GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE

1. In its early years, psychology focused on the study of _____, but from the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of ____.A. environmental influences; hereditary influencesB. maladaptive behavior; adaptive behaviorC. unconscious motives; conscious thoughts and feelingsD. mental life; observable behavior

2. The young science of psychology developed from the more established fields of philosophy and A. economicsB. biologyC. geographyD. sociology

3. Janna has low self-esteem because she is often teased for being overweight. Appreciating the complexity of Janna’s difficulties requiresA. introspectionB. psychoanalysisC. massed practiceD. a biopsychosocial approach

4. Professor Crisman believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners because this preference promoted the survival of our ancestors’ genes. This viewpoint best illustrates the __ perspective.A. social-culturalB. cognitiveC. evolutionaryD. psychodynamic

5. Professor Lopez believes that severe depression results primarily from an imbalanced diet and abnormal brain chemistry. Professor Lopez favors a ___ perspective on depression.A. neuroscienceB. psychodynamicC. behavior geneticsD. cognitive

6. Efforts to discover whether the intelligence of children is more heavily influenced by their biology or by their home environments are most directly relevant to the debate regardingA. structuralism vs. functionalismB. evolution vs. natural selectionC. observation vs. introspectionD. nature vs. nurture

7. Contemporary psychology is best defined as the science of A. conscious and unconscious mental activityB. observable responses to the environmentC. behavior and mental processesD. maladaptive and adaptive behaviors

8. Humanistic psychologists focused attention on the importance of people’s

A. childhood memoriesB. genetic predispositionsC. unconscious thought processesD. potential for healthy growth

9. The first psychology laboratory was established by ___ in the year ____.A. Wundt; 1879 B. James; 1890C. Freud; 1900D. Watson; 1913

10. Lissette wonders whether personality differences between her African-American and Asian-American friends result from biological or cultural influences. In this instance, Lissette is primarily concerned with the relative contributions of A. neuroscience and cognitionB. nature and nurtureC. behavior and mental processesD. conscious and unconscious thoughts

11. The distinctive feature of the psychodynamic perspective is its emphasis onA. natural selectionB. brain chemistryC. unconscious conflictsD. learned behaviors

12. The perception that psychological research findings merely verify our commonsense understanding is most clearly facilitated byA. critical thinkingB. hindsight biasC. the scientific attitudeD. curious skepticism

13. Psychologists study animals becauseA. animal behavior is just as complex as human behaviorB. experiments on people are generally considered to be unethicalC. the ethical treatment of animals is not mandated by professional guidelinesD. similar processes often underlie animal and human behavior

14. The enduring traditions, attitudes, and behaviors shared by a large group of people constitutes their A. cultureB. normal curveC. wording effectsD. schemas

15. Three key attitudes of scientific inquiry are A. pride, enthusiasm, and ingenuityB. ingenuity, practicality, and certaintyC. certainty, creativity, and curiosityD. curiosity, skepticism, and humility

16. Psychological differences between the genders are A. of little interest to contemporary psychologistsB. simply reflections of biological differences between the sexes

C. no longer evident in contemporary Western societiesD. far outweighed by gender similarities

17. A questioning attitude regarding psychologists’ assumptions and hidden values best illustratesA. experimentationB. critical thinkingC. hindsight biasD. overconfidence

18. The first major issue that emerges in debates over experimenting on animals centers around the A. usefulness of studying biological processes in animalsB. ethics of placing the well-being of humans above that of animalsC. obligation to treat information about individual animals with confidentialityD. needs to obtain the informed consent of animals used in research

19. To understand the unusual behavior of an adult client, a clinical psychologist carefully investigates the client’s current life situation and his physical, social-cultural, and educational history. Which research method has the psychologist used?A. the surveyB. the case studyC. experimentationD. naturalistic observation

20. Surveys indicate that people are much less likely to support “welfare” than “aid to the needy.” These somewhat paradoxical survey results best illustrate the importance ofA. random samplingB. wording effectsC. the placebo effectD. naturalistic observation

21. Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the weakest degree of relationship between two variables?A. -0.12B. -0.99C. +0.25D. -0.50

22. Correlation is a measure of the extent to which two variablesA. vary togetherB. are random samplesC. influence each otherD. show statistically significant differences

23. If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction areA. causally relatedB. negatively correlatedC. independent variablesD. positively correlated

24. A negative correlation between degree of wealth and likelihood of suffering from a psychological disorder would indicate that A. poverty makes people more vulnerable to psychological disordersB. people who are poor are more likely to have a psychological disorder than are wealthy peopleC. psychological disorders usually prevent people from accumulating wealthD. all of these statements are true

25. Suppose that people who watch a lot of violence on TV are also particularly likely to behave aggressively. This relationship would NOT necessarily indicate that watching violence influences aggressive behavior becauseA. random sequences often don’t look randomB. correlation does not prove causationC. sampling extreme cases leads to false generalizationsD. events often seem more probable in hindsight

26. Which of the following methods is most helpful for revealing cause-effect relationships?A. the surveyB. the experimentC. correlational researchD. naturalistic observation

27. Both the researchers and the participants in a memory study are ignorant about which participants have actually received a potentially memory-enhancing drug and which have received a placebo. This investigation involves the use of A. naturalistic observationB. random samplingC. the double-blind procedureD. replication

28. To assess the impact of test difficulty on persistence of effort, researchers plan to give one group of children relatively easy tests and another group more difficult tests. To reduce the chance that the children in one group are more intelligent than those in the other group, the researchers should make use ofA. random assignmentB. the double-blind procedureC. naturalistic observationD. operational definitions

29. To assess the influence of self-esteem on interpersonal attraction, researchers either insulted or complimented students about their physical appearance just before they went on a blind date. In this research the dependent variable wasA. insults or complimentsB. physical appearanceC. interpersonal attractionD. feelings of self-esteem

30. In an experimental study of the effects of anxiety on self-esteem, anxiety would be the ___ variable.A. experimentalB. dependentC. correlational

D. independent31. Lacking any exposure to language before adolescence, a person will never master any

language due to the ___ of unemployed neural connections.A. shapingB. sculptingC. pruningD. temperament

32. Norms are best described as A. the expression of group identityB. a person’s characteristic emotional reactivityC. rules for socially acceptable behaviorD. buffer zones we like to maintain between ourselves and others

33. Professor Shankar believes that her students’ most important personal characteristics are those that distinguish them as uniquely different from most other people. Her attitude best illustrates one of the consequences of A. individualismB. gender typingC. collectivismD. temperament

34. When Mr. Thompson lived overseas for a year, he was very surprised at how much respect he received from people simply because he was an older person. His sense of surprise suggests that he had NOT previously lived in a culture characterized byA. social diversityB. collectivismC. extraversionD. individualism

35. Men and women are most likely to differ in theirA. happinessB. intelligenceC. self-esteemD. aggressiveness

36. When teased by his older sister, 9-year-old Waldo does not cry because he has learned that boys are not supposed to cry. Waldo’s behavior best illustrates the importance ofA. temperamentB. gender rolesC. testosteroneD. collectivism

37. Gender roles refers toA. one’s biological sexB. a sense of being male or femaleC. a set of expected behaviors for males and femalesD. a sense of being homosexual or heterosexual

38. Depending on environmental conditions, specific genes can be eitherA. proteins or chemicalsB. active or inactiveC. identical or fraternal

D. structured or unstructured39. Compared with fraternal twins, identical twins are much more similar in

A. extraversionB. neuroticismC. temperamentD. all of these characteristics

40. Compared with identical twins, fraternal twins are ____ similar in neuroticism and ___ similar in risk of divorcing.A. more; lessB. less; moreC. more; moreD. less; less

41. Environmental influences on personality traits are most clearly highlighted by comparing A. identical twins raised apart with fraternal twins raised apartB. identical twins raised together with fraternal twins raised togetherC. identical twins raised apart with fraternal twins raised togetherD. identical twins raised together with identical twins raised apart

42. The home environment most clearly has a greater influence on children’s ___ than on their ____.A. temperament; political attitudesB. extraversion; table mannersC. religious beliefs; personality traitsD. gender identity; gender schemas

43. The personalities of adopted childrenA. are very similar to the personalities of the other children in their adoptive familiesB. are very similar to the personalities of their biologically related siblingsC. are not very similar to the personalities of their adoptive parentsD. are more similar to the personalities of their caregiving adoptive parents than to the personalities of their biological parents

44. Research more clearly suggests that personality traits are more strongly influenced byA. genes than by home environmentB. home environment than by genesC. genes than by peersD. home environment than by peers

45. The labels “easy,” “difficult,” and “slow-to-warm-up” are used to refer to differences in an infant’sA. genomeB. fitnessC. temperamentD. adaptability

46. Evolutionary psychologists would be most likely to predict that A. more people are biologically predisposed to fear guns than to fear snakesB. children are more likely to be valued by their biological fathers than by their stepfathersC. people are the most romantically attracted to those who are the most genetically dissimilar to themselves

D. genetic predispositions have little effect on our social relationships47. Compared with women, men are ___ likely to feel comfortable about having casual sex

with different partners and ___ likely to cite affection as a reason for their first sexual intercourse.A. less; moreB. more; lessC. less; lessD. more; more

48. The persistence of learning over time most clearly depends onA. imageryB. retrievalC. visual codingD. memory

49. The retention of encoded information over time refers toA. effortful processingB. retrievalC. rehearsalD. storage

50. The process of getting information out of memory is calledA. encodingB. relearningC. retrievalD. rehearsal

51. The process of encoding refers to A. the persistence of learning over timeB. the recall of information previously learnedC. getting information into memoryD. a clear memory of an emotionally significant event

52. Storage is to encoding as ____ is to ____.A. active processing; passive processingB. imagery; attentivenessC. rehearsal; retrievalD. retention; acquisition

53. Some information in our fleeting ____ is encoded into short-term memory.A. working memoryB. sensory memoryC. rehearsal memoryD. long-term memory

54. The integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term memory involves the activity ofA. sensory memoryB. auditory memoryC. visual encodingD. working memory

55. Your consciously activated but limited-capacity memory is called ____ memoryA. short-term

B. auditoryC. visual-spatialD. sensory

56. The three steps in memory information processing areA. input, processing, outputB. input, storage, outputC. input, storage, retrievalD. encoding, storage, retrieval

57. The difficulty of recalling the melody of a familiar song while listening to a different song best illustrates the limited capacity of A. recognition memoryB. working memoryC. long-term memoryD. sensory memory

58. Automatic processing and effortful processing are two types ofA. encodingB. retrievalC. rehearsalD. storage

59. During her psychology test, Kelsey could not remember the meaning of the term serial position effect. Surprisingly, however, she accurately remembered that the term appeared on the ninth line of a left-hand page in her textbook. Her memory of this incidental information is best explained in terms of A. automatic processingB. the spacing effectC. the peg-word systemD. the serial-position effect

60. Automatic processing occurs without A. acoustic memoryB. semantic encodingC. conscious awarenessD. visual imagery

61. Ebbinghaus’ use of nonsense syllables to study memory led to the discovery thatA. the amount remembered depends on the time spent learningB. what is learned in one mood is most easily retrieved in that same moodC. information that is automatically processed is rarely forgottenD. our sensory memory capacity is essentially unlimited

62. One day after Usha hears her mother’s list of grocery items, Usha is least likely to remember the itemsA. at the beginning and endB. at the endC. at the beginningD. in the middle

63. The conscious repetition of information to maintain it in memory is calledA. automatic processingB. rehearsal

C. mnemonicsD. chunking

64. Students who restudy course material at the end of a semester to pass a comprehensive final are especially likely to demonstrate long-term retention of the course material. This best illustrates the value of A. visual encodingB. the serial position effectC. chunkingD. the spacing effect

65. Chess masters can recall the exact positions of most pieces after a brief glance at the game board. This ability is best explained in terms ofA. the spacing effectB. chunkingC. the serial position effectD. long-term memory

66. The extensive rehearsal necessary to encode nonsense syllables best illustratesA. the spacing effectB. chunkingC. the serial position effectD. effortful processing

67. A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli is called ___ memory.A. echoicB. implicitC. iconicD. flashbulb

68. “The Magical Number Seven, plus or minus two” refers to the storage capacity of ___ memory.A. short-termB. explicitC. flashbulbD. implicit

69. What type of memory has an essentially unlimited capacity?.A. echoicB. short-termC. long-termD. iconic

70. Joshua vividly recalls his feelings and what he was doing at the exact moment when he heard of his grandfather’s unexpected death. This best illustratesA. iconicB. implicitC. echoicD. long-term

71. Remembering how to solve a jigsaw puzzle without any conscious recollection that you can do so best illustrates ___ memory.A. explicitB. flashbulb

C. implicitD. sensory

72. After having a stroke, Aaron has great difficulty recalling any of his subsequent life experiences. He is most likely suffering fromA. long-term potentiationB. spatial mnemonicsC. retrieval failureD. amnesia

73. Which memory test would most effectively reveal that Mr. Quintano, at age, still remembers many of his high school classmates?A. recall B. recognitionC. rehearsalD. reconstruction

74. What an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which test of memory is being used?A. recognitionB. rehearsalC. recallD. relearning

75. Watching a TV soap opera involved marital conflict and divorce led Andrea to recall several instances in which her husband had mistreated her. The effect of the TV program on Andrea’s recall provides an example of A. the context effectB. mnemonicsC. associationsD. priming

76. When 80-year-old Ida looked at her old wedding pictures, she was flooded with vivid memories of her parents, her husband, and the early years of her marriage. The picures served as powerfulA. encoding devicesB. iconic memoriesC. sensory memoriesD. retrieval cues

77. After his last drinking spree, Fakim hid a half-empty liquor bottle. He couldn’t remember where he hid it until he started drinking again. Fakim’s pattern of recall best illustratesA. primingB. mnemonicsC. encoding effectsD. state-dependent memory

78. In an effort to remember the name of the classmate who sat behind her in fifth grade, Martina mentally recited the names of other classmates who sat near her. Martina’s effort to refresh her memory by activating related associations is an example ofA. retrieval cuesB. déjà vuC. encoding

D. relearning79. When Tony is in a bad mood, he interprets his parents’ comments as criticisms. When he’s

in a good mood, he interprets the same types of parental comments as helpful suggestions. This best illustrates that our emotional states influence the process ofA. primingB. encodingC. recognitionD. retrieval

80. Which of the following is NOT a measure of retention?A. recall B. recognitionC. relearningD. retrieval

81. The famous Ebbinghaus forgetting curve indicates that how well we remember information depends onA. how long ago we learned that informationB. the nature of our mood during encoding and retrievalC. whether the information is part of our implicit or explicit memoryD. whether the information was acoustically or visually encoded

82. Among contemporary memory researchers, increasing numbers think that ____ rarely, if ever, occurs.A. proactive interferenceB. automatic processingC. source amnesiaD. repression

83. People with vivid imaginations are more likely than others to experience a(n)A. long-term memoryB. false memoryC. working memoryD. sensory memory

84. Research reports of repression and recovered memories indicate thatA. people rarely recall memories of long-forgotten eventsB. most extremely traumatic life experiences are never encoded in long-term memoryC. only those memories recovered with the help of a professional psychotherapist are likely to be reliableD. extremely stressful life experiences are especially likely to be well remembered

85. For you to experience the pain of a sprained ankle, ___ must first relay incoming pain messages from your ankle to your spinal cord.A. the parasympathetic nervous systemB. interneuronsC. motor neuronsD. sensory neurons

86. Dendrites are branching extensions of A. neurotransmittersB. endorphinsC. neurons

D. glutamate87. The minimum level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse is called the

A. reflexB. thresholdC. synapseD. action potential

88. Increasing excitatory signals above the threshold for neural activation will not affect the intensity of an action potential. This indicates that a neuron’s reaction isA. inhibited by the myelin sheathB. delayed by the refractory periodC. an all-or-none responseD. dependent on neurotransmitter molecules

89. Reuptake refers to theA. movement of neurotransmitter molecules across a synaptic gapB. release of hormones into the bloodstreamC. inflow of positively charged ions through an axon membraneD. reabsorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by a sending neuron

90. Which division of the autonomic nervous system arouses the body and mobilizes its energy in stressful situations?A. the motor nervous systemB. the sympathetic nervous systemC. the somatic nervous systemD. the central nervous system

91. Hormones are the chemical messengers of the A. autonomic nervous systemB. endocrine systemC. parasympathetic nervous systemD. somatic nervous system

92. Which brain structure relays information from the eyes to the visual cortex?A. thalamusB. amygdalaC. medullaD. cerebellum

93. After Kato’s serious motorcycle accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebellum. Kato is most likely to have difficultyA. reading printed wordsB. understanding what others are sayingC. tasting the flavors of foodsD. playing his guitar

94. Which of the following is the component of the limbic system that plays an essential role in the processing of new memories?A. hypothalamusB. thalamusC. hippocampusD. medulla

95. The occipital lobes are to ____ as the temporal lobes are to _____.

A. hearing; sensing movementB. seeing; sensing touchC. seeing; hearingD. speaking; hearing

96. The most extensive regions of the brain, which enable learning and memory, are called theA. sensory cortexB. medullaC. cerebellumD. association areas

97. The capacity of one brain area to take over the functions of another damaged brain area is known asA. lateralizationB. phrenologyC. hemispherectomyD. plasticity

98. Learning involvesA. the ability to think abstractlyB. a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experiencesC. the development of pro-social behaviorD. a reduction in extrinsic behavior

99. The first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted byA. WatsonB. SkinnerC. RaynorD. Pavlov

100. In Pavlov’s experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the US wasA. a toneB. salivation to the sound of a toneC. the presentation of food in the dog’s mouthD. salivation to the food in the mouth

101.Extinction occurs when a ____ is no longer paired with a ____.A. UR; CRB. CS; URC. US; URD. CS; US

102. John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science ofA. observable behaviorB. cognitive processesC. genetic predispositionsD. all of these factors

103.Voluntary behaviors that produce rewarding or punishing consequences are calledA. respondent behaviorsB. unconditioned responsesC. operant behaviorsD. conditioned responses

104.B. F. Skinner’s work elaborated what E.L. Thorndike had called

A. shapingB. observational learningC. the law of effectD. latent learning

105.An event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is a(n)A. conditioned stimulusB. unconditioned stimulusC. reinforcerD. operant behavior

106.Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n)A. conditioned stimulusB. unconditioned stimulusC. positive reinforcerD. negative reinforcer

107.Paul and Michael sell magazine subscriptions by telephone. Paul is paid $1.00 for every five calls he makes, while Michael is paid $1.00 for every subscription he sells, regardless of the number of calls her makes. Paul’s telephoning is reinforced on a ___ schedule, whereas Michael’s is reinforced on a ____ schedule.A. variable-ratio; fixed-ratioB. fixed-ratio; variable-ratioC. fixed-ratio; variable-intervalD. fixed-interval; variable-ratio

108. Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed his older brother does so. This illustrates the importance ofA. respondent behaviorB. immediate reinforcementC. modelingD. shaping

109.We find it harder to frown when viewing a smile than when viewing a frown. This can most clearly be attributed toA. partial reinforcementB. spontaneous recoveryC. mirror neuronsD. cognitive maps

110.Who highlighted the importance of observational learning?A. WatsonB. BanduraC. SkinnerD. Pavlov

111.Correlational studies show that prolonged viewing of televised violence ___ increased rates of violent behavior.A. inhibitsB. causesC. is unrelated toD. predicts

112.Fritz Heider concluded that people tend to attribute others’ behavior either to their

A. heredity or their environmentB. biological motives or their psychological motivesC. thoughts or their emotionsD. dispositions or their situations

113.The fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency to underestimate the impact of ____ and to overestimate the impact of ___ in explaining the behavior of others.A. central persuasion; peripheral persuasionB. peripheral persuasion; central persuasionC. personal dispositions; situational influencesD. situational influences; personal dispositions

114.Before she gave a class presentation favoring gun control legislation, Wanda opposed it. Her present attitude favoring such legislation can best be explained byA. attribution theoryB. cognitive dissonance theoryC. reward theoryD. evolutionary psychology

115.Philip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners or guards. This experiment best illustrated the impact ofA. team membership on social behaviorB. self-disclosure on cooperationC. frustration on aggressive behaviorD. role-playing on attitudes

116.The discomfort we feel when two thoughts are inconsistent is calledA. cognitive dissonanceB. prejudiceC. antisocial reactionD. the fundamental attribution error

117.When a salesperson visits your home and asks you to try a free sample of a cleaning fluid, you agree. When he returns the following week and asks you to purchase an assortment of expensive cleaning products, you make the purchase. The salesperson appears to have made effective use ofA. the fundamental attribution errorB. role-playingC. the foot-in-the-door phenomenonD. cognitive dissonance

118.Adjusting one’s behavior or thinking toward a group standard is calledA. mood linkageB. social facilitationC. social loafingD. conformity

119.Participants in the Milgram obedience studies were ordered toA. play the role of the prison guardsB. write an essay supporting a position they didn’t believe inC. deliver electric shocks to a learner for giving incorrect answersD. participate in a team tug-of-war by pulling on a rope as hard as they could

120.According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is thatA. people are naturally predisposed to be hostile and aggressionB. even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destructionC. the desire to be accepted by others is one of the strongest human motivesD. people value their freedom and react negatively when they feel they are being coerced to do something

121.Using the Asch procedure, conformity to group judgments would be LEAST likely when A. participants announce their own answers only after the other group members have done soB. participants are not observed by other group members when giving their answersC. it is very difficult to make correct judgmentsD. judgments are made in a group that has more than three people

122.Prejudice is best defined as A. the tendency to favor members of one’s own groupB. an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its membersC. a perceived incompatibility of actions or goalsD. the belief that victims of misfortune deserve their fate

123.Over-generalized beliefs about a group of people that often underlie prejudicial emotions are calledA. discriminationB. situational attributionsC. stereotypesD. social norms

124.Prejudice is a (n) ___; discrimination is a (n) _____.A. disposition attribution; situational attributionB. ingroup bias; outgroup biasC. explicit behavior; implicit behaviorD. attitude; behavior

125.Prejudice is most likely to develop as a way of justifyingA. ingroup biasB. deindividuationC. the other-race-effectD. social inequalities

126.The mere exposure effect refers to the fact that peopleA. perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of othersB. become more extreme in their opinions following group discussionC. more readily comply with a large request if they previously complied with a small requestD. experience increasing attraction to novel stimuli that become more familiar

127.When 12-year-old Jamilah saw an old man lying on the sidewalk, he prepared to offer help. But when he noticed several adults walk past the man, he concluded that the man did not need any help. His reaction most clearly illustrates one of the dynamics involved inA. the mere exposure effectB. self-disclosureC. social traps

D. the bystander effect128.According to social exchange theory, altruistic behavior is guided by

A. calculations of costs and benefitsB. feelings of social responsibilityC. reciprocity normsD. family ties

129.Freud called his theory of personality and the associated treatment techniquesA. a humanistic perspectiveB. terror-management theoryC. projective psychologyD. psychoanalysis

130.According to Freud, thoughts that are too unsettling for people to acknowledge areA. manifest contentsB. self-serving biasesC. repressedD. inferiority complexes

131.According to Freud’s theory, the behavior of a newborn is controlled byA. the reality principleB. the egoC. the superegoD. the id

132.Carl Rogers emphasized that a positive self-concept is promoted byA. sense of controlB. unconditioned positive regardC. self-actualizationD. peak experiences

133.Which personality theorists have been criticized the most for encouraging individual selfishness and self-indulgence?A. behavioristsB. social cognitive theoristsC. psychoanalytic theoristsD. humanistic theorists

134.Freud emphasized that the ego operates on the _____ principle.A. pleasureB. OedipusC. realityD. defensive

135.The pleasure principle is the ____ as the reality principle is to the ____.A. id; superegoB. id; egoC. Oedipus complex; Electra complexD. conscious; unconscious

136.According to Carl Rogers, people nurture our growth by being genuine, accepting, andA. conscientiousB. consistentC. extraverted

D. empathic137.According to Maslow, the desire to fulfill one’s potential is the motivation for

A. personal controlB. self-actualizationC. self-esteemD. unconditional positive regard

138.An interest in describing and classifying the many ways in which individuals may differ from one another is most characteristic of the ____ perspective.A. social-cognitiveB. traitC. humanisticD. psychoanalytic

139.Trait theorists would be most likely to highlight the impact of our biologically inherited _____ on personality.A. self-esteemB. locus of controlC. attributional styleD. temperament

140.The Big Five is the term currently used to refer to the basicA. psychoanalytic stagesB. self-serving biasesC. trait dimensionsD. sensory modalities

141.Which of the following Big Five trait dimensions is most descriptive of an individual who is organized and disciplined in managing his or her work?A. extraversionB. agreeablenessC. conscientiousnessD. openness

142.Dogs strapped into a harness and given repeated and unavoidable shocks developedA. a fixationB. autonomic reactivityC. learned helplessnessD. the false consensus effect

143.Psychiatrists and psychologists are most likely to consider socially unusual behavior as disordered if it isA. consciously motivatedB. difficult to changeC. biologically influencedD. personally distressful

144.The conception of psychological disorders as biologically based sicknesses is known as A. psychoanalytic theoryB. humanistic perspectiveC. medical modelD. biopsychosocial approach

145.To facilitate diagnostic reliability, the DSM-IV-TR typically bases diagnoses on

A. chemical analyses of blood and urine samplesB. physiological measures of blood pressure, perspiration, and muscle tensionC. observable patterns of behaviorD. all of these factors

146. In a study by David Rosenhan, researchers were admitted as patients into various mental hospitals after they falsely claimed to be “hearing voices.” This study best illustrates the negative effects ofA. the medical modelB. psychoanalytic theoryC. DSM-IV-TRD. diagnostic labels

147.Phobias are most likely to be characterized byA. a persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situationB. offensive and unwanted thoughts that persistently preoccupy the personC. a continuous state of tension, apprehension, and autonomic nervous system arousalD. alterations between extreme hopelessness and unrealistic optimism

148.An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and actions is calledA. generalized anxiety disorderB. obsessive-compulsive disorderC. a phobiaD. panic disorder

149.Repeated distressing dreams and intrusive memories of an intensely fearful and life-threatening experience are symptoms most commonly associated withA. panic disorderB. agoraphobiaC. generalized anxiety disorderD. post-traumatic stress disorder

150.Two or more distinct identities appear to alternately control the behavior of those withA. narcissistic personality disorderB. hypochondriasisC. conversion disorderD. dissociative identity disorder

151.A lack of conscience is most characteristic of those who experience ____ disorder.A. a dissociativeB. antisocial personalityC. conversionD. somatoform

152.Experiencing physical symptoms, such as blindness or paralysis, that make no physiological sense is indicative ofA. schizoid personality disorderB. conversion disorderC. dissociative disorderD. anxiety disorder

153.The number one reason people seek mental health services is A. phobiaB. mania

C. depressionD. bipolar disorder

154.Mania is most likely to be characterized by feelings ofA. guiltB. fearC. elationD. indifference

155.False beliefs of persecution that may accompany schizophrenia are calledA. obsessionsB. compulsionsC. delusionsD. hallucinations

156.The hallucinations experienced by those who suffer from schizophrenia are most likely to involve ____ things that are not there.A. seeingB. hearingC. tastingD. smelling

157.Evidence suggest that ___ contribute (s) to schizophrenia.A. depressed serotonin levelsB. a pessimistic explanatory styleC. conscious role-playingD. prenatal viral infections

158.Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are the ____ of inappropriate behaviors, and negative symptoms are the ____ of appropriate behaviors.A. absence; absenceB. presence; presenceC. absence; presenceD. presence; absence

159.Which of the following is considered to be the most nondirective form of therapy?A. client-centered therapyB. cognitive therapyC. psychoanalysisD. systematic desensitization

160.Repeatedly introducing people to things they fear and avoid is most characteristic of A. stress inoculation trainingB. exposure therapiesC. behavior modificationD. transference

161.The construction of an anxiety hierarchy and training in relaxation are important aspects ofA. aversive conditioningB. systematic desensitizationC. interpersonal psychotherapyD. stress inoculation training

162.Teaching people to stop blaming themselves for failures and negative circumstances beyond their control is of most direct concern to ____ therapists.A. psychoanalyticB. cognitiveC. client-centeredD. behavior

163.Persuading depressed patients to reverse their catastrophizing beliefs about themselves and their futures is most characteristic ofA. Rogers’ client-centered therapyB. Beck’s cognitive therapyC. Wolpe’s exposure therapyD. Freud’s psychoanalysis

164.The study of the effect of drugs on mind and behavior is calledA. psychosurgeryB. psychobiologyC. ECTD. psychopharmacology

165.Freud’s techniques and assumptions are most evident in today’sA. behavior therapiesB. psychodynamic therapiesC. biomedical therapiesD. cognitive therapies

166.

Match the statements with the appropriate psychological perspective:

A. NeuroscienceB. EvolutionaryC. Behavior GeneticsD. PsychodynamicE. BehavioralF. CognitiveG. Social-Cultural

______ By helping each other, we are most likely to survive and reproduce.______ Identical twins who are separated at birth and raised in very different environments show

the same degree of helpfulness toward others.______ A specific brain region underlies our experience of empathy for persons in distress.______ Unconscious sexual motivation prompts our willingness to help others.______ We are most likely to help those we perceive as similar to ourselves and whom we

believe deserve our assistance.______ The willingness of people to help varies greatly across the world’s societies.______ Children who have been rewarded for helpful behavior are more likely to be helpful in

future interpersonal interactions.