessary. 3
2 U.S. Army, Military Police Corps Regimental History, ST 19-154 (Fort McClellan, AL: US Army Military Police School, n.d.), 15.
3 Wright, Military Police, 10.
2
The War Department established MP battalions and created the position of Provost
Marshal General at each general headquarters or theater of operations and on the staff of all
divisions and higher units. Initially, the Army had three new battalions and four separate
companies. By mid-1942, the number of MP battalions increased to seventeen. By the end of
1945, the War Department activated 150 battalions and 900 other MP units.4 MP companies
became increasingly specialized serving as zone of interior guards; escort guards; post, camp,
and station garrison security and discipline, law and order; prisoner of war security and
processing; and criminal investigations.5
MPs came in fighting with the first waves that hit Omaha and Utah beaches on June 6,
1944. Hours after landing, these combat MPs took over control of the huge volume of traffic
debarking from the invasion fleet. The MPs established direction points, performed beach
security patrol, and established prisoner of war containment areas.
On November 21, 1944, the Army established the position of Provost Marshal/Rear Area
Commander as MPs assumed a rear area defensive mission, which included holding attacking
elements in check until tactical troops, arrived.6
(The Ludendorff Bridge Diorama)
Learning Objective: To exemplify the courage, tenacity, and determination of combat MPs in a
significant security and movement operation during the crossing of the Ludendorff Bridge at
Remagen, Germany.
After stopping the German Ardennes Counter-Offensive, the early spring of 1945 found
Allied forces on the offensive, moving very rapidly into Germany. The Germans had been falling 4 U.S. Army, Military Police Corps Regimental History, 16.
5 Wright, Military Police, 10.
6 U.S. Army, Military Police Corps Regimental History, 17.
3
back rapidly and retreating across the Rhine. As they retreated, they were destroying all bridges
to take advantage of the natural barrier that the Rhine offered.
The 9th Armored Division was assigned the missions to seize the city of Remagen and its
vicinity and to establish crossings over the Ahr River (a tributary of the Rhine south of
Remagen). Late in the afternoon of March 7, elements of the 9th Armored Division crested a hill
near the town of Remagen and discovered a bridge still standing. The Bridge they were looking
at was the Ludendorff Bridge. It was built from 1916 to 1919 and was named in honor of WWI
German General Erich Ludendorff. It carried two rail lines and a walkway. The American forces
rushed into action to capture it.7
Before they actually reached the bridge, the men saw rocks and dirt erupt into the air.
The Germans had exploded the preliminary demolition, which gouged a crater thirty feet wide in
the approach to the bridge.8 Once the American soldiers reached the bridge, the Germans set off
an emergency demolition two-thirds of the way across the bridge, damaging one of the trusses.
The huge structure lifted up and steel, timbers, dust, thick black smoke mixed in the air. When
the air cleared, the bridge was still standing.9
The 9th Armored Division quickly captured the bridge; established a bridgehead on the
eastern side; and once reinforcements arrived, withdrew to the west bank to establish a
marshaling area.10 The Division Provost Marshal, Major Joseph Jogl, and Lieutenant John F.
Hyde with his platoon of 9th Armored Division MPs had the responsibility of traffic control in the
7 Ken Hechler, The Bridge at Remagen (New York: Ballantine Books, 1957), 109. 8 Ibid., 129.
9 Ibid., 142-143.
10 Bruce Jacobs, “Remagen,” The Military Police Journal 6, no. 7 (February 1957): 4.
4
assembly area, keeping traffic moving and preventing congestion. It would not be long before the
streets were crowded with men and vehicles.11
The 9th Infantry Division was ordered to divert to Remagen, take over the bridge, push
everything available across, and organize to receive fresh divisions as they came in. For five
days, this unit maintained traffic control on the Ludendorff Bridge at Remagen and in the Rhine
Bridgehead area braving constant heavy artillery fire and air attacks to keep supply, evacuation
and troop movement running smoothly over this vital link. The sector was a target for twenty-
four hours of each day for heavy artillery concentration, air attacks and on two occasions V2
weapons.12
The MPs stood at their post unable to take cover as casualties to themselves and to
passing troops and vehicles mounted each day. In the first three days on the bridge, the 9th
Infantry Division MPs suffered seventy-two casualties. When one of their own fell, another MP
stepped forward to take his place. The number of available MPs dwindled to the point that the
Division Commander, Major General Craig authorized Major Thurston to take twenty-five men
from each of the Infantry regiments. Seventy-five Infantrymen put on MP armbands in the heat of
the battle. To teach them how to take charge of radios, traffic control, defiles and Enemy
Prisoners of War, Thurston set up a school in the mouth of the tunnel on the east bank.13
The bridge was heavily used March 7 – March 12. On March 12, U.S. Army Engineers
closed it to repair the damage caused by the initial attempt to blow the bridge, and subsequent
damage caused by enemy artillery fire and heavy traffic. By this time, the Engineers had erected
a pontoon bridge and a treadway bridge nearby and divisions continued to cross the Rhine. 11 Bruce Jacobs, “Remagen,” The Military Police Journal 6, no. 8 (March 1957): 4.
12 Ibid., 5.
13 Ibid., 5.
5
Disaster struck at approximately 3:00 P.M. on March 17, when, with no warning, the Ludendorff
Bridge buckled and collapsed. Thirty-two Engineer soldiers who had been making repairs in an
attempt to put the bridge back in operation were killed in the collapse.14
The capture of the Ludendorff Bridge hastened the end of the war in Europe. From
March 7 to March 17, seven divisions crossed the Rhine. The established and expanded
bridgehead became a springboard for the final offensive. The 9th Armored MP Company and the
9th Infantry MP Company both received the Presidential Unit Citation.
(The Ludendorff Bridge Diorama)
Major Clair H. Thurston, Distinguished Service Cross
Major Clair H. Thurston served as the Provost Marshal for the 9th Infantry Division
during operations at the Ludendorff Bridge at Remagen, Germany, in March 1945. Taking
the bridge was just the beginning. After the bridge capture, German forces tried to destroy or
recapture the site using explosives, demolitions divers, artillery fire, aerial bombardment, and
infantry assaults. Unable to take cover during the frequent attacks, MPs at the bridge kept
traffic flowing across the Rhine River into Germany. However, maintaining a constant stream
of traffic and supplies proved to be a hazardous job, and the MPs suffered many casualties.
Due to these losses, Major Thurston gathered Soldiers from nearby Infantry units to conduct
MP training courses near the bridge. Major Thurston oversaw organization at the bridge and
led by example. He constantly exposed himself to enemy artillery fire and air attacks to direct
and maintain the traffic over the vital Ludendorff Bridge. On one occasion, Major Thurston,
previously wounded by a shell fragment, rushed across the bridge on foot during a heavy air
bombardment, and carried a man, dazed from the concussion, to safety. His actions inspired
others to continue crossing the bridge in the face of devastating enemy fire. Recognized for his
14 Hechler, The Bridge at Remagen, 201.
6
dauntless leadership and gallantry, Major Thurston received the Distinguished Service
Cross.15
African-American Military Police Soldiers
(Photograph of Lieutenant General Joseph T. McNarney, Deputy Supreme Allied
Commander, Mediterranean Theater, inspecting the Honor Guard of MPs during his tour
of the Fifth Army front at the 92nd Division Sector on January 4, 1945.)
Learning Objective: To explain the utilization and integration of African-American Soldiers in
the MP Corps during WWII.
In October 1941, the War Department authorized the organization of MP Detachments
with African-American Soldiers. The directive establishing the new Corps of Military Police
included the organization of black, white, and mixed units. By August 1942, there were ten
battalions and three companies that were integrated with black and white soldiers. On April 12,
1945, the first all black MP unit was formed in the China-Burma Theater.16
(World War II Display Case, Distinguished Service Cross of Second Lieutenant Walter J.
Burns)
Second Lieutenant Walter J. Burns, Distinguished Service Cross
On the morning of November 8, 1942, Second Lieutenant Walter J. Burns, with the
204th MP Police Company, was approaching Casablanca in French Morocco by landing
craft. The landing party came under attack from an enemy warship at a distance of only 20
yards. When the coxswain of the landing craft was wounded, Second Lieutenant Burns
voluntarily exposed himself to heavy fire from the enemy warship in order to helm the landing 15 Andy Watson, “Military Police Heroism,” Military Police: The Professional Bulletin of the Military Police Corps, PB 19-07-2 (Fall 2007): 37.
16 Ulysses Lee, United States Army in World War II Special Studies: The Employment of Negro Troops (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966), 131.
7
craft. He calmly guided the boat toward shore under the instructions of the wounded coxswain
and received a severe thigh wound from enemy gunfire. Even after being wounded and thrown
from the controls, he returned to take the wheel. When it became evident that the boat could
not reach shore, Second Lieutenant Burns retained control of the situation and gave the order
to abandon ship. An instant later, enemy shellfire shot the boat out of the water. Second
Lieutenant Burns gathered his men and swam to shore, where they were taken prisoner until
freed by American forces a few days later.17
Post-War Tribunals
(World War II Display Case)
Learning Objective: To present the role of MPs during the post-war tribunals.
In 1945, hundreds of German Nazi were charged with war crimes and tried in
Nuremberg. MPs of the 793rd MP Battalion, 802nd MP Company and 821st MP Company served
as guards during the trials. The MPs escorted the accused to and from the courtroom and
provided security within the courtroom. MPs kept the prisoners under constant surveillance
when not in court. After the trials, MPs provided security and assisted with the execution of
hangings; and escorted sentenced prisoners to Spandau Prison. The Allies shared the
responsibility for guarding the Spandau prisoners, rotating control of the prison on a monthly
basis. Every four months a contingent of MPs assumed the task of guarding the prisoners until
the death of the last of the prisoners, Rudolf Hess, in 1987.18
In 1946-1947, soldiers of the 720th MP Battalion guarded 1,700 Japanese prisoners tried
for war crimes. The MPs were also responsible for transporting the war criminals to and from
17 Andy Watson, “Military Police Heroism,” Military Police: The Professional Bulletin of the Military Police Corps, PB 19-06-1 (April 2006): 28.
18 U.S. Army, Military Police Corps Regimental History, 21-22.
8
Sugamo Prison for the duration of the trails. Four hundred of those tried were convicted and
sentenced. MPs provided security at Sugamo Prison until the sentences could be carried out.19
After WWII, the War Department did not disband the MP Corps, but it did reduce in size.
MPs remained as part of the forces occupying conquered Germany and Japan.
Section 2: The Korean War
(The Korean War Exhibit/Map of Korea)
Learning Objective: Utilizing representative equipment, weapons, uniforms, and photographs,
to present the duties of MPs and the challenges they faced during the Korean War, and the
problems and challenges faced by MPs at Koje-do Prisoner of War (POW) Camp.
On June 25, 1950, North Korean troops crossed the 38th Parallel invading South Korea
in an effort to unify the Korean peninsula. This action resulted in the immediate intervention of
United Nations troops to defend South Korea. American forces would face circumstances and
conditions that were entirely new to them as they fought against bands of guerrillas.20
The surprise invasion caused Korean and American troops to retreat into a perimeter
surrounding the Pusan area, establishing a defensive line to protect the vital port. MPs cleared
roadways and protected transportation routes. In September1950, the Department of the Army
issued new guidance concerning the responsibilities and organization of the MP Corps. It
redefined the responsibilities of the Provost Marshals who would not only advise commanders
on policy matters but also directly supervise the operations of the MP units of the command.21
In September 1950, United Nation forces made an amphibious landing at Inchon, on the
west coast of Korea and broke the North Korean lines. The North Koreans retreated north to the
19 Ibid., 22.
20 Ibid., 23-24. 21 Wright, Military Police, 11.
9
Yalu River. In November 1950, Chinese armies flooded into North Korea and slammed against
the United Nation forces, causing another massive retreat. One of the more difficult duties for
the MPs was controlling millions of refugees as the front line wavered back and forth. As the
MPs moved back and forth over the fighting area, they provided an invaluable service in
mapping roads and reporting on road conditions.
Between November 1950 and May 1951, a stable front in the center of the peninsula
gradually emerged and a protracted period of engagement followed. A dramatic increase in
black market activities associated with an army fighting in a third world nation placed increased
emphasis on the duty of Military Police to control and eliminate black-marketing.22
On July 27, 1953, the signing of the Armistice Agreement officially established a truce.
MPs remain in Korea and continue to patrol the demilitarized zone.
Koje-Do POW Camp
(The Koje-Do POW panel)
During the conflict, the United Nations (U.N.) forces captured over 175,000 POWs. The
U.N. confined most of the prisoners on Koje-Do Island. The prisoners built their own camps,
constructing fences, buildings, and sewage systems. MPs served under the U.N. Command. They
worked with a shortage of personnel while dealing with continuous political agitation among the
prisoners. Captured communist leaders began a campaign of terror against their fellow
prisoners to embarrass the United Nations Command, divert front line troops to Koje-do, and
convert non-communist prisoners of war.23
Early on May 7, 1952, Brigadier General Francis T. Dodd, Koje-do’s commander,
received word that the POWs in compound 76 wished to speak with him in person. Since the
22 Ibid. 23 U.S. Army, Military Police Corps Regimental History, 25-26.
10
POWS submitted their request through proper channels, Dodd went to the compound. As he
stepped in, the prisoners surrounded him. He now found himself a prisoner. On May 9, Brigadier
General Colson, the newly appointed commander of Koje-do, secured Dodd’s release after
signing a four-point agreement written by the POWs.24
On June 2, 1952, Brigadier General Hayden Boatner, an MP officer, was named Koje-
do's new Commandant and he would be the fourteenth Commandant in less than twenty-four
months.25 He quickly set about to restore order to the compounds. In a matter of days, the entire
camp was reconstructed. New enclosures, subdivided into four to eight compounds designed to
accommodate five hundred prisoners each, were constructed. By segregating the prisoners into
smaller groups, General Boatner weakened the communist leaders’ influence over other
prisoners and restored order.26
The United States Army even under the United Nations umbrella had to learn by trial and
error some very serious lessons. The lessons learned had to include how to handle people whose
culture and ethnic background was very different.
Sergeant First Class Robert F. Keiser, Distinguished Service Cross
The following comes from Sergeant First Class Keiser’s award citation: On 30
November 1950 at about 1300 hours, the 2d Infantry Division's main convoy began its retreat
south along the Kunu-ri Suchon Road. When the division convoy reached the crest of the
Kunu-ri Suchon Pass, referred to as "The Gauntlet," they faced a roadblock consisting of
over twenty damaged and abandoned vehicles. With complete disregard for his own safety,
24 Raymond J. Lewis, “The Koje-do Uprising of 1952” (paper presented at the annual meeting for the Popular Culture Association, Chicago, Illinois, April 6-9, 1994), 6-7, accessed October 19, 2014, https://server16040.contentdm.oclc.org/cgi-bin/showfile.exe?CISOROOT=/p4013coll11&CISOPTR=804&filename=805.pdf#search=%22harsh%22.
25 Ibid., 8.
26 U.S. Army, Military Police Corps Regimental History, 26.
11
Sergeant First Class Keiser, a MP with the 2d MP Company, personally removed the vehicles
blocking the road, allowing the division convoy to proceed to the safety of friendly lines. He
received several injuries while under constant small arms and machine gun fire from the
enemy, estimated to be of regimental size and located in the hills overlooking the pass, during
a two-hour period. Upon finding a vehicle that would run, Sergeant First Class Keiser loaded
the dead and wounded lying in the road and ditches aboard the vehicle, and commanded
fellow Soldiers to drive the vehicles through the pass to the safety of friendly lines. After
clearing the vehicles from the pass, Sergeant First Class Keiser proceeded to a stream a half
mile south of the pass and stood for an hour in the cold water directing the division convoy
through the ford, because the bridge had been destroyed. Sergeant First Class Keiser was
awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for extraordinary heroism above and beyond the call
of duty.27
Section 3: Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) and Women’s’ Army Corps (WAC)
(Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) and Women’s’ Army Corps (WAC) Exhibit)
Learning Objective: To explain the formation of the WAAC and its evolution into the WAC,
including the uniforms worn. In addition, to explain the Military Police duties of SSG Marvel L.
Joos, a member of the WAC stationed in St. Louis, Missouri, as an example of the contributing
role that members of the WAC played.
The idea of women in the Army other than the Army Nurse Corps was entertained during
World War I (WWI) and with the threat of another war looming, interest was renewed. In May
1941, Congresswoman Edith Nourse Rogers of Massachusetts introduced a bill for the creation
of the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC). The WAAC would work with the Army. The
27 Hall of Valor, “Robert F. Keiser,” Military Times, accessed October 19, 2014, http://projects.militarytimes.com/citations-medals-awards/recipient.php?recipientid=140908.
12
Army would provide food, uniforms, living quarters, pay, and medical care. Women officers
would not be allowed to command men. The Director of the WAAC was assigned the rank of
Major.28 Congress approved the creation of the WAAC on May 14, 1942. President Franklin D.
Roosevelt signed the bill into law on May 15, and on May 16, Oveta Culp Hobby was sworn in
as the first Director.29
The WAAC Training Center opened at Fort Des Moines, Iowa and the first women
arrived on July 20, 1942. Designers at the Heraldic Section of the Quartermaster General's
Office suggested the head of the goddess Pallas Athene as a design for insignia. She was a
goddess associated with an impressive variety of womanly virtues with no vices. She was the
goddess of handicrafts, wise in industries of peace and arts of war the goddess of storms and
battle, who led through victory to peace and prosperity. Hence, the head of Pallas Athene,
together with the traditional U.S., was selected for lapel insignia.30
An eagle for the cap was also designed, less intricate than the Army eagle and later to be
familiarly known to WAACs, for reasons closely connected with its appearance, as "the
buzzard." Since Army buttons could not be used for an auxiliary corps, the WAAC eagle was also
to be imprinted on plastic buttons. It was agreed upon to use olive drab, plastic buttons due to
the need to conserve medal. Only the insignia of grade required no planning; it was to be the
same as the Army's, with a tab lettered WAAC sewed under the chevrons.31
28 Judith A. Bellafaire, The Women’s Army Corps: A Commemoration of World War II Service (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1993), 2-3, accessed October 20, 2014, http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/WAC/WAC.HTM.
29 Mattie E. Treadwell, United States Army in World War II Special Studies: The Women’s Army Corps (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1991), 29, accessed October 20, 2014, http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Wac/. 30
Ibid., 39.31
WAC Uniforms, “Insignia for the WAAC & WAC Uniform,” Olive-Drab, accessed October 20, 2014, http://olive-drab.com/od_soldiers_clothing_combat_ww2_waac.php.
13
The WAAC Cap, later known as the "Hobby Hat," was adopted only after prolonged
discussion on May 13, 1942. After July 1, 1943, the hat insignia changed to the United States
coat of arms.32 In August1944, the women received a garrison cap, commonly called an
"overseas cap," as a replacement for the Hobby hat that was difficult to clean, block, and store.
In addition, gold-colored metal buttons with the United States coat of arms imprinted on them
replaced the olive-drab plastic buttons imprinted with the distinctive WAAC eagle.
For off-duty wear, WACs received a uniform dress – one for winter that was a horizon
tan (grayish-pink) color in a wool crepe fabric and one for summer that was pale cream beige in
a rayon-shantung fabric.33
On July 1, 1943, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed into law legislation which
changed the name of the WAAC to the Women’s Army Corps (WAC) and made it part of the
Army of the United States (AUS). On July 5, 1943, Oveta Culp Hobby was administered the oath
as the first Director of WAC, with the rank of Colonel, AUS.34
When the WAAC converted to the WAC, becoming an official part of the Army, female
MPs could police the training centers and detachments of women soldiers. One of the training
locations for female MPs was at Orlando, Florida. They received rigorous training, including
judo and familiarization with handguns, although they were not allowed to carry firearms.
Female MPs in St. Louis, Missouri enforced military regulations and uniform conformity in the
large railroad depot but also provided assistance and aid to the numerous military travelers.
32 “WAAC Uniform,” U. S. Army Women’s Museum, Fort Lee, Virginia, accessed October 20, 2014, http://www.awm.lee.army.mil/research_pages/WAAC_WAC.htm.
33 WAC Uniforms, “WAC & WAAC World War II Uniforms,” Olive-Drab, accessed October 20, 2014, http://olive-drab.com/od_soldiers_clothing_combat_ww2_waac.php.
34 Bellafaire, The Women’s Army Corps, 13.
14
Although most of the female MPs served within the United States, there were others sent to every
theater of war. 35
The number of female MPs serving in WWII is unknown but the entire military was
severely reduced with the ending of hostilities and the return of peace. By the end of May 1948,
there were only 6,500 women on active duty in the Army. In addition, the WAC law passed by the
U.S. Congress in 1943 giving the WAC full army status during wartime was scheduled to expire
on June 30, 1948.
To replace the law, President Harry S. Truman signed the Women’s Armed Services
Integration Act on June 12, 1948, which established the WAC as a separate corps in the Army
and permitted women to serve as full members of the U.S. armed forces. The Army opened a new
training center at Camp Lee, Virginia the next month. The 505th MP Company, composed of both
male and female military police, was assigned the duties of policing Camp Lee. In 1978, the
Army abolished the Women’s Army Corps as a separate corps and fully integrated women into
all but the combat branches.36
Marvel L. Joos
October 1, 2007, the U.S. Army MP Corps Regimental Museum received a donation of
(WAAC and WAC artifacts that had belonged to Marvel LeClair Joos. Marvel Joos enlisted in
the WAAC on September 1, 1943. When the WAAC became the WAC, she transitioned to the
WAC. She was discharged from the WAC on June 3, 1946. The museum accessioned fifty-
three artifacts and added over a hundred photographs, documents, and wartime letters to its
archives.
35 Ronald Craig, “History of Women in the Military Police Corps,” The Dragoon 22, no. 2 (Winter 2011): 36.
36 Craig, “History of Women,” 36-37.
15
Marvel Joos received her training at Fort Des Moines. She was issued both summer
and winter uniforms. The high top shoes she wore were called “Little Abners.” She found
them very comfortable. She was also fitted with overshoes for her sturdy brown dress shoes.
After completing basic training, she was assigned to the post Headquarters Company.
Marvel was assigned to the clothing warehouse, handing out jackets and skirts to the new
recruits, and helped fitting shoes.
Marvel worked at Ft. Des Moines for two years in the receiving and induction center,
when her brother Oscar died while fighting in the Battle of the Bulge. She asked for a transfer
to another post, wanting to do more to serve her country. In February 1945, she and Sergeant
Lavone “Rusty” Durant received orders to report to Headquarters Detachment, District No. 3,
7th Service Command, Army Service Forces in St. Louis, Missouri.
She arrived by train at Union Station, St. Louis. Marvel was assigned the MP
detachment of about 300 male MP’s at Kings Highway on the edge of Forest Park, the largest
public park in St. Louis. The MP’s were living in Quonset huts on the edge of the park. She
was given a substance and quarters allowance for private housing. She found an apartment
about two blocks from the University of Missouri-St. Louis and about fifteen minutes from
Union Station on the streetcar line.
On her first day of duty, reporters from the St. Louis Dispatch and the St. Louis Times
descended upon her. The story resulted in a double page spread in the Sunday editions. The
Associated Press picked up the story and ran an article that appeared in newspapers all over
the country. It was also in the Stars and Stripes. Marvel stated that, “Strangers came from all
16
over to see us, get autographs, and take pictures. We also started getting fan mail from all over
the world.”37
She patrolled with a male MP and went out on the Railroad docks to take Red Cross or
“gray ladies” out to the troop trains, prisoner of war trains, and later war bride trains or cars.
One evening, she met General and Mrs. Eisenhower. General Eisenhower shook hands with
her and said he had been all over the world but she was the first MP he had ever met who
wore a skirt.38
Section 4: The Cold War and Checkpoint Charlie
(Cold War Exhibit Case)
Learning Objective: To highlight and explain the role and organization of MPs stationed in the European theater during the Cold War period.
During the period known as the Cold War (1945 – 1991), the U.S. Army stationed MP
organizations throughout Europe to fulfill a variety of law enforcement and security needs. As
troop levels in Europe increased, the Army assigned a large number of MP units there for law
enforcement, post security, and customs regulation. MPs patrolled towns and autobahns in
traditional law enforcement duty, guarded classified weapons and missile sites, and secured
confinement facilities. In addition, they guarded ports and railroad networks, enforced customs
regulations, and controlled border crossings. They also reported opposing troop strength and
movements and gathered intelligence information.39
37 Marvel L. (Joos) Reid, “Military Memories,” (N.p.: n.p., n.d.), n.p, Historical paper documents, U.S. Army Military Police Corps Regimental Museum Archive, Fort Leonard Wood, MO.
38 Ibid.
39 Robert L. Gunnarsson, Sr., American Military Police in Europe, 1945 – 1991 (Jefferson: McFarland and Company, 2011), 1-3.
17
From 1948 through 1961, Soviet actions escalated Cold War tension. The U.S. developed
a strategic defense plan that included an expansion of the MP Corps mission. The defense plan
required MPs to secure, protect, and control the occupational troops and the defense force.40 The
Army established the U.S. Army Europe Command and the Seventh Army to provide the
administration and control needed for the increasing number of force elements and to execute
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) defense strategies.41
After the erection of the Berlin Wall, the U.S. military increased European forces
including MP assets. In 1965, the U.S. Army created the first MP brigade, the 15th MP Brigade.
It unified all law and order units under the command of a single administrative organization.42
Highway Patrol
The high speed limits of European autobahns presented a danger to Allied Soldiers who
used the roads for duty and leisure activity. Accidents both on and off duty began to escalate to
alarming numbers. Theater commanders and civil authorities agreed that the MPs should form a
highway patrol unit to target and reduce speeding and the accident rate. Post commanders
established highway patrol units from their existing MP resources from 1948 to 1951. In 1951,
the 62nd MP Company became the sole Highway Patrol unit and retained that position until
1958.43
(Checkpoint Charlie Gate Shack)
Checkpoint Charlie
40 Ibid., 5.
41 Ibid., 19.
42 Ibid., 21.
43 Ibid., 41.
18
Occupation forces established checkpoints to control Allied movement between East and
West Germany. Checkpoint Charlie controlled movement at the newly erected barrier separating
East and West Berlin. MPs verified documents needed to enter East Berlin and prevented
accidental crossings. They also provided instruction regarding policy and procedures to be
followed while in Berlin to prevent conflict and diplomatic incidents. At times, the MPs provided
escorts for individuals or groups traveling into and out of the Russian sector.
Confrontations and disputes were common but usually quickly resolved. However, in
1961, a dispute over access procedures resulted in a tank face-off that became one of the most
widely reported and photographed confrontations of the Cold War era. The situation was
defused within hours with both sides making concessions. 44
On November 9, 1989, East German government officials announced the lifting of travel
restrictions to the West. As a result, crowds of exuberate Germans began dismantling the Berlin
Wall. By December 22, officials opened the Brandenburg Gate. Checkpoint Charlie remained in
operation until June 22, 1990. Germany reunited on October 3, 1990.45
Section 5: Military Working Dogs/Sentry Dogs
(Vietnam Sentry Dog Exhibit)
Learning Objective: To explain the creation of the Military Working Dog Program and its
evolution. To explain the use of Sentry Dogs by MP units in Vietnam.
During World War II, the American Kennel Club and a new group calling itself “Dogs
for Defense” urged pet owners across the country to donate their dogs to the Quartermaster
Corps for military service. The Quartermaster Corps organized the War Dog Program,
nicknamed by some as the K-9 or Canine Corps. At first, more than thirty breeds were accepted.
44 Ibid., 92.
45 Ibid., 97-98.
19
Later the list of breeds was narrowed down to German Shepherds, Belgian Sheep Dogs,
Doberman Pinschers, Farm Collies, and Giant Schnauzers.46
The dogs went through basic training to carry out fundamental commands and to become
accustomed to muzzles, gas masks, riding in military vehicles, and gunfire. They then went
through specialized training as either sentry dogs, scout/patrol dogs, messenger dogs, or mine
dogs. The majority of the dogs were trained as sentry dogs. Sentry dogs worked on a short leash
and were taught to give warning by growling, alerting, or barking. They were valuable for
working in the dark when attackers could take advantage of low visibility. Scout/Patrol dogs
were trained in the skills of a sentry dog and also trained to work in silence in order to aid in the
detection of snipers, ambushes, and other enemy forces.47
During the Vietnam War, about 4,000 dogs were utilized. Of these, about 281 were
officially killed in action. Dense vegetation and semi-darkness of the jungles afforded
opportunities for the enemy to penetrate American lines and conduct reconnaissance and
ambushes. Scout and Sentry dogs were instrumental in taking the advantage away from the
enemy. Three MP Military Working Dog units served in Vietnam: the 212th Sentry Guard Dog
Company, the 595th Sentry Dog Company, and the 981st Sentry Dog Company.48
MWD Chips
One of the dogs who gained fame in WWII was Chips. The German Shepherd-Collie-
Husky mix was donated by Edward J. Wren of Pleasantville, NY, and was trained at Front
Royal, Virginia in 1942. He was one of the first dogs to serve with the MPs overseas in WWII.
46 “Quartermaster War Dog Program,” U.S. Army Quartermaster Foundation, accessed October 9, 2014, http://www.qmfound.com/K-9.htm.
47 Ibid.
48 Shelby Stanton, Vietnam Order of Battle: A Complete Illustrated Reference to U.S. Army Combat and Support Forces in Vietnam, 1961-1973 (Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books, 2003), 178.
20
Chips landed on the beaches of North Africa with the 30th Infantry Division on
November 7, 1942. He went on patrols with his handler, Private John R. Rowell. He also
helped guard the site of the Casablanca Conference where President Franklin D. Roosevelt
and Prime Minister Winston Churchill formulated the policy of “unconditional surrender” of
the Axis powers.
During the Sicilian invasion, Chips charged a machine gun nest that had opened fire
on advancing troops. In a matter of seconds, Chips had knocked out an enemy machine gun
nest. One Italian soldier came out with Chips hanging onto his throat and the others came
running out with their hands over their heads. Chips suffered burns on his mouth from
grabbing the hot machine gun barrel, a scalp wound, and a bullet wound in the hip.
After the action, Major General Lucian Truscott, commander of the American 3rd
Infantry Division, awarded Chips the Silver Star for bravery, and the Purple Heart for wounds
received in action. His citation read, in part “For a special brand of courage, arising from love
of master and duty. Chips' courageous act, single-handedly eliminating a dangerous machine-
gun nest, reflects the highest credit on himself and the military service.” However, Chips did
not get to keep the medals. Higher authorities overruled the awards on the basis that it was
inappropriate to award the decorations to an animal, thereby possibly demeaning Soldiers who
received the same medals.49
Chips stayed on duty with the 30th Infantry until the fighting in Sicily ended in August
1943. He then joined the MP Platoon of the 3rd Infantry Division, becoming one of the first K-
9 dogs to be with the MPs. He guarded prisoners of war through the Salerno and Anzio
49 World War II K-9 Chips, “K-9 Corps Superstar Chips' Medal Winning Heroics,” Olive-Drab, accessed October 21, 2014, http://olive-drab.com/od_wardogs_famous_chips.php.
21
campaigns. It was in Italy that he bit General Eisenhower when the general was bending over
to pet the hero of the landings in Sicily.50
After the liberation of Rome, the 3rd Division moved to Naples and prepared for the
landings in Southern France. Chips landed with the division at St. Tropez and helped guard
German prisoners of war. From the beach in southern France through the mountains of
Alsace, the Siegfried Line, across the Rhine, and on through Germany to Austria, Chips
worked hard to guard the 3rd Division Prisoner of War Cage as the prison population
increased.
After the war, the Army discharged Chips and returned him to his owner.
Section 6: Vietnam War
(TET Offensive Diorama and Vietnam Exhibit Area)
Learning Objective: Utilizing representative equipment, weapons, uniforms, and photographs,
to present the duties of MPs and the challenges they faced during the Vietnam War, and the
transition of the branch into a combat support branch.
The Vietnam War brought another change in MP responsibilities. They assumed new and
varied missions in a war without defined rear areas. Increasingly, the MPs began to assume a
direct combat support role. They provided convoy security, often escorting supplies and
equipment through districts subject to direct enemy attack. They provided traffic control
throughout the four combat zones. They secured highways and bridges against both local
subversives and North Vietnamese regulars. They worked with combat troops in locating and
destroying enemy tunnels. They supervised the movement of refugees and the control of political
50 “Chips: Top War Dog of the K-9 Corps in World War II,” The Military Police Journal 9, no. 12 (August 1959): 35.
22
detainees. Other MP activities included sweeps, reconnaissance patrols, cordon operations, and
search operations.51
Increased responsibility resulted in organizational expansion. The Army organized seven
MP battalions serving in Vietnam into three MP Groups. The 8th MP Group performed all
criminal investigative work in the theater. The 16th MP Group provided command and control of
all MP units assigned to tactical zones I and II. The 89th MP Group controlled MP units in zones
III and IV. These Groups came under the 18th MP Brigade. The brigade commander also served
as Provost Marshal of the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam.52
During 1968, the Army Chief of Staff, acknowledging the MP Corps’ active involvement
in support of military operations in Vietnam, approved changing the branch’s identification from
combat service support to combat support.53
TET Offensive, 1968
In the battle for Saigon during the Viet Cong TET Offensive beginning January 31, 1968,
the Military Police performed a myriad of missions. Their missions included the rescue of billets
under siege, assuming holding or blocking positions to thwart or blunt concentrated Viet Cong
attacks, performing reconnaissance missions within the fifty square mile area of the city to
determine Viet Cong presence or strength, escorting combat units that were moving through the
city, and the recapture of the U.S. Embassy compound. Of the twenty Viet Cong involved in the
attack on the Embassy, nineteen were killed and the twentieth was wounded and captured. The
51 Wright, Military Police, 11.
52 Ibid., 11-12.
53 Ibid., 12.
23
battle for Saigon is one of the largest independent Military Police combat operations in the
history of the Corps.54
Sporadic fighting took place for several days in the Saigon area. During the period from
January 31, 1968 to February 6, 1968, the MPs suffered twenty-seven killed and forty-five
wounded in action; the majority were killed or wounded during the first twelve hours of the
offensive. During this general offensive, the MPs responded to attacks by the Viet Cong and
North Vietnamese Army and prevented or delayed attempts to infiltrate major cities throughout
the Republic of South Vietnam. Both the 716th MP Battalion and the 90th MP Detachment
received the Presidential Unit Citation.55
Private First Class Paul V. Healey, Distinguished Service Cross
Private First Class Healey was serving with B Company, 716th MP Battalion, 18th MP
Brigade, when the TET Offensive began in January 1968. The battalion was stationed in
Saigon, an area thought to be relatively safe from major fighting until the surprise attack. Viet
Cong (VC) and North Vietnamese forces attacked nearly all major cities and many American
bases in South Vietnam, including the American Embassy at Saigon. Private First Class
Healey was on patrol with other members of his unit when they received the call that the
embassy was under attack.
His medal citation describes the action best: “Private First Class Healey distinguished
himself by exceptionally valorous actions on January 31, 1968 while serving with a MP
reaction force during a combined VC and North Vietnamese Army offensive against Saigon.
The enemy had launched concerted attacks on installations throughout the city, and his unit
responded to dislodge a VC suicide squad that had taken control of the American Embassy 54 Thomas L. Johnson and Mary R. Himes, Historical Account of the Military Police Corps Regiment: Assault on the American Embassy TET-1968 (Fort McClellan, AL: U.S. Army Military Police School, 1983), 1.
55 U.S. Army, Military Police Corps Regimental History, 36.
24
compound. Heedless of enemy fire directed at him, Private First Class Healey rammed the
main gate of the embassy with a jeep in an attempt to gain entrance to the compound. When
the gate failed to open, he shot the lock off with a pistol and fearlessly led a charge into the
bullet-swept grounds. Braving a savage hail of automatic weapons fire and exploding
grenades, Private First Class Healey moved from position to position, killing eight insurgents
with rifle fire and grenades as he advanced. He then moved to the rear of the compound to
rescue an embassy officer trapped on the second floor of a house occupied on the ground floor
by VC. Fully exposed to withering hostile fire, he raced across the open lawn and hurled a riot
gas grenade into the building. The insurgents continued to resist, and he fearlessly
approached the building a second time through intense fire and tossed weapons and
ammunition up to the unarmed officer. Assured that the man had a means of defending
himself, Private First Class Healey withdrew to cover and placed fierce fire on the VC in the
building until they were annihilated. His dauntless and aggressive efforts in close combat
saved the life of the fellow American and were instrumental in the successful defense of the
United States Embassy.”56
During Private First Class Healey’s assault, one of the VC attackers he shot threw a
grenade that bounced off Healey. Private First Class Healey moved behind the VC, with the
enemy absorbing the blast. Speaking frankly of his accuracy in taking out the enemy, Private
First Class Healey explained, “Every time a VC moved from behind a flower pot, I shot
him.”57
Section 7: End of the Women’s Army Corps
56 Andy Watson, “Military Police Heroism,” Military Police: The Professional Bulletin of the Military Police Corps, PB 19-07-1 (Spring 2007): 34.
57 Ibid., 35.
25
(MP Women Exhibit Case)
Learning Objective: Utilizing representative weapons, uniforms, and photographs, to explain
the transition of females from the Women’s Army Corps to Soldiers in the Regular U.S. Army
from the perspective of the MP Branch.
The Women’s Army Corps (WAC) was enlarged following the end of the draft in 1972.
This increase of women in the all-volunteer Army also required more female MPs. On May 1,
1972, the Army initiated formal MP training for MOS-95B. By 1974, the Army authorized female
MPs to carry a firearm, a .38 caliber revolver. On July 8, 1977, the first gender-integrated class
of MP One-Station-Unit-Training began at Fort McClellan. The need for a separate Women’s
Army Corps faded as women assimilated into male training, assignments, and logistics and
administrative management.58
In October 1978, Congress deactivated the WAC and integrated women Soldiers into the
Regular Army. The role and contributions of women MPs continue to expand and soon the list of
female MP “firsts” will be exhausted, for example, the first female Provost Marshal General and
so on. The MP Hall of Fame includes Brigadier General Evelyn Foote and Brigadier General
Sherian Cadoria for their significant service and contributions to the MP Branch .59
Brigadier General Sherian G. Cadoria, Service Career 1961-1990
General Cadoria was a trailblazer throughout her diverse and stellar 29-year career.
Initially, she served in the Women's Army Corps (WAC) and then branch transferred to the
MP Corps in the early 1970s. She was one of the first women to serve as a MP officer. General
Cadoria served in the Republic of Vietnam from January 1967 to October 1969, where she was
58 Ronald Craig, “History of Women in the Military Police Corps,” The Dragoon 22, no. 2 (Winter 2011): 36-37.
59 Ibid., 37.
26
assigned to the Office of the U. S. Army Vietnam Provost Marshal and later to the Qui Nhon
Support Command. During this assignment, she received three Bronze Star Medals and an Air
Medal for meritorious service at Cam Ranh Bay. Later, she served as Commander, MP School
Battalion and subsequently, the Commander, First Region Criminal Investigation Division
(CID) Command. She also served as a Director on the Joint Staff for the Chairman, Joint
Chiefs of Staff. Her significant contributions to the MP Corps, the Army and to America are a
reflection of her belief that "The dictionary is the only place where 'success' comes before
'work'."
Brigadier General Evelyn P. Foote, Service Career 1960-1989, 1996-1997
General Foote served our nation with distinction for over 30 years. Her contributions
include a wide range of firsts as she led the integration of women into the active Army. A fair-
minded and tenacious commander, General Foote has always set the standard when it came to
leadership values of competence, commitment, candor, and courage. She pioneered the way to
the future, breaking ground for all who followed. She took the path less traveled by and that
made all the difference.60
Section 8: Persian Gulf War/Desert Storm
(Desert Storm Exhibit Case)
Learning Objective: To present a brief overview of the Persian Gulf War and explain the
enormous Enemy Prisoner of War (EPW) mission for MPs.
Another landmark development in the evolution of the MP Corps occurred September 26,
1986. On that date, the Department of the Army activated the Military Police Corps Regiment.
60 Text for Brigadier General Cadoria and Brigadier General Foote comes from the citations printed on their Hall of Fame panels found in the U.S. Army Military Police Museum, Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri.
27
In early August 1990, Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein ordered the invasion and occupation
of neighboring Kuwait. Alarmed by these actions, fellow Arab powers such as Saudi Arabia and
Egypt called on the United States and other Western nations to intervene. The United Nations
condemned this act of aggression and demanded that he withdraw from Kuwait by mid-January
1991. Hussein defied the United Nations Security Council demands. As a result, the United
States sent military forces to the Persian Gulf as a part of a coalition to oppose the Iraqi threat.
The Persian Gulf War began with a massive U.S.-led air offensive known as Operation Desert
Storm.61
The American contingent consisted of both Active and Reserve forces. Because of the
force reductions in Europe and other factors, Army planners and commanders assembled
complete divisions using battalions and brigades borrowed from other divisions and support
components that consisted in part of Reserve and National Guard units from the United States
and Germany. Corps-level combat support and combat service support organizations also mixed
regular and reserve units under a single headquarters. For example, MPs from three regular
brigades and two reserve battalions deployed under the VII Corps’ 14th MP Brigade
headquarters.62
The ground attack started on February 24, 1991. At the close of coalition operations on
February 26, twenty-four Iraqi divisions had been defeated. In all sectors, the volume of
prisoners continued to grow and clog roads and logistical areas. Iraqi soldiers surrendered
faster than the Central Command could count them.63 During Operations Desert Shield and
61 Persian Gulf War, “Facts and Summary,” History.com, accessed October 25, 2014, http://www.history.com/topics/persian-gulf-war#.
62 Richard W. Stewart, War in the Persian Gulf: Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, August 1990-March 1991, CMH Pub 70-117-1 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2010), 21.
63 Ibid., 56.
28
Desert Storm, over 17,000 active component and reserve component MPs from four brigades,
twenty-two battalions, and one hundred companies, detachments, and teams either supported or
conducted EPW operations.64 From January 17, 1991 to May 2, 1991, the 800th MP Brigade
processed and interred 69,822 EPW.65
After forty-two days of relentless attacks by the allied coalition in the air and on the
ground, U.S. President George H.W. Bush declared a cease-fire on February 28. By that time,
most Iraqi forces in Kuwait had either surrendered or fled.66
American forces had rapidly deployed with very little warning to fight on a distant and
unexpected battleground. Three successful aspects of the war stand out. First, the Army moved
so fast that they found their enemy consistently out of position and oriented in the wrong
direction. Second, American forces enjoyed substantial technological advantages. Third,
American Soldiers outperformed their Iraqi enemies. The quick victory and low number of lost
coalition lives surprised Americans. “Superb equipment, rigorous training, and the professional
character qualities of the American Soldier explain the result. Never before had American forces
been more fully prepared for a war they were called upon to fight.” 67 The international coalition
considered the Persian Gulf War a success, but continued troubles in the region eventually led to
a second Gulf War that began in 2003.
M1025 HMMWV – “Poison Ivy”
64 Jon F. Bilbo, Enemy Prisoners of War (EPW) Operations during Operation Desert Storm, Individual Study Project (Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College, April 15, 1992), 100-101.
65 John R. Brinkerhoff, Ted Silva, and John Seitz, Enemy Prisoner of War Operations: The 800th Military Police Brigade (Arlington: ANDRULIS Research Corporations, 1992), 21-22.
66 Stewart, War in the Persian Gulf, 56.
67 Richard W. Stewart, War in the Persian Gulf: Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, August 1990-March 1991, CMH Pub 70-117-1 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2010), 64-67.
29
(At the M1025 HMMWV – “Poison Ivy”)
The M1025/M1026 Armament Carrier was derived from the canvas-top M998 High
Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV) that was introduced in the mid 1980's to
replace the M151 MUTT utility vehicle. The original vehicle design featured excellent cross-
country, road and load capacity, and was air and helicopter transportable. The M1025/M1026
featured a hardtop and solid doors and windows, plus a 32-inch weapons ring in the roof. The
only difference between the two versions was that the M1026 had a front-bumper winch whereas
the M1025 did not.
This M1025 is a veteran of Operation Desert Storm in 1991 as well as many years of
service with its home unit in Ohio. The 838th MP Co. (Ohio Army National Guard, 137th Service
and Support Battalion) activated in support of Operation Desert Storm in January 1991 and
deployed to Saudi Arabia in February of 1991. Upon arrival in the theater of operations, the
838th was attached to the 720th MP Battalion, 89th MP Brigade from Ft. Hood, Texas. The
838th spent most of its time at Log Base Bastogne, Saudi Arabia, from where its vehicles
patrolled Main Supply Route (MSR) Dodge, south of Kuwait. The 838th returned to Youngstown,
Ohio, after honorably serving ten months in theater.
The crew named this vehicle “Poison Ivy.” It sported special individual markings, which
included a bull's head signifying the 3rd Platoon (“3rd Herd”). Vehicle crewmembers during
deployment were Staff Sergeant Clifton R. Ferrell, Sergeant John Hissom, and Specialist Vince
Urichich. The inverted “V” symbols are field-applied Desert Storm IFF (Identification Friend or
Foe) markings. Poison Ivy returned to Ohio with its unit and remained active until 2010 when
the MP Museum acquired it.68
68 Text comes from the didactic text panel for “Poison Ivy” and the M1025 HMMWV in the U.S. Army Military Police Museum, Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri.
30
Section 9: Somalia
(Somalia Exhibit Case)
Learning Objective: To highlight the role of MPs in Operations Other Than War and the deadly
cost of humanitarian relief operations in Somalia that transitioned to a peacekeeping mission in
an unstable country.
On December 5, 1992, Operation Restore Hope began as a United Nations sanctioned
humanitarian aid operation to help the starving people of Somalia. Ultimately, relief efforts
saved hundreds of thousands from starvation, but Americans found themselves unintentionally
involved in Somali civil strife that cost the lives of American service members.69 As U.S. troops
were slowly drawn into inter-clan power struggles, Operation Continue Hope began on May 4,
1993 with a broadened directive of peace enforcement in the unstable country.70
The MP Regiment’s organization, capabilities, and doctrinal missions (battlefield
circulation control, area security, EPW operations, and law and order operations) are ideally
suited for Operations Other Than War. The U.S. dispatched MPs to Somalia with other military
troops to provide a mobile, lethal show of force, restore civil order, process prisoners of war or
detainees, and assist in peacekeeping tasks. MPs provided security for convoys of humanitarian
supplies to the interior of Somalia. In Mogadishu, MPs conducted raids to disarm bandits and
recover weapons, provided route security, operated a detention center, provided law and order
capability, supported combat operations, and conducted customs duties.
U.S. forces faced increased hostility as they became more deeply embroiled in trying to
establish a stable government. On July 19, 1993, snipers wounded Sergeant Michael Baker and
69 Richard W. Stewart, The United States Army in Somalia, 1992-1994, CMH Pub 70-81-1 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2002), 5.
70 Ibid., 14.
31
Specialist Brian Robinson of the 300th MP Company while they escorted a convoy through the
southern part of Mogadishu. On August 8, 1993, forces of General Muhammed Farah Aideed
detonated a mine containing over fifty pounds of high explosives under a passing MP vehicle on
an orientation reconnaissance patrol in Mogadishu. The explosion killed four MPs: Specialist
Mark Gutting, Specialist Keith Pearson, and Sergeant Christopher Hilgert from the 977th MP
Company out of Fort Riley, Kansas; and Sergeant Ronald Richerson from the 300th MP
Company out of Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri.71
October 3-4, 1993, U.S. forces engaged Somalia militia in Mogadishu and fought a battle
in which eighteen U.S. soldiers were killed and eighty-four wounded.72 Forty-two Americans died
and dozens more were wounded before the United States and the United Nations decided that
further efforts to establish peace would not succeed. March 25, 1994, American troops withdrew
from Somalia and Operation Continue Hope ended.73
Section 9: Balkans
(The Balkans Exhibit Case)
Learning Objective: To highlight the role of MPs in a peacekeeping and peace enforcing
mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Beginning in December 1995, U.S. and allied nations deployed peacekeeping forces to
Bosnia in support of Operation Joint Endeavor. Task Force Eagle, comprised of 20,000
American soldiers, was the US component of NATO's Implementation Force (IFOR). Task Force
71 Ibid., 17.
72 Ibid., 23.
73 Ibid., 26.
32
Eagle's history begins in 1995 following the NATO-imposed cease-fire, halting the destructive
four-year Balkan conflict.74
Task Force Eagle enforced the cease-fire, supervised the marking of boundaries and the
zone of separation between the former warring factions, enforced the withdrawal of the
combatants to their barracks and the movement of heavy weapons to designated storage sites.
Task Force Eagle also supported efforts to administer the country's first ever, democratic
national elections. On December 20, 1996, the IFOR mandate ended and NATO established a
new operation, Operation Joint Guard, along with a new Stabilization Force (SFOR) to replace
IFOR. Task Force Eagle remained the title for the US contingent supporting this new operation.
Whereas the IFOR mission was to implement the peace, the SFOR mission was to stabilize the
peace.75
Between 1995 and 1996, the 18th MP Brigade deployed to Bosnia and Herzegovina in
support of Operation Joint Endeavor as part of NATO's Implementation Force (IFOR).76
Missions for the brigade included:
Area/route security throughout the Task Force Eagle area of responsibility
Circulation control throughout the Task Force Eagle area of responsibility
Support river crossing operations at crossing sites
Law and order throughout the Task Force Eagle area of responsibility
Access control at Tuzla Main
74 Military, “Operation Joint Endeavor,” GlobalSecurity.org, accessed October 25, 2014, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/joint_endeavor.htm.
75 Ibid.
76 Military, “18th Military Police Brigade,” GlobalSecurity.org, accessed October 25, 2014, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/army/18mp-bde.htm.
33
Platoon-sized Quick Reaction Force for the Task Force Eagle area of
responsibility
Convoy escort security in support of deploying units and The Logistics Civil
Augmentation Program (LOGCAP) convoys
Personnel security escort for the Task Force Eagle and 18th MP Brigade
command groups
Security for Task Force Eagle headquarters at Tuzla Main
Maintaining liaison with the UN International Task Force77
During 1999, every unit of the 18th MP Brigade deployed to the Balkans in support of
contingency operations in Albania, Sarajevo, and Kosovo.
Section 10: September 11, 2001 and the Attack on the Pentagon
(Exhibit Case with the Pentagon Clock)
Learning Objective: To explain the significance of the Pentagon clock on display and recognize
the MP units that immediately responded to the Pentagon when terrorists attacked it on
September 11, 2001.
On September 11, 2001, nineteen militants associated with the Islamic extremist group
al-Qaeda hijacked four airliners and carried out suicide attacks against targets in the United
States. Two of the planes were flown into the towers of the World Trade Center in New York
City, a third plane hit the Pentagon just outside Washington, D.C., and the fourth plane crashed
in a field in Pennsylvania.
As millions watched the events unfolding in New York, American Airlines Flight 77
circled over downtown Washington, D.C. before slamming into the west side of the Pentagon at
77 Wayne L. Meeusen, “Operation Joint Endeavor: Task Force Eagle,” Military Police: The Professional Bulletin of the Military Police Corps, PB 19-96-1 (Summer 1996): 14.
34
9:45 a.m. Jet fuel from the Boeing 757 caused an inferno that led to the structural collapse of a
portion of the building. The death toll in the Pentagon attack was 125 military personnel and
civilians in the Pentagon and 64 people aboard the airliner.78
MPs recovered the clock on display from the damaged area in the Pentagon. The letter
signed by Colonel David D. Phillips, Director of Security that accompanied the clock attests to
its authenticity. The clock’s time stopped when Flight 77 crashed into the Pentagon interrupting
electricity. The 200th MP Company and 290th MP Company, Maryland Army National Guard,
were the first MPs on the scene. They secured the crime scene and continued to provide security
at the Pentagon for nearly a year after the attack.79
Section 11: Global War on Terrorism
(The Global War of Terrorism Internment/Resettlement Exhibit Case)
Learning Objective: To explain the value of MPs as a combat multiplier in the Global War on
Terrorism (GWOT); to explain the Internment/Resettlement role of MPs in the GWOT; and to
highlight a significant GWOT combat event involving MPs and the heroism of the Soldiers
involved.
In the aftermath of the catastrophic events of September 2001, the U.S. Army was thrust
into a new kind of warfare, the Global War on Terrorism. MPs filled their role as a combat
multiplier. The three MP disciplines (police operations, detention, and security and mobility
support) are key enablers for success during decisive action. MP units provide support to each of
the warfighting functions while performing their three disciplines as a flexible, versatile, lethal,
and nonlethal economy-of-force organization.
Internment and Resettlement78 “9/11 Attacks,” History.com, accessed October 25, 2014, http://www.history.com/topics/9-11-attacks.
79 Linda D. Kozaryn, “Military Police Safeguard the Pentagon,” DoD News, August 22, 2002, accessed October 25, 2014, http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=43539.
35
MPs conduct Internment and Resettlement (I/R) operations during offensive, defensive,
stability, or civil support operations. As part of internment, these populations include U.S.
military prisoners, and multiple categories of detainees (civilian internees [CIs], retained
personnel [RP], and enemy combatants), while resettlement operations are focused on multiple
categories of dislocated civilians (DCs). MPs are uniquely qualified to perform the full range of
I/R operations. They have the requisite skill sets provided through specific training and
operational experience. The skills necessary for performing confinement operations for U.S.
military prisoners in permanent facilities are directly transferable and adaptable for tactical
confinement of U.S. military prisoners and detention of detainees. All MP units are specifically
manned, equipped, and trained to perform I/R operations; and those identified as I/R units are
the specialists within the Army for this role.80
On December 13, 2003, American troops responding to a tip captured the former
President of Iraq, Saddam Hussein. MPs kept him under their custody and care at a high-value
detention center at Camp Cropper, Iraq from the time of his capture until his release to the
Government of Iraq on December 30, 2006. 81 The Iraqi Government tried and convicted Saddam
Hussein of crimes against humanity and executed him on December 30, 2006.
Senior Military Police Officer and Non-Commissioned Officer Killed in Action
On May 6, 2007 at Pul-e-Charkhi prison, about 20 miles east of Kabul, an Afghan soldier
posted outside the prison shot and killed Colonel James W. Harrison and Master Sergeant
80 U.S. Army, Internment and Resettlement Operations, Field Manual 3-39.40 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, February 12, 2010), viii.
81 Lieutenant Colonel Wayne Sylvester, interview by John H. McCool, October 20, 2005, transcript, Operational Leadership Experiences Project, Fort Leavenworth, KS, accessed October 26, 2014, http://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll13/id/65/rec/10.
36
Wilberto Sabalu Jr. Harrison, Sabalu and two other U.S. Soldiers who were wounded in the
shootings were working as mentors to Afghan troops providing external security for the prison.82
Palm Sunday Ambush
(Military Police in the GWOT Exhibit Case)
Just before noon on March 20, 2005, Palm Sunday, a large group of insurgents launched
a complex ambush on two Coalition convoys as they converged on a highway twenty-six miles
southeast of Baghdad. The ambush took place at a T-intersection created by an access road off
the main highway.
The northbound convoy was a mix of Army and civilian vehicles. Twenty-two civilian
tractor-trailers were interspersed with seven Army trucks from the 1075th Transportation
Company, each manned by two Soldiers. In addition, three HMMWVs from the 518th Guntruck
Company (Provisional), under the call sign Regulator, each manned by three Soldiers, and each
with a mounted M2 .50-caliber machine gun, escorted the convoy. Regulator 1 was at the front
of the convoy, Regulator 2 was in the middle, and Regulator 3 was in the rear.83
The southbound convoy was almost all civilian vehicles consisting of thirty tractor-
trailers, an Army and Air Force Exchange Service (AAFES) bus, and two Ford Sport Utility
Vehicles (SUVs). The convoy was escorted by three HMMWVs from Battery B, 1st Battalion,
623d Field Artillery (FA) Regiment, call sign Stallion 33. The southbound convoy was traveling
along a sector of the road guarded by the 617th MP Company. Second Squad, Fourth Platoon,
617th MP Company was in the area, and began shadowing the southbound convoy, working
under the call sign Raven 42.84
82 Honor the Fallen, “Army Col. James W. Harrison Jr.,” MilitaryTimes, accessed October 26, 2014, http://projects.militarytimes.com/valor/army-col-james-w-harrison-jr/2757376. 83 Thomas A. Bruscino, Jr., “Palm Sunday Ambush, 20 March 2005,” in In Contact: Case Studies From the Long War, Vol. 1, ed. William G. Robertson (Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2006), 60-63.
84 Ibid.
37
As the ambush progressed, both convoys came under intense fire from insurgents in a
trench line along the main road. Realizing that the convoy his squad was shadowing was under
attack, Staff Sergeant Timothy F. Nein, the squad leader from the 617th MP Company, radioed
the news back to the other two MP HMMWVs. The squad maneuvered forward until it was
between the convoy and the main body of insurgents and approaching the access road. Nein
ordered his squad to turn down the access road. Thinking he had flanked the enemy by turning
onto the access road, the MPs were actually in the middle of the insurgent forces. Nein assumed
his squad would encounter twelve to fifteen insurgents. This had been the standard number for
the enemy over the previous months in Iraq. Instead, the squad faced a force estimated to have
been between forty-five to fifty insurgents.85
Nein decided that the squad needed to take decisive offensive actions if they were to
survive. He called out that he needed someone with a M203 grenade launcher and then jumped
into the trench in front of him. Sergeant Leigh Ann Hester jumped in alongside her squad leader.
They began to move down the trench system toward the main road in 10-meter rushes.86The
remainder of the MP squad, the Stallion crews, and the crew of Regulator 3 also opened fire on
the field and trenches. The accumulation of fire, along with the actions of Nein and Hester,
defeated the insurgent force.87
Three civilian drivers died in the fight. The Army casualties all survived their wounds.
Twenty-four insurgents were killed on the scene, nine were wounded (two of whom later died
85 Ibid., 69-70.
86 Ibid., 75.
87 Ibid., 76.
38
from their wounds), and one was captured unharmed. Squad members from the 617th MP
Company received numerous decorations for valor:
Staff Sergeant Timothy F. Nein, Distinguished Service Cross
Sergeant Leigh Ann Hester, Silver Star (The first female soldier to receive this award for
exceptional valor since World War II and the first female ever to be cited for close
combat.)
Specialist Jason Mike (Medic), Silver Star
Specialist Casey Cooper, Bronze Star
Specialist Bill Haynes, Bronze Star
Specialist Ashley Pullen, Bronze Star
Sergeant Dustin Morris, Army Commendation Medal with Valor
Specialist Jesse Ordunez, Army Commendation Medal with Valor 88
Staff Sergeant Timothy F. Nein, Distinguished Service Cross
While patrolling a supply route, Staff Sergeant Nein's squad observed a convoy of
semi-tractor trailers that was being ambushed by approximately fifty anti-Iraqi insurgents with
automatic weapons and rocket propelled grenades. He responded by dismounting his squad
and leading them in a counterattack to flank the enemy trench line. Still under heavy fire,
Staff Sergeant Nein displayed great courage by directing an assault on an enemy trench line,
firing his weapon, and throwing hand grenades to suppress the enemy. His squad killed
several insurgents, captured large quantities of weapons and ammunition, and saved the lives
of numerous convoy members.89
88 Ibid., 77.
89 Hall of Valor, “Timothy Nein,” MilitaryTimes, accessed October 26, 2014, http://projects.militarytimes.com/citations-medals-awards/recipient.php?recipientid=3672.
39
Sergeant Leigh Ann Hester, Silver Star
While serving as the Team Leader for RAVEN 42B in the 617th MP Company, 503d
MP Battalion (Airborne), 18th MP Brigade, Sergeant Hester led her soldiers on a
counterattack against Anti-Iraqi Forces (AIF) who were ambushing a convoy with heavy AK-
47 assault rifle fire, PRK machine gun fire, and rocket propelled grenades. Sergeant Hester
maneuvered her team through the kill zone into a flanking position where she assaulted a
trench line with grenades and M-203 rounds. She then cleared two trenches with her Squad
Leader where she engaged and eliminated three Anti-Iraqi Forces personnel with her M-4
rifle. Her actions saved the lives of numerous convoy members.90
Section 12: Military Police Heraldry/Crossed Pistols Insignia
(Exhibit Case with the Harper's Ferry Flintlock Pistols)
Learning Objective: To present the history of the MP Corps Crossed Pistols insignia and
promote esprit de corps.
The insignia of crossed pistols for the MP Corps was approved in 1923. The device is a
scale model of the Harpers Ferry Army officers' sidearm and holster pistol of a century and a
half ago. The Heraldic Section, Quartermaster General, made the drawings for the insignia in
1922.
In 1920, when a reorganization of the Army occurred, the original staff study assigned
5,000 Infantrymen to the MP mission. Major General Farnsworth, Chief of Infantry, protested
this arrangement because it put him in charge of troops that he would never have under his
control. He won his argument, and the War Department created another temporary arm of the
service – The Corps of Military Police. The new corps needed insignia and a new collar mark.
90 Hall of Valor, “Leigh Ann Hester,” MilitaryTimes, accessed October 26, 2014, http://projects.militarytimes.com/citations-medals-awards/recipient.php?recipientid=3885.
40
The Infantryman carried a musket, the Cavalryman wore a saber, and the MP carried a
billy-club. The Department of Heraldry instructed a draftsman to draw crossed billy-clubs. The
result was a failure. At saluting distance, the MP could not be distinguished from the Field
Artilleryman, who wears crossed cannon. Next, the medieval military club, the mace, was tried.
Beautiful drawings were made but the insignia looked like crossed potato mashers. The MPs
carried a .45 caliber automatic pistol. The draftsman created a design of crossed .45 caliber
pistols. At a distance, the insignia looked like carpenter's squares. The .45 caliber pistol, like the
others, made inartistic devices.
The heraldic section suggested the Harpers Ferry Army Arsenal flintlock pistol. Everyone
interested in the new insignia agreed, and the Chief of Staff, General Pershing, signed the
drawings and later approved the metal collar mark, which continues to be worn by the Army
MPs.91
The pistols on display are the Harper's Ferry Army Arsenal flintlock, Model 1806,
caliber .54.
Section 13: MP Hall of Fame Room
(Hall of Fame Wall)
Learning Objective: To promote pride and esprit de corps in the MP Corps Regiment by
recognizing outstanding leadership within the Regiment that embodies Army values and
represents the high ideals of the Regiment.
The U.S. Army MP Corps Regiment established the Hall of Fame in 1992 to honor
soldiers and civilians who have made significant achievements and exceptional contributions to
our country and the Corps. A nominee must have made a significant and long-term contribution
91 MP Symbols, “MP Corps Crossed Pistol Insignia History,” United States Army Military Police School, accessed October 25, 2014, http://www.wood.army.mil/usamps/Organizations/DPO/MPSymbols.html.
41
to the development of the Corps. The nominee should have contributed, in some significant
fashion, to the evolution and definition of the Corps's character, doctrine, mission, and/or
training. In certain instances, a heroic action justifies the nomination. Nominations must contain
information based on genuine knowledge or documented research.92
As of 2014, the Hall of Fame features seventy-two members. These individuals have
played a significant role in shaping the history of the MP Corps Regiment.
(Memorial Panels)
Learning Objective: To promote pride and esprit de corps in the MP Corps Regiment through
the honoring of those who made the supreme sacrifice in the service of our nation while serving
in combat.
Although Military Police are always on dangerous duty, these panels reflect deaths in
connection with enemy forces. The MP Historian endeavored to compile accurate listings of MP
sacrifices during each period of conflict. The Historian conducted his research using a variety of
sources.
(“Of The Troops” Painting)
Learning Objective: To promote pride and esprit de corps in the MP Corps Regiment through
the original “Of the Troops and For the Troops” painting that continues to inspire MP Soldiers
today.
The “Of the Troops and For the Troops” painting is on loan from the Army Art
Collection. The artist created the painting in 1942, soon after the creation of the MP Corps.
Commissioned by the War Department to create a recruiting poster, Jes Wilhelm Schlaikjer took
on the task to produce a work of art reflecting the pride and service of the MPs. Schlaikjer
92 U.S. Army, Historical Activities, Military Police Corps Regimental Hall of Fame, U.S. Army Military Police Corps Regimental Regulation 870-1 (Fort Leonard Wood, MO: Headquarters, U.S. Military Police Corps Regiment, September 21, 2011), 2.
42
selected an actual MP as the subject, Sergeant William Fotta. Assigned to a MP battalion in the
Washington, D.C. area, Fotta agreed to pose for the painting. His assignment lasted thirteen
days and his posing for the artist would take between ten to twelve hours each day. The painting
became the face of MP recruiting and an iconic image of WWII. It remains a symbol of the
Corps to this day. The painting inspired thousands of posters and served as the background on
the MP Code of Ethics cards issued to MPs in the 1970s.93
Section 14: Soldier Art
(“The Charioteers” Painting)
Learning Objective: To present the impact and value of Army art in presenting a visual image
of the Soldier experience.
The “Charioteers” painting is part of the Army Art Collection of the Center of Military
History at Fort Belvoir, Virginia, and is on special loan to the MP Museum. It is an acrylic on
canvas painting completed in 1970. The artist, Chester (Chet) Jezierski, studied at the Rhode
Island School of Design and served in the U.S. Army from 1966-70. Chief Warrant Officer
Jezierski was an Army helicopter pilot and is a Vietnam veteran with two Purple Hearts. He was
selected for the Soldier-Artist Team 10, February through June 1970, to document the U.S. Army
in Korea. Following his Army service, Jezierski was one of a few artists selected to document the
space program for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Jezierski became a
professional illustrator and is known for his canine artwork primarily for the American Kennel
Club.94
(Art Gallery/MP Museum Gallery Exit)
93 Robert Johnson, “Iconic WWII-era painting on display in MP Museum,” myGuidon.com, July 7, 2011, accessed October 27. 2014, http://www.myguidon.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13651&.
94 About the Book, Witness to the Right Stuff, Blurb, accessed October 27, 2014, http://www.blurb.com/b/909782-witness-to-the-right-stuff.
43
The artwork displayed is a visual record of the American military experience. Through
their artwork, Soldiers in the field captured the sense of climate, the terrain, and the morale and
concerns of Soldiers.
44
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