BBECY9 Science Revision Guide

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Covers the following topics: B1 – Cell Biology B2 – Organisation C1 – Atoms, Elements, Compounds and Mixtures C2 – Bonding and Structure C3 – Quantitative Chemistry P1 - Energy P2 – Electricity

AQA B1 RevisionCell Biology

B1 Quiz – Diagnostic QsCell Structure

1. What are the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Give differences, similarities, differences in size and examples of cells

2. Draw and label plant and animal cells.3. State the function of each organelle4. Draw and label a bacteria cell5. Equation linking magnification, image size and actual size6. If the magnification factor is x50 and actual size is 100nm, what is the image size7. What are specialised cells? What is differentiation? Why is it important?8. Give the function and special features of: sperm cells, nerve cells, muscle cells9. Do the same for root hair cells, xylem cells and phloem cells 10. What is mitosis? What is it used for? Describe each stage of cell division 11. What are stem cells? Why are they so important for growth and development?12. What are the two types of stem cells?13. What are the advantage of each type of stem cell?14. What are the disadvantages of each type of stem cell?15. What diseases can be cured using stem cells?

Transport in cells

1. What is diffusion?2. Name four substances which are diffused into and out of human cells?3. What are the three factors which affect the rate of diffusion?4. How are exchange surfaces adapted to increase the rate of diffusion? 5. What is osmosis? 6. Practical: investigating the effect of difference concentration on the mass of plant

tissue. Give the details of the experiment and suggest the dependant and independent variables

7. Complete exam questions on osmosis 8. What is active transport? 9. Why can active transport not occur without respiration?10.Why can active transport not occur if the cells involved don’t have access to oxygen?

AQA B2 RevisionOrganisation

B2 Quiz – Diagnostic QsOrganisation

1. Suggest the differences between cells, tissues, organs, organ system and organisms 2. Draw and label all organs involved in the digestive system and their function3. What are catalysts and how do they work? 4. For amylase, protease and lipase: where are they produced? Where do they work?

What do they break down? What do they break it down into?5. Where is bile made? What are the two functions of bile?6. Practical: How do you test for sugars, starch, carbohydrates, proteins and fats?

7. How does pH and Temperature affect the speed at which enzymes work?

Heart, Circulatory system and Health 1. What is the function of the lungs? How are lungs adapted?2. How does the heart work? Give the name of each of the four chambers and each of

the four blood vessels. Suggest where each blood vessel brings blood from/takes it to?

3. What are the three main types of blood vessels in the body?4. Give the function, structure and adaptation of each type of blood vessel 5. 300 litres of blood flow through a blood vessel in 90s. What is the rate in litres per

second?6. What are the four components of blood?7. What is coronary heart disease? What causes it?8. In detail, give the details of how the following work and when each one would be

used: stents, statins, heart valves9. Give the advantages and disadvantages of each method 10. What is meant by the term health?11. What is the difference between benign and malignant cancers?

Plants12. Give the function of each of the following plant tissuesa. Epidermal b. Palisade c. Spongy mesophylld. Xylem and phloeme. Meristemf. Guard cells and stomata 13. How are root hair cells, xylem and phloem adapted to their functions?14. What is transpiration and how do the following affect the rate of transpiration?

AQA C1 RevisionAtoms, Elements,

Compounds and Mixtures

C1 Quiz – Diagnostic QsBasic Chemistry

1. Give the state symbols for solids, liquids and aqueous. What does aqueous mean?2. What is a chemical reaction? What is a physical reaction?3. What is the difference between atoms, elements and compounds?4. What is a mixture?5. For each of the following, describe the method, equipment needed and what it

separates:a. Filtrationb. Crystallisationc. Distillation d. Fractional distillatione. Paper chromatography

Atomic Model1. Draw a table with the three subatomic particles, their relative charges and relative

masses2. What is the mass number?3. What is the atomic number?4. Find P, E, N for Cu, N, As5. Why do atoms have a neutral charge (2 points)6. What is the approximate radius of an atom? Of a nucleus?7. What are isotopes? Why do isotopes have the same chemical properties? 1. Suggest how the elements in the periodic table are organised using atomic number2. Suggest how the elements in the periodic table are organised using the number of

electrons on their outermost shells3. What is a period and what is a group on a periodic table?4. Why do elements in the same group have similar properties? 5. If the element S reacts strongly with water, will the element Se also react with water?

Periodic Table1. How were elements organised before discovery of protons, neutrons and electrons?2. What two ways did Mendeleev change the periodic table?3. What is the definition of metals?4. Definition of non-metals?5. What is the main reason behind the chemical properties of an atom?

Transition Metals1. Why do transition metals have similar properties?2. How they different to G1 metals in terms of their:

a. Melting pointsb. Densities c. Strength and hardnessd. Reactivity

3. Transition metals can exist as stable ions with different charges. What charge is formed by Fe(II)? Fe(III)?

4. They form coloured compounds and can be used as catalysts

AQA C2 RevisionBonding and Structure

There are three different types of bonding called ionic, covalent and metallic bonding.

Metal ions only arranged in layersELECTROSTATIC ATTRACTION between

+IONS and ELECTRONS

Metals conduct HEAT well due to the delocalised electrons

Metal ions slide over one another making them MALLEABLE

Lose or gain an electronGet a charge +/-

Group 7Group 1

Sea of delocalised electronsCan carry a charge so metals conduct

electricity

The positive and negative ions are strongly attracted to each other. This electrostatic attraction is called ionic bonding.

Ionic bonding is the transfer of electrons between a metal and a non-metal. The gain or loss of electron(s) forms ions.

Ionic lattice

Metallic Bonding. The electrons in the outer shell of metal atoms are delocalised and so are free to move through the whole structure. The sharing of delocalised electrons gives rise to metallic bonding.

Covalent bonding is the sharing off electrons between non-metals. No ions are formed.

Methane

Ammonia

Water

Hydrogen chloride

Remember electrons are shared in PAIRS.

DOUBLE BOND3

2

1

Giant Lattice StructureAlways metals with non-metals

+ ION and – ION attracted by STRONG ELECTROSTATIC FORCES

There are 4 main structures of substances;

Simple molecular (covalent)

Giant ionic

Giant covalent

Giant metallic

Simple Molecular StructuresSmall molecules containing few atoms (e.g. H2O, CO2)

Contain strong covalent bonds. Forces between atoms are super-strong

Forces between molecules, called intermolecular forces, are weak

Typical Properties:

•Low melting point and boiling point

•Tend to have little strength (soft)

•Do not conduct electricity

Giant Metallic The atoms in metals are in

layers which can slide over each other, this makes it possible to bend them or beat them into shape.

The atoms in metals share 5

Simple Molecular StructuresSmall molecules containing few atoms (e.g. H2O, CO2)

Contain strong covalent bonds. Forces between atoms are super-strong

Forces between molecules, called intermolecular forces, are weak

Typical Properties:

•Low melting point and boiling point

•Tend to have little strength (soft)

•Do not conduct electricity

High melting points

High boiling points

Giant Covalent Structures Large network of bonds – giant covalent Substances such as: diamond, graphite and silicon dioxide Held together in many strong covalent bonds They are hard• High melting and boiling points Unreactive chemically Graphite has free electrons delocalised electrons conduct electricity.• Fullerenes: carbon’s ability to make large cage like structures. Important in nanoscience and industry (Nanoscience is the study of very small particles that have a very large surface area).

Giant Metallic The atoms in metals are in

layers which can slide over each other, this makes it possible to bend them or beat them into shape.

The atoms in metals share

C2 Quiz – Diagnostic QsIonic compounds

6. Why do atoms bond?7. What happen in ionic bonding? Between what groups of elements does it occur?8. State the ions formed by: H, Li, Cl, O9. Work out the ionic compound formed when hydrogen and sulphur react10.Work out the ionic compound formed when phosphorous and Calcium react11.Describe the bonding present in ionic compounds12.Suggest the properties this gives rise to13.Explain why ionic compounds have high MP/BP14.Explain why they dissolve in water15.When do they conduct electricity and why?

Covalent compounds1. Describe covalent bonding. Between what groups of elements does it occur?2. Find the compound formed when fluorine and sulphur react. Draw dot-and-cross3. Find the compound formed when nitrogen and oxygen react. Draw dot-and-cross4. What are double bonds? How many electrons are shared by each atom? How many

shared in total?5. What are triple bonds? How many electrons are shared by each atom? How many

shared in total?6. What are simple covalent molecules? 7. Why do they (simple covalent molecules) have low MP/BP?8. What are giant covalent compounds? Why do they NOT conduct electricity?9. Why do they (giant covalent structures) have high MP/BP?

Allotropes of carbon1. Describe the structure and bonding in diamond. What properties does it have?2. Describe the structure and bonding in graphite

a. Why is it slippery?b. Why does it conduct electricity?c. What is graphene?

3. What are fullerenes?

Metals1. Describe metallic bonding with a diagram2. Which electrons are ionised from each atom?3. What are the forces of attraction between?4. Why don’t positive ions get repelled?5. Why are metals:

a. Good conductorsb. Malleable

6. What are alloys? Why are they harder than pure metals? C2 Quiz – Diagnostic QsPolymers

1. What are polymers?

2. Compare their MP/BP with simple covalent compounds and with giant covalent compoundsSimple covalent molecules:

Giant covalent molecules:

Nanoparticles1. What are nanoparticles? Why are they special?

2. Find out the surface area to volume ratio of a cube of length 25nm(25 nm = 0.000000025)

3. Compare it with one of length 50nm(25 nm = 0.000000025)

4. Give an argument for the use of nanoparticles (3+ points)

5. Give an argument against the use of nanoparticles (3+ points)

AQA C3 RevisionQuantitative Chemistry

C3 Quiz – Diagnostic QsChemical Reactions

1. What is the law of conservation of mass in respect to chemical reactions?2. Write down the balanced symbol formula for the chemical reaction between methane

and oxygen.3. Define Relative Formula Mass.4. Define the term ‘mole’.5. Write down the equation linking Mr, number of moles and mass.6. Write down the equation linking concentration, volume and number of moles.7. State the difference between empirical and molecular formulae.8. Explain what is meant by atom economy.9. Write down how to calculate yield.10.Explain why atom economy and yield are important.

Use this space to draw a mind map of the C3 topic using the information on the previous pages. Add all the relevant formulae.

AQA P1 RevisionEnergy

P1 Quiz – Diagnostic QsTypes of Energy

1. Write down the law of conservation of energy.2. List the types of energy.3. Explain what is meant by an energy transfer.4. Write down the difference between potential and kinetic energy.5. What is gravitational potential energy?

Energy equations1. Write down the equation linking force and work done.2. Write down the kinetic energy equation.3. Write down the gravitational potential energy (GPE) equation.4. Produce a formula triangle for all these types of energy.5. Explain why a roller coaster uses GPE and also kinetic energy.6. Write down the equation for the energy stored in a spring.

Specific Heat Capacity1. What is the definition of specific heat capacity?2. Write down the SHC equation.3. Produce a method for working out the SHC of a substance (required practical).4. Explain why heat loss makes this practical difficult to get true SHC values.5. Explain how a storage heater works using the idea of heat capacity.

Heat transfer1. Describe the three methods of heat transfer (conduction, convection and radiation).2. Explain how each allows energy to transfer.3. Suggest how a vacuum flask reduces heat loss.4. Give two factors that affect the heat loss of a substance.5. Describe the Leslie’s cube practical (research if required – it’s a required practical).6. Explain what this practical shows about the link between surfaces and heat emission.

Energy Resources1. Explain what is meant by an energy resource.2. How is this different from an ‘energy store’ like kinetic energy?3. List the types of energy resources that you know of.4. Circle the types that are renewable.5. Explain what is meant by a renewable energy resource.6. Write down the main advantages of fossil fuels.7. Write down the main disadvantages of fossil fuels.8. Write down the pros and cons of the following renewable energy resources: Wind,

Hydroelectric, Geothermal, Solar, Tidal.9. Explain why nuclear power is extremely useful.10.Write down the disadvantages of nuclear power.

AQA P2 RevisionElectricity

P2 Quiz – Diagnostic QsCircuit components

1. Draw the circuit symbols for a cell, bulb, voltmeter and ammeter.2. Draw a working series circuit that has a switch with a lamp and motor in series.3. How is a voltmeter connected in a circuit?4. How is an ammeter connected in a circuit?5. What is the circuit symbol for a variable resistor?6. What is the purpose of a variable resistor?7. How is the voltage distributed between components in a series circuit?8. How is the current distributed between components in a series circuit?9. Draw a working parallel circuit with a switch to turn on a motor and lamp set up in

parallel.

10.How is the current and voltage distributed in a parallel circuit?

11.How does adding a resistor in a series circuit affect the total resistance?

12.How does adding a resistor in a parallel circuit affect the total resistance?

13. Sketch the I-V graphs of a Resistor, Filament Lamp and Diode.State which of these is an ‘ohmic conductor’.

AC and DC Circuits1. Define ‘DC’.

2. Define ‘AC’.

3. Describe where you might find DC circuits.

4. Describe where you might find AC circuits.

5. What is the voltage, current and frequency of a UK mains supply?

P2 Quiz – Diagnostic QsElectrical plugs

1. Write down the three colours of wire you might find in an electrical plug and their roles:

2. Describe three safety features of a plug.

3. Suggest why the pins of a plug are made from brass alloy, not from copper or gold.

4. Explain how a fuse works to keep appliances safe.

Electrical Power and Energy1. Write down the formula that relates Power, Voltage and Current.

2. Rearrange this formula to calculate the voltage.

3. Calculate the current produced by a 230V appliance with a power output of 2000W.

4. Suggest which fuse should be used for this appliance from the following: 1A, 3A, 5A, 10A, 13A.

5. Write down the formula that relates Energy, Power and Time.

6. Calculate the energy used by a 1800W kettle that is run for 25 seconds.

Transformers1. State the role of a transformer in a circuit.

2. Describe the job of a step-up transformer.

3. Describe the job of a step-down transformer.

4. Explain why the voltage from power lines (200000V) is stepped down to 230V before it reaches our homes.