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PLASTICS: IN THE LIFE OD THE MORDERN HUMAN 1
PLASTICS: IN THE LIFE OF THE MORDERN HUMAN
GARCIA PELCASTRE FERNANDO ALBERTO
HERNANDEZ GARCIA ALAN ALEJANDRO
NIETO ZARAGOZA MANUEL ALEJANDRO
IPN
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PLASTICS: IN THE LIFE OD THE MORDERN HUMAN 2
WHAT IS IT?
The plastic are made by varous organic materials. Plastic are madding by synthetic or
semisynthetic compounds and that have the property that they are maleable.
This makes it have several applications. The plastic always been very easy to manufacture
and have low production cost.; so their applications are very diverse. Plastics are produced
by the polymerization. The petrochemical is necessary by the manufacture of the plastics.
The different plastics are determined by the size and structure of the polymer molecule.
It is the usual term to describe a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic materials
that are used for an immense amount of applications. Let's look where we look, we see
plastic. We use plastic products to make life cleaner, easier, safer and more pleasant. We find
plastic in containers, clothes, buildings, medical devices, cars, mobiles
Plastics are organic materials, just like wood, paper or wool. The raw materials that
are used to produce plastic are natural products such as cellulose, coal, natural gas, salt and,
of course, oil. They have become the preferred modern material because it balances the needs
of today with the protection of the environment.
Plastic is an immensely versatile material, ideal for a wide range of industrial and consumer
applications. The relatively low density of almost all types of plastics gives plastic products
the benefit of lightness.
And, although most have
excellent thermal and
electrical insulation
properties, plastics can be
manufactured that are
conductors of electricity
if necessary. They are
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PLASTICS: IN THE LIFE OD THE MORDERN HUMAN 3
resistant to the corrosion of many substances that attack other materials, so they are durable
and suitable for use in very demanding applications. Some are transparent, so they serve as
optical devices. They can be easily molded to obtain complex shapes and allow the
integration of other materials to form ideal products for a wide range of functions. In
addition, if the physical properties of a given plastic do not fully meet the requirements, you
can modify its balance of properties with fill, colors, foaming agents, flame retardants,
plasticizers, etc., to meet the demand of a specific application. In principle you can create
plastics with almost any combination of properties to adapt them to practically any
application imaginable. Due to these attractive properties, plastic is increasingly used in the
following applications.
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PLASTICS: IN THE LIFE OD THE MORDERN HUMAN 4
HISTORY.
The use of polymers dates back to the
16th century BC. C., when ancient
Mesoamerican cultures processed natural
rubber for the first time in solid objects such
as balls, human figurines, bands to tie ax
heads to wooden handles and other objects.8
The ancient Mesoamericans obtained the raw
material to manufacture objects of latex rubber
produced by the Castilla elastic tree. This
species is native to the tropical lowlands of
Mexico and Central America. Latex is a sticky
white liquid that when dried is a fragile solid that retains its shape. Spanish chroniclers
reported that the Mesoamerican natives processed the latex of C. elastica mixing with juices
of another species, Ipomoea alba, achieving the coagulation of the resin. Thus, these
discoveries precede the vulcanization process by 3500 years.8
In 1839, Goodyear (and Hancock in England) developed the vulcanization of rubber, ie
the hardening of rubber and its greater resistance to cold. This is how the commercial success
of thermostable polymers began.9
The plastics industry began with the development of the first thermoset plastics by
Baekeland in 1909. Baekeland produces the first synthetic polymer and also develops the
plastic molding process that allowed it to produce various articles of commerce. These first
plastics were called Bakelite in honor of its discoverer. Baekelite is formed by a condensation
reaction of phenol with formaldehyde.10
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PLASTICS: IN THE LIFE OD THE MORDERN HUMAN 5
Between the years 1926 and 1928 alquídicos thermoplastic and amines resins,
respectively. The alkyds are polyesters modified by the addition of fatty acids and other
components, are derivatives of polyols and dicarboxylic acids or anhydrous carboxylic acids.
Among the amines resins is urea-formaldehyde, also known as urea-methanal, is a non-
transparent synthetic thermoplastic resin with applications in adhesives.10 Table 1
summarizes other important developments in the historical development of thermoplastics.
Since the dawn of history, the human species has strived to create materials that offer
benefits that natural materials lack. The evolution of plastic began with the use of natural
materials that had intrinsic plastic properties, such as lacquer or chewing gum. The next step
in the evolution of plastic was the chemical modification of natural materials such as rubber,
nitrocellulose, collagen or galalite. Finally, the great diversity of completely synthetic
materials that we recognize as modern plastics began to appear about 100 years ago:
One of the first examples was the invention of Alexander Parkes in 1855, called
parkesina from his own name. It is what we know today as celluloid.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was polymerized for the first time between 1838 and 1872.
A fundamental breakthrough took place in 1907, when the Belgian-American chemist
Leo Baekeland created Bakelite, the first plastic made in truly synthetic series.
Since the creation of Baekeland, many new plastics have been created and developed
that offer a wide range of desirable properties, which we all have at home, in the office, in the
factory and in the car. We can not foresee what will appear in the next hundred years, but we
are sure that for plastic, there are no limits!
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PLASTICS: IN THE LIFE OD THE MORDERN HUMAN 6
The plastic: A story that has been more than 100 years of transformation
From the beginning of history, the human race and the material is not resolved. This
evolution is related to the use of certain natural materials that contain intrinsic plastic
properties such as lacquer and chewing gum Hence the next step in the evolution of plastic,
the chemical modification of natural materials such as rubber, galalite, collagen and
nitrocellulose.
And finally the great variety of materials that are already completely synthetic that we know
today as the weeds; Modern plastic began to appear 100 years ago. Alexander Parkes in 1885
is one of the first examples of plastic. Parkesina is what we know today as celluloid
Polyvinylchloride (PVC) was polymerized for the first time between 1838 and 1872.
In 1907, Leo Baekeland, what is known as Bakelite, was the first plastic book in the really
synthetic series. Since the product manufactured by Baekeland has been developed and
created new innovative plastic models that offer us a variety of desirable properties, which
we all have in our homes, cars, offices and factories.
And maybe we can not predict what will happen to the plastic in the next 100 years, but what
we know is that plastic is not a demonstration that it has no limits.
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PLASTICS: IN THE LIFE OD THE MORDERN HUMAN 7
Take a look at some of the major discoveries of the past in this video from the British Plastics
Federation (BPF).
MANUFACTURE
The plastics is the perfect product for mordern industry, it has a great facility to work
with, thanks to its malleability and it lightness. The vast majority of plastics are termal and
electrical insulators; They are also highly resistant to various corrosive substances and can
therefore be used to work with hazardous materials.
The physical properties of the plastic are not suitable for the work required, you can
modify its characteristics such as; foaming agents, plasticizers, filler properties, etc.
in plastic there is a great variety of combinations of properties to adapt thern for
certain required carácter.
Manufacturing with injection molding
One of the most common plastic manufacturing methods, injection molding lends
itself to mass production of products ranging from cell phone stands to toys. The injection
molding process melts resin pellets inside the injection machine with a heated barrel. An
auger moves the plastic forward and ensures an even mix of melted plastic. The machine then
drives the melted plastic into a metal mold.
The plastic fills the
mold and results in a solid
plastic part or product. Most
injection molding processes
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PLASTICS: IN THE LIFE OD THE MORDERN HUMAN 8
employ thermoplastics that you can melt and cool multiple times, which limits material
waste.
Manufacturing with extrusion molding.
Extrusion molding calls for a very similar process as injection molding. The machine
still melts the plastic. Rather than filling a mold with the plastic, the machine presses the
melted plastic through a die that gives the plastic a fixed shape. The extrusion molding
process functions well in the production of a wide range of products, including pipes, door
frames and seals.
The extrusion process can employ either multiple-melt thermoplastics or thermoset
plastics, which only tolerate a single melting cycle.
Manufacturing with Blow Molding
Several variations of the blow molding process exist. The essential process calls for the
production of a hollow, pre-shaped length of melted thermoplastic, known as a parison. A
mold closes around the parison. Air pressure forces the hollow plastic to expand into the
mold shape, leaving the interior of the object hollow.
Variations on the blow molding process include injection and extrusion blow molding
as well as stretch blow molding. Manufacturers employ blow molding processes to make
bottles and other containers.
Manufacturing with Rotational
Molding
Rotational molding offers a
second option for manufacturing hollow
objects. In rotational molding, the
plastic powder goes in the mold before
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PLASTICS: IN THE LIFE OD THE MORDERN HUMAN 9
heating. The closed mold enters a furnace and rotates, which allows the plastic powder to
coat the entire interior of the mold. The heat melts the plastic into a single layer that conforms
to the shape of the mold cavity, while leaving the interior of the final product hollow.
WHAT DO WE DO WITH THE PLASTIC?
The plastics don’t help the environment, but the plastics can be controlled not to damage and
use as tolos to heal.
It’s accumulating in the oceans, lakes and rivers; its microbeads are now embedded in our
biology; it is disgusting and dangerous and doesn’t biodegrade. It’s our old friend, plastic.
We’ve all seen the islands of “floatables” collecting in the oceans. Plastic bags hang from
trees and now appear on our political agenda. Last week, several New York City Council
representatives proposed banning plastic bottles from vendors in our parks. New York State’s
Assembly has already overturned the city’s effort to charge a fee for plastic bags.
The Oceanic Society and NRDC provide some simple steps all of us can take to reduce
plastics, but somehow these solutions don’t quite measure up to the magnitude of the
problem. In a global economy with more and more e-commerce, the things we buy are
increasingly packed in plastic and made of plastic. The World Economic Forum’s approach is
more systemic and seems to attack the root causes of plastic pollution, but much of it is
politically infeasible. Their “eight steps to solve the ocean’s plastic problem” include:
1. Reduce plastic dependency
2. Increase producer responsibility
3. Increase fees and taxes on polluting plastics
4. Increased waste management where the problem is greatest
5. Implementation of the zero vision for ocean plastic
6. Increased mapping, surveillance and research
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PLASTICS: IN THE LIFE OD THE MORDERN HUMAN 10
7. Stop the flow of plastic waste into the sea
8. Increased funds for clean-up
These ideas are sound, but plastic pollution remains the ultimate “tragedy of the commons.”
The waterways are generally invisible common or collective resources and the management
of our waste stream is highly decentralized. While some localities do a good job of managing
waste, others do not have the resources or interest to do much at all.
The fundamental issue of
plastic waste must be
connected to the overall
problem of solid waste, or
what most people call
garbage. Waste
production in the U.S. per
capita peaked around the
year 2000, but growing
population means the volume of waste continues to grow. The volume of waste in rapidly
developing nations like India and China is exploding. More waste in the west and in Japan is
recycled or treated in some way and less is ending up dumped in landfills. Waste-to-energy
plants have become more common, as have anaerobic digesters that use food waste to
produce fertilizer and natural gas. Plastics are either recycled, burned or dumped, but when
they are dumped they persist in the environment. Unlike many other forms of waste they do
not biodegrade very quickly.
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PLASTICS: IN THE LIFE OD THE MORDERN HUMAN 11
There is one ultimate technological fix to the plastic waste problem: We could develop a
plastic that is strong enough to perform the functions required, but capable of breaking
down after exposure to common natural processes. I have no idea if that is possible, but
perhaps coupled with the steps outlined by the Oceanic Society, NRDC and WEF, we could
address this issue. The lifestyle choices of convenience are unlikely to go away, but perhaps
we could make a plastic that would be less persistent. Short of that, the most practical
element of the solutions proposed is to include a charge for the social cost of plastic
convenience in the price of the good. A bottle or bag surcharge or a tax on e-commerce
packaging could pay for many of the items proposed in the World Economic Forum’s list of
solutions.
This doesn’t require that people give up using plastic, but instead pay the price of keeping it
out of our ecosystems. While such a tax might be politically feasible in some places, the
United States federal government in 2018 is not one of those places.
Behavior change based on growing understanding of environmental impact is also worth
continued exploration. Behavior change based on our preference for convenience is how we
ended up with plastic beverage containers. When I was a kid growing up in Brooklyn, my
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great uncle Joe had a job as a “Soda Man.” He drove a truck delivering cases of bottled soda
and seltzer to our home and picked up the empties. Our milk was delivered in glass bottles to
a box on our stoop by the Milk Man. We also returned those bottles. Delivery and pick-up
was quite convenient, but these services were knocked out of business by lower-cost, one-
way beverage distribution, and the growth of two-income earning households. Someone had
to be home to accept the deliveries—the same problem now faced by e-commerce.
Over time we see changes in consumption patterns and culture. The value of protecting the
planet from discarded plastic is more widely accepted than it used to be, and could become
even more common in the future. It is not unusual to see a student carrying a backpack with a
reusable beverage container affixed to the pack. For the past decade, at Columbia Earth
Institute events we’ve provided New York City tap water to participants served in reusable
glass containers. Building awareness of the problems of plastic waste is essential to building
the value and cultural change that will result in new consumption patterns. It may also result
in the public policies needed to include the full cost of plastic bottle convenience in the price
of the bottle.
The modern economy is built on one-way production, transport and consumption. Changing
consumption patterns can help reduce waste generation and enhance waste management, but
in the long run we need to develop a circular economy based on renewable resources. The
energy and materials the economy requires must be renewable. The collection of waste will
need to be connected to a waste processing system that reuses all resources. Materials will be
sorted and reprocessed for re-use. We are many decades away from the technology needed
for such an economy, but in the long run that is the solution to plastic and other forms of
unmanaged waste.
The economics of raw materials makes mining and dumping materials cheaper than “mining”
materials from the waste stream. But the environmental damage of most mining is not
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PLASTICS: IN THE LIFE OD THE MORDERN HUMAN 13
included in the price of raw materials, providing a hidden subsidy to raw materials mining.
Still, the economics of recycling will advance with technology, and the price of finite un-
mined materials will go up as demand increases and supply diminishes. The long term future
for the circular economy holds promise.
Which still leaves the problem of the short term and the exponential increase in plastic waste
we may see in the coming decades. In the short run, the Oceanic Society and NRDC are on
the correct path. We need to build understanding of the problem of persistent plastics. We
need local policies to encourage better waste management, more recycling and less use of
plastics in the first place.
Plastics are a symptom of the type of economy we’ve built. It will take a paradigm shift to
build a more sustainable economy. We are at the start of that process, and my hope is that the
planet and its people will be able to reduce waste in the old throw-away economy while we
build a new renewable one.
LINKS
Sociedad Americana de la Industria Plástica. (1998). Plasticos. 19/05/2019, de CREMPE
URUGUAY Sitio web: http://www.cempre.org.uy/index.php?
option=com_content&view=article&id=86&Itemid=104
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Anonimo. (2016). Historia de los plasticos. 19/05/2019, de abc pack Sitio web:
https://www.abc-pack.com/enciclopedia/historia-de-los-plasticos/
PolimerTecnic . (6/04/2016). Origen del plastico. 19/05/2019, de PolimerTecnic Sitio web:
https://www.polimertecnic.com/origen-del-plastico/