Study Material of 17/8/2020For Class Nursery to XII

Class NurserySubject Topic Execution

ENGLISH Practice book page-31(4 lines) One, Two Buckle my shoe.

Do in the book Learn the rhyme

MATH Practice book page 52 (40) Do in the bookBENGALI এস�ো লি�লি�। Pg17 Write in the bookHINDI Write ड Write in the copy (5 lines) Class KG I

Subject Topic ExecutionENGLISH Reading book pg 22 (Sound of e) Read and learnMATH Numbers writing 71 to 100 Write in copyBENGALI �োলিত্য মুকু�। pg18 ( উ কোর য�োস�

শব্দ ) Write in book

HINDI Work book page 87 (भवन, महल, यमल, लगन, रगड़)

Write in book

COMPUTER Pg:26,27 (5,6) Follow the book and understandClass KG II

Subject Topic ExecutionENGLISH (TERM 1)

Pg 57 Do in the book

MATH (TERM 1) Pg 87 Write in the bookCOMPUTER Pg 29 Answers: Write in the book

A1) 104 keys are there on a keyboard.A2) Space bar key is the longest key on the keyboard.A3) Alphabet keys are used for typing letters.A4) Enter key takes the cursor to the next line.

Class ISubject Topic Summary Execution Maths Mental

maths Done Do in book activity 7,8,9,10

Class IIISUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTIONSocial studies

Our home planet Earth.

Planet: A planet is an object which moves around the Sun. The fixed path on which a planet moves is called its orbit. The eight planets that move around the Sun are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. The Sun, the eight planets, their moons and the dwarf planets together form the solar system. Moon and Satellites:An object that revolves around the planet in an orbit is called a satellite. Like planets, the satellites do not have their own lights. They reflect the light of the Sun. Moon is the natural satellite of the Earth. All planets, except Mercury and Venus, do not have moons that

Extra questions for basic knowledge:1. What is a planet?Ans: A planet is an object which moves around the Sun.2. What is an orbit?Ans: The fixed path on which a planet moves is called its orbit.3. Name the eight planets that move around the Sun.Ans: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.4. Name two planets that do not have moons.Ans: Mercury and Venus.5. What is a satellite?

revolve around them. Mercury and Venus do not have moons probably because they are very close to the Sun.

Ans: An object that revolves around the planet in an orbit is called a satellite.6. Why Mercury and Venus do not have their own moon?Ans: Mercury and Venus do not have moons probably because they are very close to the Sun.

Hindi 17/8

अंधेर नगरी चौपट राजा chap 6

इस पाठ में एक पिपता अपनी बेटी मुपिनया को एक चौपट राजा की कहानी सुनाता है। बहुत पुरानी बात है एक गुरु अपने चेले के साथ पिहमालय की ओर तपस्या करने जा रहे थे। रास्ते में सब वह थक गए और पिवश्राम करने के लिलए एक जगह पर रुक गए। जिजस जगह पर वो रुके थे, वहां सब उल्टा पुल्टा होता था। वहां के लोग सुबह सोते थे और रात को काम करते थे। वहां सब कुछ एक टके का मिमलता था तो एक चेला बहुत खुश हो गया और गुरु को कहा पिक वह वही रहेगा और खा खाकर मोटा होता गया। पि6र 1 दि8न राजा ने 6ांसी का आ8ेश दि8या पर जो 6ं8ा बना वह उस आ8मी के गले में नहीं हो रहा था क्योंपिक उस की ग8=न पतली थी तो राजा ने आ8ेश दि8या 6ांसी आज ही होगी जाओ लिसपापिहयों पिकसी ऐसे व्यलि@ को ढंूढो जिजसके गले में यह 6ं8ा बैठ जाए। दुभा=ग्यवश जिजला उनके सामने आ गया पर गुरुजी ने अपनी बुजिE से उसे बचा लिलया। इसीलिलए कहते हैं पिक सभी जानवरों और मनुष्यों के पास बुजिE है पि6र भी मनुष्य सभी प्राणिJयों में शे्रष्ठ है सोच पिवचार कर काय= करना पिववेक कहलाता है मनुष्य के पास पिववेक है जो उसे सबसे अलग बनाता है।

Class VSubject Topic Summary Execution Science Ch –

Solids, Liquids and Gases

Separating insoluble solids from water:We can separate insoluble solids from water by sedimentation and decantation or by filtration process. If we fill a glass with water and mix some sand in it and leave the mixture for 10 minutes. The sand will settle down at the bottom of the glass. This process is called sedimentation. After that, we can separate the sand from the water by pouring clear water from the top slowly into another empty container. This process is called a decantation. Soluble and insoluble substances:Solids that dissolve in water are called soluble in water such as sugar, salt. Solids that do not dissolve in water are called insoluble in water such as chalk, sand. A solid that dissolves in a liquid is called a solute. A liquid in which a solute dissolves is called a solvent. The mixture of a solute and a solvent is called a solution. Solute (sugar) + Solvent (water) = Solution (sweetened water) Water is a wonderful solvent as it can dissolve many substances. More substances dissolve in water than any other liquid. Therefore, water is called the universal solvent. We can separate insoluble solids from water by filtration process also. The process of removing insoluble impurities from water with the help of a filter is known as filtration. We can show this process by this activity. Separating soluble solids from water: We can separate soluble solids from water by

Short type questions6. Why is water called the universal solvent? Ans. Water is called the universal solvent because most substances dissolve in water than any other liquids.

7. Name the methods by which you can separate sand from water. Ans. The methods by which we can separate sand from water are sedimentation and decantation or filtration.

I can do it (pg. no.-55]Fill in the blanks:1.Solids do not flow. 2. Water flows from a higher level to a lower level. 3. In the process of sedimentation, insoluble impurities are allowed to settle down at the bottom of the container. 4. In filtration, insoluble impurities from water are removed with a filter. 5. Salt can be obtained from a salt-water solution by evaporation.

evaporation. The process by which liquids change into water vapour is known as evaporation. The solution is heated till water from the solution evaporates. By this process, the liquid is lost to the air and the solid is left behind.

Class VISubject Topic Summary Execution PHYSICS Simple

Machine Objective Questions ( Page-60-61)

1. Stale whether the following statements are True or False.a) A boy does work while pushing a wall. Answer. Falseb)A machine performs work by Itself .Answer. Falsec) In an ideal machine, work done on load is equal to the work done by effort. Answer. Trued) All levers are force multipliers. Answer. Falsee) A pulley changes the direction of force.Answer. Truef) An inclined plane always has the mechanical advantage more than 1. Answer. True

2. Fill in the blanksa) The useful work done by an actual machine Is always less than the work done on the machine .b) In class II levers, the load is in between fulcrum and effort . c) The mechanical advantage of class Ill lever is always less than 1 .d) A pulley is used to change the direction of effort . e) Mechanical advantage of an inclined plane is always greater than 1.

3. Match the followingColumn A Column B(a) Needle (i) class II lever(b) Door knob (ii) inclined plane(c) Ramp (iii) Class I lever(d)Lemon crusher (iv) wheel and axle(e) See saw (v) wedge

Answer.(a) Needle - (v) wedge(b) Doorknob - (iv) wheel and axle(c) Ramp - (ii) inclined plane(d) Lemon crusher - (i) class II lever(e) See saw - (ii) Class I ever4. Select the correct alternatives(a) For an Ideal machine, the efficiency is

greater than unity

less than unityequal to unity ✓depends on the value of load

(b) Mechanical advantage of a machine is defined asLoad X EffortLoad / Effort ✓Load + EffortEffort / Load

(c) The mechanical advantage of a lever is equal toLoad arm / Effort armEffort arm / Load arm ✓Load arm + EffortamtLoad ann Effort arm

(d) A pulley is used because ithas the mechanical advantage greater than onehas 100% efficiencyhelps to apply the force in a convenient direction ✓requires more effort to raise a less load

(e) Wheel is used with axle becausesliding friction is less than the rolling frictionrolling friction is less than the sliding friction ✓they work as the inclined planeThey help us to change the direction of force

B. Short/Long Answer Questions1. When is work said to be done by a force ?Ans - Work is said to be done when a force moves an object through a distance in its own direction.2. What is energy ?Ans - The ability or capacity to do work is called energy .3. What do you understand by a machine ?Ans - A machine is a device that allows us to do work with less effort. Machines make our work easier to do. Machines have made our lives comfortable and faster.4. What is the principle on which a machine works ?Ans - Principle of a Machine: The work output of a machine is equal to the work input.5. State two functions of a machine .Ans - Various functions that a machine can perform are -Changing the direction of applied force - Example - When a flag is hoisted with the help of a pulleyChanging the speed of an object .Example - While riding a bicycle, force is applied on pedals which multiplies the speed.6.Name six simple machines. Give an example of each machine.Ans - The Simple Machines and there examples are as followsThe lever - Example is a crow barThe Inclined plane – Example is rampThe wedge - Example is knifeScrew - Examples is screwThe wheel and axle – Example is steering wheel of a carThe pulley - Examples is a pulley used in raising a load.7. Define the term 'work input" and 'work output' in relation to a machine.Ans - Work input is work done on a machine equal to the effort force times the distance through which the force Is applied.

Work output is work that is done by a machine equals resistance force times the distance through which the force applied. For an ideal machine, the work output is equal to the work Input i. e the efficiency8. Explain the term mechanical advantage of a machine.Ans - The mechanical advantage of a machine is the ratio of the load to effort. In other wordsMechanical advantage (MA.) = Load / Effort9. Define the term efficiency of a machine.Ans - The ratio of the work done by the machine to the work done on the machine is called efficiency of a machine.10.What is an ideal machine?Ans - A machine is which no part of the work done on the machine is wasted, is called an ideal or perfect machine. Thus, for an ideal machine, the work output is equal to the work input, i e, the efficiency of an ideal machine is 1 (or 100 per cent) .

English literature

In the bazaars of Hyderabad- Sarojini Naidu

Through the poem In The Bazaars of Hyderabad Sarojini wanted to convey the message that India is rich in tradition and they don’t need the foreign products. So, she goes on to give a picture of a bazaar where traditional Indian products are ruling.The poem is in the form of questions and answers. The poet asks the questions and the merchants answer them. Through this technique she makes the picture of the bazaar visible to us.

Stanza based short questions and answers/ reference to the context.1. “What do you cry, o ye fruit men”?Which fruits and musical instruments were displayed in the bazaar?Answer: Fruits like citron, pomegranate and plum when displayed by the fruit men in the bazaar. Musical instruments like sitar, sarangi and drum were executed by the musicians in the bazaar.2. Give the meaning of “spells for a eons ones to come”.Answer: The magicians are chanting magical spell to charm all ages to come.3. Why are the magicians present in the bazaar?Answer: The magicians are present in the bazaar to Chant spells so that it can bring charm for the ages to come.

Math Ratio Some solved sums from exercise – 11(B)6)A bus travels 180 km in 3 hours and a train travels 450 km in 5 hours. Find the ratio of speed of train to speed of bus.Ans : First Case, a bus travels 180 km in 3 hours.Therefore, Speed = 180 km/3 hours = 60 km/hSecond Case, a train travels 450 km in 5 hours.Therefore,Speed = 450 km/5 hours = 90 km/hTherefore,The ratio of speed of train to speed of bus= 90 : 60= 9 : 6= 3 : 29)In a club having 360 members, 40 play carom, 96 play table tennis, 144 play badminton and the remaining members play volley – ball. If no member play two or more games, find the ratio of members who play :(i)Carom to the number of those who play badminton.(ii) Badminton to the number of those who play table – tennis.(iii) Table – tennis to the number of those who play volley – ball.(iv) Volley – ball to the number of those who play other game.

Ans : The members of player who play volley – ball = 360 – ( 40 + 96+ 144) = 360 – 280 = 80(i)The ratio of members who play carom to the number of those who play badminton = 40 : 144 = 20 : 72 = 10 : 36 = 5 : 18(ii)The ratio of members who play badminton to the number of those who play table – tennis= 144 : 96= 72 : 48= 3 : 2(iii)The ratio of members who play table – tennis to the number of those who play volley – ball = 96 : 80= 12 : 10= 6 : 5(iv)The ratio of members who play volley – ball to the number of those who play other games= 80 : (40 + 96 + 144)= 80 : 280= 8 : 28= 2 : 710) The length of a pencil is 18 cm and its radius is 4 cm. Find the ratio of its length to its diameter.Ans : Given, the length of a pencil is 18 cmAnd its radius is 4 cmTherefore,Diameter = 2× radius = 2× 4 cm = 8 cmTherefore, the ratio of its length to its diameter= 18 : 8= 9 : 412)The student – teacher Ratio in a school is 45: 2.If there are 4050 students in the school, how many teachers are there in the school?Ans: The student – teacher ratio in a school is 45: 2.Given, there are 4050 students in the school.Therefore,Number of students/Number of teacher = 45/2Or, 4050/Number of teacher = 45/2Or, 45× Number of teachers = 2× 4050Or, Number of teacher = (2× 4050)/45= 180

Math Some solved sums from exercise – 11(B)1) The monthly salary of a person is Rs 12,000 and his monthly expenditure is Rs 8,500. Find the ratio of his :(i)Salary to expenditure(ii)Expenditure to Savings(iii)Savings to Salary.Solution : The monthly salary of the man = Rs 12000 and his monthly expenditure = Rs 8500Therefore, his savings per month = Rs(12000 – 8500) = Rs 3500(i)Ratio of salary to expenditure = Rs 12000/Rs8500= 120/85 = 24/17 = 24 : 17(ii)Ratio of expenditure to savings = Rs8500/Rs3500

= 85/35 = 17/7 = 17 : 7(iii)Ratio of savings to salary = Rs3500/Rs12000= 35/120 = 7/24 = 7 : 243)The weekly expenses of a boy have increased fromRs 1500 to Rs 2250. Find the ratio of :(i) Increased in expenses to original expenses.(ii) Original expenses to increased expenses(iii) increased expenses to increase in expensesSolution : Previous weekly expenses of a boy = Rs 1500Present weekly expenses of a boy = Rs 2250Therefore, increase in expenses=Rs (2250 – 1500) = Rs 750(i)Ratio of increase in expenses to original expenses = Rs750/Rs1500= 75/150 = 1/2 = 1 : 2(ii)Ratio of original expenses to increased expenses= Rs1500/Rs2250=150/225 = 10/15 = 2/3 =2: 3(iii)Ratio of increased expenses to increase in expenses=Rs2250/Rs750=225/75 = 15/5 = 3 : 15) Two numbers are in the ratio 9 : 2. If the smaller number is 320, find the larger number.Solution : The ratio between larger number and smaller number = 9 : 2Given , smaller number = 320Therefore,Larger number/Smaller number = 9/2Or, 2×larger number = 9×smaller numberTherefore,Larger number = (9×320)/2= 1440

Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution Physics Heat What is heat energy?

Ans: Hot and cold are relative terms to compare how objects feel when they have more or less of energy, called as heat or heat energy.How does heat flow?Ans: Heat energy always flows from a body at higher temperature to a body at lower temperature, when brought in contact.`Units of heat’: As heat is a form of energy, its SI unit is joule (j).Apart from this, heat is also measured in calories (cal).What is Calorie?Ans: A calorie is defined as the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1°C.Note: Since a Calorie is a very small unit, kilocalorie is used to measure heat for practical purposes.What is kilocalorie?Ans: One kilocalorie is defined as the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by 1°C.1 kilocalorie (Kcal) = 1000 calories.

Mathematics(VII)

Exponents

Laws of exponents :First Law (Product Law)xm × xn = xm+n

When numbers are in the exponent form with the same base, to get their product (multiplication), add their powers keeping the base same.Example :(i)x5 × x6 = x5+6 = x11

(ii)5 m2 n5 × 3 m3 n2 p

= (5 × 3) × p ×m2 × m3 ×n5 ×n2

=15 × p × m2+3 × n5+2

=15pm5n7

Second Law (Quotient Law ) :xm/xn = xm – n , if m > nand xm/xn = 1/xm – n ,if m < nWhen a number in exponent form is divided by another number in the exponent form (both the numbers having the same base), the smaller index is subtracted from the bigger index and the base is kept the same.Example :(i)y7/y3 = y7 – 3 = y4

(ii)18p2/3p7 = 18/3p7 – 2

= 6/p5

Third Law (Power Law):(xm)n = xmn

When a number in the index form is raised to another index, the base is raised to the product of these two indices.Example :(i)(z2)5 = z2*5 = z10

(ii)(p2)7 = p2*7 = p14

Forth Law :(ab)m = am bn

Example :(i)(xy)5 = x5 y5

(ii)(2p3)3 = 23 (p3)3 =8p9

Fifth Law:(x/y)n = xn/yn

Example :(3p/4z)3 = (3p)3/(4z)3

= 27p3/64z3

Physics(VII)

Heat In previous class, we stopped 1 kilocalorie (Kcal) = 1000 calories.NOTE: It has been found that the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1°C is 4.186 joules.Hence, 1 calorie = 4.186 joules.What do you understand sources of heat?Ans: The main sources of heat are the Sun, electricity and fire. The Sun is the natural source of heat energy on our planet.Electricity gives off heat in many ways.A very simple way to provide heat is by producing fire.There are some substances which when heated in air, catch fire. Also there are some substances that do not burn or catch fire easily.Based on this property, substances can be grouped into inflammable substances and non flammable substances.What are inflammable substances?Ans: Substances that catch fire easily are called inflammable substances. Such substances combine rapidly with oxygen and release a large amount of heat and light energy.Example: Dry wood, Kerosene oil, LPG etc.What are non flammable substances?Ans : Substances that do not catch fire easily are called nonflammable substances. Some common examples of nonflammable substances are metals, stones, asbestos and water.What is ignition temperature?Ans: The minimum temperature at which a substance catches fire and starts burning is known as its ignition temperature.NOTE ON FIRE SAFETY: fire releases a lot of heat that can be injurious, damaging and destructive, if it is not controlled or dealt carefully.Thus, we need to take some precautions while handling fire.

(i)Any inflammable object such as plastics, wood, clothes etc should not be left close to fire/electrical switches.(ii)L.P.G. gas pipes/cylinders/regulators should be checked regularly for any leakage.Effects of heat : We cannot measure heat directly, but we can detect its effects on an object.Changes in heat energy can be seen as :(i)Change in temperature.(ii)Change in size(thermal expansion).(iii)Change of state.

GEOGRAPHY

AFRICA SOLVED EXERCISE:1. Choose the right option:

a. The African continent mostly consists of ai. vast lowland

ii. high mountainiii. large plateau

Answer: large plateaub. The Nile River drains into the

i. Indian Oceanii. Mediterranean Sea

iii. Red SeaAnswer: Mediterranean Sea

c. This is a coastal desert in the southern part of Africai. Kalahari

ii. Saharaiii. Namib

Answer: Namibd. The Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea are linked by this strait

i. Beringii. Bab-el Mandeb

iii. Palkiv. Gibraltar

Answer: Gibraltare. The Suez Canal links the Red Sea to this water body

i. Atlantic Oceanii. Pacific Ocean

iii. Indian Oceaniv. Mediterranean Sea

Answer: Mediterranean Sea2. Name the following:

a. The piece of land linking Africa to Asia.Answer: Isthmus of Suez

b. The last country in the continent to get independence in 2011.Answer: South Sudan

c. The capital of the Arab Republic of Egypt.Answer: Cairo

d. The largest lake in Africa.Answer: Lake Victoria

e. The largest lake in Africa.Answer: The Victoria Falls

f. The longest river in the world.Answer: The Nile

3. Fill in the blanks: a. The ___________is a young fold mountain located in the northwestern part of

the continent.Answer: Atlas Mountain

b. The ___________ is the largest hot desert in the world.Answer: Sahara

c. The ___________ desert comprises parts of Angola, Namibia and South Africa.

Answer: Namibd. The ___________ and ___________ are the two main tributaries of the Nile.

Answer: White Nile, Blue Nilee. Mount ____________ is the highest mountain peak in the continent of Africa.

Answer: Kibo of Mt. Kilimanjaro

Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution PHYSICS LIGHT B. Short/Long answer questions:

1) State the speed of light in (a) air , (b) water , and (c) glass .Ans -

Speed of light in Air — 3 × 108 ms-1 or 300000 km/h Water — 2.25 × 108 ms-1

Glass — 2 × 108 ms-1

2)How does the speed of light determine the optical density of a medium ?Ans - If the speed of light in a medium is less than the speed of light in air, this means the MEDIUM is DENSER than air.If the speed of light is more than the speed of light in AIR, this means the MEDIUM is LESS DENSER than air.

3) Which is optically denser – water or air ? Give reason .Ans - WATER is optically DENSER as speed of light is less in water. 2.25 × 108 ms -1 (speed of light in Water) < 3 × 108 ms-1 (speed of light in Air.) 4) Out of air and glass , which is optically rarer ? Give reason .Ans - Air is RARER . Speed of light in air is more than speed of light in glass.

5)What do you understand by refraction of light ?Ans - REFRACTION OF LIGHT: “The change in direction of path of light when it passes from one transparent medium to another is called REFRACTION OF LIGHT.”

6) Draw a ray diagram to show that the depth of a vessel containing water when seen from above, appears to be less than its real depth .

7) Define the following terms : Incident ray , Refracted ray , Angle of incidence , Angle of refraction.Ans - INCIDENT RAY AB: The ray light AB which is in air strikes the glass slab at B. Or “A ray of light falling on the surface separating the two media.” REFRACTED RAY BK: A ray of light which after passing the first medium is in second medium i.e. ray BK. “A ray of light traveling in another medium in the changed direction.” ANGLE OF INCIDENCE: “The angle which the incident ray makes with the normal is called angle of incidence.” i.e. ∠iANGLE OF REFRACTION: “The angle which the refracted ray makes with the normal is called angle of refraction.” i.e. ∠r

8) A ray of light falls normally on a glass slab . What is the angle of incidence?Ans - When a ray of light falls on a glass slab normally, angle between normal and incident ray is zero. ∴ Angle of incidence is zero.

9) A ray of light travels from a rarer medium to a denser medium . How will it bend ?Ans - When a ray of light travels from a RARER medium to a DENSER medium, it bends towards the normal .10) A ray of light travels from a denser medium to a rarer medium . How will it bend ?Ans - When a ray of light travels from a RARER medium to a DENSER medium, it bends away from the normal.11) The diagram given below in fig shows a ray of light AO falling on a surface separating two media. Draw the refracted ray in each, case.

Refracted ray OC is shown in each case. Towards the normal or ∠r <∠i

Away from the normal or ∠r >∠i

Refracted ray goes undeviated or ∠i = 0 ∠r = 0

12) Draw a diagram showing the refraction of a light ray from water to glass . label on it the incident ray , the angle of incidence (i) , and the angle of refraction (r) .Ans - Water is rarer than glass. Light travels from water to glass mean light travels from a rarer to a denser medium. The incident ray is AO. Angle of incidence is ∠i , Angle of refraction is ∠r

14)Explain the following : a) a coin placed at the bottom of a vessel appears to be raised when water is poured in the vessel . b)A straight stick partly dipped in water obliquely, appears to be bent at the surface of water.c) The sun is seen before the sunrise and after the sunset .Ans - (a) The coin at a appears to be at B i. e. depth of coin observed is less than actual depth at A. The ray of light starting from A (denser) medium bends away from the normal. Due to Refraction of light, the coin appears at B at a lower depth. Hence, in the same way, the depth of water appears to be less deep. (b) The phenomenon is due to REFRACTION OF LIGHT when light passing from denser (water) medium to (Air) rarer medium appears to come from Q’ Virtual image in spite of Q. Same is true for any other point of the stick inside water. Stick appears to be raised or bent.

( c ) EARLY SUNRISE and SUNSET: At sun Rise When the Sun is just below the horizon, the light from the Sun suffers refraction from RARE to DENSER medium (As the atmosphere is warmer than layers near the earth at that time) bends towards the normal at each

refraction. Due to continuous bending of light rays, the Sun can be seen even when its actual position is just below the Horizon. As a result, the Sun is seen in advance, two minutes before it rises above the horizon in the morning. Similarly, in the evening Sun is seen delayed by 2 minutes longer above the horizon after the Sunset.

GEOGRAPHY

URBANISATION

SOLVED EXERCISE:Match the following:

Light House Cities Suffer from energy crisis, waste disposalproblems, pollution

Overcrowded cities Satellite TownsRajarhat, Vashi, Ghaziabad

Example of urbanisation during the IndustrialRevolution

Birmingham First 20 smart cities

Answer: Light House Cities First 20 smart cities

Overcrowded cities Suffer from energy crisis, waste disposalproblems, pollution

Rajarhat, Vashi, Ghaziabad

Satellite Towns

Birmingham Example of urbanisation during the IndustrialRevolution

State whether the following sentences are true or false. Correct the false statements:

Paris and Zurich are smart cities.Answer: TrueMohal, Gurugram, CBD Belapur and Yelahanka are examples of satellite towns.Answer: TrueMohal, Gurugram, CBD Belapur and Yelahanka are examples of satellite towns.Answer: TrueCities provide better jobs, higher incomes, better education and living style.Answer: TrueAgricultural needs required a large labour force during the Green Revolution, thereforevillages became highly populated.Answer: FalseCorrect: Agriculture required a less labour force during the Green Revolution, thereforevillages became less populated.Rate of urbanisation in the world is more rapid in the western part of the world than inthe east.Answer: True

EnglishLiterature

The Ant- Lion – Judith Wright.

Judith Wright it was one of Australia's best known poets. She has written a number of books for children apart from several volumes of poems and a book of short stories., The nature of love , which was published in 1966. ‘The Ant- Lion’ is taken from this book of short stories.

The Ant – Lion is a very interesting little creature about a quarter of an inch long, whose principal occupation as the name suggests, is the trapping of ants. It chooses a patch of soft sand on which to build the trap and then buries

1. Answer the following questions: a. In the first paragraph of the

story what are the two children trying to do?

In the first paragraph of the story, Morvena tries to push the ant up the slope away from the Ant-lion and Max blows it down to the Ant- lion.

b. How do we know that Morvena is not too keen on continuing the activity that she and her brother are engaged in?

itself in it. By maneuveringunderneath the Ant- Lion forms an imitation Ant- Hill with a hole through the center.When the ant passes across the hill the sand slips beneath his feet and the more he struggles, the deeper he goes until the Ant- Lion feels the pangs of hunger which prompts him to reach through the sand and make sure of his prey.

We know that Morvena is not too keen on continuing the activity that she and her brother are engaged in because she tells Max not to get any more ants,; she says she won’t watch anymore and covers her eyes.

c. How do we know that the children are completely absorbed in watching the meat- ant being attacked by the Ant-lion? Choose two sentences ( from different paragraphs), which tell us that their concentration was directed towards the battle alone.

Evidence to show that the children are completely absorbed in watching the meat- ant being attacked by the Ant-lion: “ The two children stared down, lying on their stomachs, heads almost together”. “ Shamed, enraptured, she clung to the tree-root with one hand and stared down”.

d. What difficulties did the meat- ant have contend with in trying to get out of reach of the Ant-lion ?

In trying to get out of the reach of the Ant-lion the meat-ant had to contend with the sand slope, and with Max using his stick to push it down.

e. Which words and expressions are used to describe the movements of the Ant-lion?

Quick, dexterous, thrust, jerk, seized, hung on..

Class IXSubject Topic Summary Execution EVS Chapter

4 – KIND OF ECOSYSTEM

Types of EcosystemAn ecosystem can be as small as an oasis in a desert, or as big as an ocean, spanning thousands of miles. There are two types of ecosystem:

Terrestrial Ecosystem Aquatic Ecosystem

1.Terrestrial EcosystemsTerrestrial ecosystems are exclusively land-based ecosystems. There are different types of terrestrial ecosystems distributed around various geological zones. They are as follows:Forest EcosystemsGrassland EcosystemsTundra EcosystemsDesert Ecosystemi. Forest EcosystemA forest ecosystem consists of several plants, animals and microorganisms that live in coordination with the abiotic factors of the environment. Forests help in maintaining the temperature of the earth and are the major carbon sink.ii. Grassland Ecosystem

In a grassland ecosystem, the vegetation is dominated by grasses and herbs. Temperate grasslands, savanna grasslands are some of the examples of grassland ecosystems.iii. Tundra EcosystemTundra ecosystems are devoid of trees and are found in cold climates or where rainfall is scarce. These are covered with snow for most of the year. The ecosystem in the Arctic or mountain tops is tundra type.iv. Desert EcosystemDesserts are found throughout the world. These are regions with very little rainfall. The days are hot and the nights are cold.2.Aquatic EcosystemAquatic ecosystems are ecosystems present in a body of water. These can be further divided into two types, namely:Freshwater EcosystemMarine Ecosystemi. Freshwater EcosystemThe freshwater ecosystem is an aquatic ecosystem that includes lakes, ponds, rivers, streams and wetlands. These have no salt content in contrast with the marine ecosystem.ii. Marine EcosystemThe marine ecosystem includes seas and oceans. These have a more substantial salt content and greater biodiversity in comparison to the freshwater ecosystem.

Chemistry

CH-4Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonding(L-4)

1) Chemical Bonding:-

It is basically the force of attraction which holds the different types of atoms in a molecule together.

→Cause of Chemical Combination:-

The main cause is the tendency of elements to acquire eight electrons in its outermost shell like that of noble gases other than Helium (He). So, the atoms combine to achieve the nearest noble gas configuration of 8 electrons (or 2 electrons) in their outermost orbit and become stable.

2) Ion:-

It is a charged particle made from an atom by the loss or gain of electrons.

→There are 2 types of Ions. They are:-

(a)Cations: - It is formed by the loss of electrons. e.g. - K+, Ca2+, Na+ etc.

(b)Anions: - It is formed by the gain of electrons. e.g. - Cl-, O2-, F- etc.

3) Types of Chemical Bond:-3 types

(A)Electrovalent/Ionic Bond

(B)Covalent Bond

Q. 1) Why do elements form Ions?

Ans. Atoms of all elements, except those of noble gases, have one to seven valence electrons and are not in a state of minimum energy. Thus, to acquire a state of minimum energy, elements lose or gain electrons and form ions so that they acquire stable configuration (Duplet or Octet).

Q.2) What is the Electronic Theory of Valency?

Ans. In 1916, Kossel and Lewis on the basis of octet rule of electrons, described simply the electronic structure of molecules of many chemical compounds and elements. Kossel mainly described the structure of ionic compounds formed by loss and gain of electrons and Lewis mainly described the structure of Covalent Compounds formed by mutual sharing of electron pair. This is known as 'ELECTRONIC THEORY OF VALENCY ' proposed by Kossel and Lewis.

Q. 3) What do you mean by Electropositive and Electronegative Elements?

Ans.

1) Electropositive Elements- have the

(C)Co-ordinate / Dative Bond

4) ELECTROVALENT / IONIC BOND:-

It is the electrostatic force of attraction between the opposite charged ions which holds them together.

→The chemical compounds formed as a result of electron transfer from one atom of an element to another are called 'IONIC' or 'ELECTROVALENT COMPOUND'.

→The number of electrons which an element loses or gains during the formation of an ionic bond is called its 'ELECTROVALENCY'.

→Conditions for the formation of Ionic Compounds:-

(i)Large electro negativity difference between the combining atoms

(ii)Low I.P. for one of the atoms from which the action can be easily formed.

(iii)High electron affinity for one of the atoms from which the anions can be easily formed.

(iv)High Lattice Energy

tendency to lose the electrons and form Cations.

e.g.- Na, K, Fe -mostly metals

2) Electronegative Elements- have the tendency to gain the electrons and form Anions.

e.g.- Cl, F, O - mostly Non-metals

Q.4) Give the structural diagram of the formation of NaCl.

Ans.

Q.5) Give the Structural Diagram of the formation of MgO.

Ans.

Computer Application

Operators in Java

Continue from last class……

B. What will be the output of the following program?1. class Output1{static void main(){int a=5,b=6,c;c=a+b%2;b=a+2*c;System.out.println(c);System.out.println(b);}}

Ans. 515

2.class Output2{static void main(){int a=12,b=13,c=6;c+=a+b%2;b-=a+2*c;System.out.println(c);System.out.println(b);}}

Ans.19-37

3. class Output3{static void main(){int a=12,b=13,c=0,d=1;c+=a;c+=b;d*=a;d*=b;System.out.println(c);System.out.println(d);}}Ans. 25156

4. class Output4{static void main(){int a=12,b=13,c;c=a++ + ++a/7 + b++;System.out.println(a+“\t”+b+“\t”+c);c=++a + a++/3 + ++b;System.out.println(a+“\t”+b+“\t”+c);}}Ans.14 14 2716 15 35

5. class Output5{static void main(){int a=12,b=13;

boolean c;c=a++ > b++;System.out.println(a+“\t”+b+“\t”+c);c=++a < --b;System.out.println(a+“\t”+b+“\t”+c);}}

Ans.13 14 false14 13 false

C. Short Answer Type Questions.

1. Write the corresponding expressions for the following mathematical operations:-i. c= a2 + b2ii. z = x3 + y3 - xy /zAns. i. c= a*a + b*bii. z=x*x*x + y*y*y – x*y /z;

2. What will be the output for the following program segment?int a = 0, b = 30, c = 40;a = − −b + c++ + b;System.out.println(“a =” + a);Ans. a=98

3. if m = 5 and n = 2 output the values of m and n after execution in (i) and (ii):-i. m − = n;ii. n = m + m/n;Ans. i. m=3 and n=2ii. m=5 and n=7

4. What will be the output of the following, if x = 5 initially?i. 5 *++xii. 5*x++Ans. i. 30ii. 25

5. Evaluate the following expressions, if the values of the variables are a = 2, b=3 and c=9i. a − (b++) * (− −c)ii. a * (++b) % c

Ans. i. – 22ii. 8

6. If a = 5, b = 9 calculate the value of:a+ = a++ - ++b + aAns. a=6 and b=10

7. What is the result stored in x, after evaluating the following expression?int x = 5;x = x++ *2 + 3 * –x;Ans. x=-8

8. State the value a, b and c after the execution of each of the following statements where a=12,b=13 and c=11:

i. a=a++ + – –b + c++;Ans. a=35,b= 12 and c= 12

ii. b=b++ + ++a * 2;Ans. a=13, b= 39 and c=11

iii. c=c++ + a++ * (++b);Ans. a=13, b= 14 and c=179

iv. b=b++ + ++b + c++ + ++a;Ans. a=13, b= 52 and c= 12

v. b+= --c + ++c + a++ + (b++);Ans. a=13, b= 59 and c=11

9. Write the following statements using correct usage of the operators:i. X is greater than equal to Y.Ans. X>=Y

ii. X is not equal to Y.Ans. X!=Y

iii. X is equal to Y.Ans. X==Yiv. X is less than Y and X is less than Z.Ans. X<Y && X<Z

v. Either X is greater than Y or X is less than Z.Ans. X>Y || X<Z

vi. If X has a value greater than 20 then increment the value of J by 1 otherwise decrement the value by 2.Ans. J=(X>20)?J+1:J-2;

EnglishLiterature

The Ant- Lion – Judith Wright.

Judith Wright it was one of Australia's best known poets. She has written a number of books for children apart from several volumes of poems and a book of short stories., The nature of love , which was published in 1966. ‘The Ant- Lion’ is taken from this book of short stories.

The Ant – Lion is a very interesting little creature about a quarter of an inch long, whose principal occupation as the name suggests, is the trapping of ants. It chooses a patch of soft sand on which to build the trap and then buries itself in it. By maneuveringunderneath the Ant- Lion forms an imitation Ant- Hill with a hole through the center.When the ant passes across the hill the sand slips beneath his feet and the more he struggles, the deeper he goes until the Ant- Lion feels the pangs of hunger which prompts him to reach through the sand and make sure of his prey.

1. Answer the following questions: a. In the first paragraph of the

story what are the two children trying to do?

In the first paragraph of the story, Morvena tries to push the ant up the slope away from the Ant-lion and Max blows it down to the Ant- lion.

b. How do we know that Morvena is not too keen on continuing the activity that she and her brother are engaged in?

We know that Morvena is not too keen on continuing the activity that she and her brother are engaged in because she tells Max not to get any more ants,; she says she won’t watch any more and covers her eyes.

c. How do we know that the children are completely absorbed in watching the meat- ant being attacked by the Ant-lion? Choose two

sentences ( from different paragraphs), which tell us that their concentration was directed towards the battle alone.

Evidence to show that the children are completely absorbed in watching the meat- ant being attacked by the Ant-lion: “ The two children stared down, lying on their stomachs, heads almost together”. “ Shamed, enraptured, she clung to the tree-root with one hand and stared down”.

d. What difficulties did the meat- ant have contend with in trying to get out of reach of the Ant-lion ?

In trying to get out of the reach of the Ant-lion the meat-ant had to contend with the sand slope, and with Max using his stick to push it down.

e. Which words and expressions are used to describe the movements of the Ant-lion?

Quick, dexterous, thrust, jerk, seized, hung on..

Biology Chapter- 13: Digestive System

Today we will discuss about Digestive System, today we will discuss about structure of that system and enzyme.

Q1. What do you mean by digestive system? Any change which makes the foods solute and of such chemical

nature that they can be absorbed through living membranes. Q2. What do you mean by enzyme? Write the activity of it. Proteinaceous substances which are produced by the living cells to

accelerate the biochemical reactions inside and outside the cells in living organisms without themselves undergoing any change.

Mechanism of action: 1. The enzyme ( E) combines with the substrate( S) to form an enzyme

substrate complex( ES).2. The enzyme molecules hold the substrate molecules close together in

such a way that their reactive sites lie in close approximation.3. The close proximity of the reacting molecules on the surface of

enzyme allows union of two to form the end product. 4. The formation of intermediate complex lowers down the energy level

so that the reaction can occur at a proper speed at normal body temperature.E+ S ES E +P

Enzyme + Substrate Enzyme Substrate complex

Enzyme + Product

Q3. Write composition of digestive system.

The digestive system consists of :A. Alimentary canal

i) Mouth a) lips b) tongue c) teeth d) ovula e) palateii) Esophagusiii) Stomachiv) Small intestine v) Large intestine vi) Rectum vii) Anus

B. Digestive glands :i. Salivary gland- 3 pairs ii. Liver & gall bladderiii. Pancreas

Subject: Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice – William Shakespeare)Topic: Act II, Scene 9, Lines 63 to 100(End of scene)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase provided]

Summary Questions & Answerso The Prince of Arragon opens the silver

casket only to find in it the portrait of a blinking idiot presenting a scroll.

o In the scroll it is written that this was tested seven times by fire. A judgement is similarly tested seven times and never goes wrong. Some give their affection to shadows and they get shadowy happiness. There are fools in this life whose foolishness is covered with silver. No matter what wife you may take, the fool’s head will always be your head. Now go for your venture is over.

o The Prince says that he was a fool to have come to Belmont to try his luck by the casket and that he has been actually made a fool for the second time by choosing the wrong casket. He leaves the place immediately.

(1) (Act II, Sc 9, L 77-82)PORTIA: Thus hath the candle sing'd the moth.

O these deliberate fools! When they do choose,

They have the wisdom by their wit to lose.NERISSA: The ancient saying is no heresy;

Hanging and wiving goes by destiny

(i) What is the occasion of the above quoted dialogue?

The Prince of Arragon has made a wrong choice by choosing the silver casket. After he leaves with his train, Portia comments on him and men like him.(ii) How does Portia react to the failure of Prince of Arragon in choosing the right casket?

Portia is delighted at the defeat of the Prince of Arragon. This shows that he is not the man of her choice and she is not keen to marry him.(iii) Who are the ‘deliberate fools’ referred to in the first speech of the above quoted dialogue?

o Portia remarks that the Prince of Arragon has been singed in the flames like a moth and she is glad that there are fools like Arragon who have no wisdom to choose the right casket. Nerissa says in reply that death and marriage depend upon destiny only.

o A servant arrives to report that a Venetian messenger has come with rich gifts and greetings to inform the arrival of his Lord. The servant was very forthcoming in his praise of the messenger and said that he has, in his life so far, not seen such an ambassador for a lover. Portia mocks him by saying that it appears that this messenger is one of his (servant’s) relatives.

o Nerissa wishes in her heart of hearts that this suitor may turn out to be Lord Bassanio.

Portia uses the phrase ‘deliberate fools’ for her suitors. She considers her suitors foolish who make the wrong choice by resorting to deliberate reasoning.(iv) Explain the speech of Portia in the above quoted dialogue.

In the above mentioned lines, Portia compares the Prince of Arragon to a moth and the shining of the silver casket to the light of a candle. Just like a moth is attracted by the light of a candle, it approaches it and get itself burnt. Similarly the Prince of Arragon, who is attracted by the shining of silver and the seeming fairness of the inscription of the silver casket, chooses it and shows himself to be a fool. He is quickly disposed of like the burning of the moth by the flame of the candle. Portia feels that her foolish suitors resort to lengthy reasoning in order to make their choice and they make a wrong choice precisely because of what they believe to be their wisdom.(v) Elucidate the meaning of the second speech in the above quoted dialogue.

In the above mentioned speech Nerissa quotes an ancient proverb. She means that it is not wisdom or our own choice which can bring us good fortune or misfortune. Destiny or some force beyond us decides whether a man will live or be hanged and whether he will get married or not.

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution Computer Application

Array

Tick the correct answerQuestion 1

Which of the following is the correct usage?

1. int a[-40]2. int a[40]3. float a[0 - 40]4. None

Question 2

Which element is represented by a[10]?

1. 10th

2. 9th

3. 11th

4. None

Question 3

Cell numbers of a dimensional array are also known as:

1. packets2. blocks3. subscripts4. compartments

Question 4

A dimensional array is also known as:

1. subscripted variable2. actual variable3. compound variable4. none

Question 5

An array element can be accessed through:

1. dots2. element name3. index number4. none

Question 6

Indicate the error message which displays, if the following statement is executed :int a[5] = {28,32,45,68,12};

1. Insufficient cells2. Array index out of bounce3. Elements exceeding cells4. None

Question 7

The following statement :int code[ ]= {25,37,38,42};

1. assigns 37 to code[1]2. assigns 25 to code[1]3. assigns 38 to code[3]4. assigns 42 to code[0]

Question 8

The elements of array[50] are numbered:

1. from 1 to 502. from 0 to 493. from 1 to 514. none

Question 9

Which of the following function finds the size of arraychar m[] = {'R', 'A', 'J', 'E', 'N', 'D', 'R', 'A' };?

1. m.size of (a)2. m.elements of (m)3. m.length4. None

Question 10

A Single Dimensional array contains N elements. What will be the last subscript?

1. N-12. N3. N+14. None

Give the output of the following

Question 1

int m[] = {2,4,6,8};System.out.println(m[1] + " " + m[2]);Output4 6

Explanationm[1] gives the second element of the array which is 4m[2] gives the third element of the array which is 6

Question 2

int a[] ={2,4,6,8,10};a[0]=23;a[3]=a[1];int c= a[0]+a[1];System.out.println("Sum = "+c);

OutputSum = 27

Explanationa[0]=23 assigns 23 to the first element of the array. a[3]=a[1] assigns the value of second element of the array which is 4 to the fourth element of the array. After the execution of these two statements array looks like this:{23, 4, 6, 4, 10}a[0]+a[1] ⇒ 23 + 4 ⇒ 27

Question 3

int a[]=new int [5]; a[0]=4; a[1]=8; a[2]=7; a[3]=12; a[4]=3; System.out.println(a[2+1]);

Output12

Explanationa[2+1] a[3] 12⇒ ⇒

Write short answersQuestion 1

What is meant by Dimensional Array?

A dimensional array is a structure created in the memory to represent a number of values of the same data type with the variables having the same variable name along with different subscripts.

Question 2

Name the two types of Dimensional Array.

1. Single Dimensional Array2. Double Dimensional Array

Question 3

What is the need of Dimensional Array? Explain.

Variables are useful for keeping track of a single piece of information but as we collect more and more information, keeping the variables organized can be complicated. In such situations, we need arrays to solve the problems in a much better and efficient way.

Question 4

'Array is a composite data type'. Explain this statement.

The data type that represents a number of similar or different data under single declaration is called as composite data type. An array is a group or a collection of same type of variables. Hence, Array is a composite data type.

Question 5

Define the following with their constructs:

(a) Single Dimensional Array

A Single Dimensional Array contains one row and one or more columns. The syntax of declaring a Single Dimensional Array is:<type> <array-variable>[] = new <type>[<size>];OR<type> [] <array-variable> = new <type>[<size>];(b) Double Dimensional Array

Double Dimensional Array contains multiple rows and multiple columns. The syntax of declaring a Double Dimensional Array is:<type> <array-variable>[][] = new <type>[<rows>][<columns>];OR<type> [][] <array-variable> = new <type>[<rows>][<columns>];

Geography

EnergyResource

s

NON-CONVENTION ENERGY RESOURCESThe non-conventional forms of energy such as sun, wind, tides, geothermal and biogas, along with nuclear energy resources to meet our needs. These resources are constantly replenished through natural processes.Advantages of Non-Conventional EnergyResources:

Non-conventional energy resources Areeco-friendly reduce our carbon footprint and do not emit greenhouse gases that pollute the environment.Other than nuclear energy, they are based on natural resources and waste resources that are free to use.The natural resources such as the sun, wind, tides and geothermal energy are all 'flow resources that are inexhaustible and hence can provide sustainable source of energy for all time.Non-conventional energy resources provide the best alternative to conventional energyresources for a variety of industrial and domestic energy needs.Other than nuclear power, there are no safety risks to human, plant and animal life or to the environment.The energy provided by these means is low cost.Tidal energy is a more reliable source of energy as tides are a regular cyclic occurrence.Bio-energy is based on recycling waste and therefore, it is a cost effective source of power for rural India where it is useful as it prevents all the associated ills of tree cutting for fire wood, high carbon emissions, and health problems due to direct burning.Nuclear energy is an extremely efficient energy resource with 1 ton of uranium providing moreenergy than 3 million tons of coal.Disadvantages of Non-Conventional EnergyResources:Generation of power, based on the natural resources, requires to be done where the resource is available. This localization of the resource, as with wind, geothermal sources or tides does not allow flexibility of setting up power plants using non- conventional energy resources. They are confined to only where the resource is available.

Solar energy becomes important only in regions with strong, regular sunshine and generation of energy decreases during winters and on cloudy days.As the resources used are based on natural phenomena, their occurrence and unpredictability make the generation of power not very reliable, consistent and dependable. Power generation and supply could get disrupted. Energy derived from the non-conventional resources is therefore difficult to integrate with a power grid.The non-conventional sources of energy, other than nuclear energy, are not the most efficient sources to meet large and heavy energy demands.Nuclear power plants are both expensive to set up and difficult to maintain. Utmost caution and care is required in the setting up and implementation of nuclear energy plants. An accidental leakage in nuclear power plants could lead to severe hazardous conditions and danger to life and health.Nuclear plants can cause severe environmental damage and destroy a variety of plant and animal life during processing and dumping of radioactive waste from nuclear reactors. *****Q1 Write the advantages and disadvantages of non-Conventional Energy Resources.A1. (Answer will be followed from summary)

EVS Today we will discuss about high yielding varieties , its advantages and disadvantages.

Q 6. What do you mean by HYVs? Write some benefits and disadvantages of this?HYVs mean high yielding verities which are produced through biotechnology. Advantages :HYVs seeds have a shorter life cycle and thereby enable the farmers to go for multiple cropping and to economies on land. HYVs yield per unit area is significantly high .HYVs seeds are usually drought and flood resistant. In these seeds, problems of diseases are less.HYVs seeds generate additional employment . Farmers are not dependent on nature , they get work in various agricultural operations throughout the year .The adoption of HYV does not require any social skill and farmers of various socio-economic and cultural backgrounds can adopt the new seeds easily.

Disadvantages:High yielding variety crops demand controlled irrigation.Need higher doses of fertilizers.Highly susceptible to pests.The main aim of HYV crops is to produce more number of crops one after another in quick succession from the same piece of land . So the land never gets any time to recover.

Biology Chapter —8: Circulatory System

Today we will discuss about structure of human heart and its location in body.

Q6. Write about location and protection of human heart.Location: The heart is located right in the centre between the two lungs and above the diaphragm Protection:

1. Ribcage2. Pericardium – a double walled membrane cover the whole heart.3. Pericardial fluid: between the two layers of Pericardium a lubricating fluid is

present which reduces friction during heart beat and protects it from mechanical injuries.

Q7. How many chambers are present in human heart?

There are four chambers present in human heart1. Two upper chambers - atrium– have thinner walls because their major function is to

receive blood from the body and pump it into the very next ventricle. 2. The ventricle hasthick muscular walls because they have to pump blood to long

distances. The right ventricle pumps blood only up to the lungs for oxygenation. But

the left ventricle pumps it up to the farthest points in the body.

Q8. How many valves are present in human heart. Write their location and functions. The valves prevent the backward flow of blood. These valves are actual flaps

that are located on each end of the two ventricles (lower chambers of the heart). They act as one-way inlets of blood on one side of a ventricle and one-way outlets of blood on the other side of a ventricle.

The four heart valves include the following:

Tricuspid valve: located between the right atrium and the right ventricle

Pulmonary valve: located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

Mitral valve: located between the left atrium and the left ventricle

Aortic valve: located between the left ventricle and the aorta

Function of valves: As the heart muscle contracts and relaxes, the valves open and shut, letting blood flow

into the ventricles and atria at alternate times.

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Chemistry

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

What is Chemistry?Ans : Chemistry is the branch of science that deals with structure, properties, interaction,Transformation of a matter and the energy changes accompanying these transformations.Importance of chemistry :Chemistry has helped us to meet with all our requirements that are necessary for the advancement of life such as food additives, health care products, plastics, dyes, polymers etc.What is matter?Ans: Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.Example: book, pen, pencil etc.Nature of matter: Another term widely used in chemistry is material but it has a limited meaning as it corresponds to matter having specific uses.Example: glass, cement, paper etc.Classification of matter: There are two ways to classify matter.(i)Physical classification based upon the physical properties.(ii)Chemical classification based upon the chemical composition.Physical classification of matter:Depending upon their physical characteristics, matter is generally classified as solids, liquids and gases.Solids: The particles in solids are held very closed to each other in an orderly fashion and there is no much freedom of movement.Liquids: The particles in liquids are closed to each other in an orderly fashion but they can move around.

Gases: The particles are far apart as compared to that present in solids and liquids states and their movement is easy and fast.NOTE : The three states of matter are interconvertible under different conditions of temperature and pressure as given below.Solid ------- (malting by heat) Liquid.Liquid------ (evaporation by heat) Gas.Gas-------(condensation by cooling)LiquidLiquid--------(freezing by cooling)SolidSolid-------(sublimation)GasGas--------- (deposition) Solid.

Subject: Eng Literature (The Tempest – William Shakespeare)Topic: Act I, Scene 2, Lines 320 to 363(Miranda: …. Who hadst deserved more than a prison.)[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary Questions & Answers(ii) Ariel and Prospero: (Contd..)

o Prospero then wakes up Miranda and goes to see Caliban (Caliban is a creature of the earth and Ariel is a creature of air and fire).

(iii) Caliban and Prospero:

o Caliban had been dispossessed off the island by Prospero who uses him to fetch wood, making the fire and other menial tasks.

o Caliban is unhappy and complains to Prospero of his intense dislike of this situation but at the same time agrees that Prospero has taught him many things including understanding of the human language. Even then his main cause of abusing Prospero is that he has been shut up in a rock and the rest of the island, of which he was previously the master, has been kept from him.

o From the scene it appears that Prospero was not harsh with him initially and had lodged him in his own cell till he abused this hospitality and tried to violate the honour of Miranda. Prospero has now come to the conclusion that he cannot ever reform Caliban and can make him work only through threats like racking him with cramps. Caliban is thus prepared to work for Prospero out of fear.

(1) PROSPERO: Thou poisonous slave, got by the devil himselfUpon thy wicked dam, come forth!(Line 320-331)

CALIBAN: As wicked dew as e'er my mother brushedWith raven's feather from unwholesome fenDrop on you both! A south-west blow on ye And blister you all o'er!

PROSPERO: For this be sure tonight thou shalt have cramps,Side-stiches that shall pen thy breath up. UrchinsShall, for that vast of night that they may work,All exercise on thee. Thou shalt be pinchedAs thick as honeycomb, each pinch more stingingThan bees that made ’em.

(i) Why does Caliban curse Prospero and Miranda when he enters?

When Caliban enters, he seems to be in violent anger and curses both Prospero and Miranda that they may be afflicted with the effects of dew as poisonous as ever which his mother collected by brushing the unhealthy marshy land with the feathers of a raven. Also, the diseased south-westerly wind may blow on them and cause blisters all over their bodies.(ii) What kind of suffering will Caliban have to endure for this kind of behaviour towards them?

For his rude behaviour, Caliban is sure to suffer a painful contraction of his muscles. He will experience twitches which will obstruct the functioning of his lungs and make it difficult for him to breathe. Mischievous spirits will cause him to suffer the maximum possible torment and they will do so during that whole time of the dark night. His body will be covered thick with as many pinches as a honey comb is full of holes and each pinch will be more painful than the sting of the bees.(iii) What is the meaning of “side-stitches” in the context of the above extract?

In the context of the above extract, “Side-stitches:” means sudden twinges of pain attacking the sides.

(2) CALIBAN: I must eat my dinner. (Line 332-344)This island's mine, by Sycorax my mother,Which thou tak'st from me. When thou cam'st first,Thou strok'st me and made much of me, wouldst give meWater and berries in't, and teach me howTo name the bigger light, and how the less,

That burn by day and night; and then I loved thee,And showed thee all the qualities o'th‘ isle,The fresh springs, brine-pits, barren place and fertile—Cursed be I that did so! All the charmsOf Sycorax, toads, beetles, bats, light on you!For I am all the subjects that you have,Which first was mine own king, and here you sty meIn this hard rock, whiles you do keep from meThe rest o‘th’ island.

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED:

(Line 326-331)PROSPERO:For this be sure tonight thou shalt have cramps,Side-stiches that shall pen thy breath up. UrchinsShall, for that vast of night that they may work,All exercise on thee. Thou shalt be pincheAs thick as honeycomb, each pinch more stingingThan bees that made ’em.

Explanation:Caliban is a lazy, ungrateful creature. He curses Prospers as soon as he is going to be sent to fetch more wood. He invokes poisonous dew, gathered with a raven’s wings from pestilential marsh, to drop on Prospero and Miranda. He curses Prospero that he be plagued with the south-west wind and covered with blisters. He also retorts important curses upon the power that enslaved him.

In these lines Prospero tells him that he will punish him for his ingratitude. He (Caliban) will have to suffer acute pain in the joints, pricks in the sides that will make him gasp for breath. He will also have to render corporal punishment to be carried out by supernatural agents; hobgoblins(M. a mischievous elf in mythology) in the shape of hedgehogs shall, during the dead waste and middle of the night when they might be active, practice on him in a brutal manner, when he shall have to endure as many pinches as there are cells in a honey-comb, each pinch stinging him worse than the sting of bees that make the cells in a honeycomb.

(i) Why does Prospero rebuke Caliban? How does Caliban react? What does he remind Prospero?

Prospero rebukes Caliban for his rude behaviour towards them and for being slow and tardy in carrying out his orders whereupon Caliban feels irked and reminds Prospero of how good and kind Prospero originally used to be towards him. Caliban reminds Prospero that when he (Prospero) first arrived on this island, he had shown a lot of affection for him.(ii) How did Prospero treat Caliban in the beginning? What did Prospero do for Caliban? About which things Prospero taught Caliban?

In the beginning, Prospero had been very fond of Caliban and had been bestowing a good deal of affection on him. Prospero had been giving water with berries in it and had been teaching and educating him. Prospero had taught him the name of the sun and also the name of the moon.(iii) What things of the island did Caliban show to Prospero? Why does Caliban curse himself?

Caliban acquainted Prospero with all the features of the island. He took Prospero all over the island to show him the springs of fresh water, the salt pits, the barren parts and the fertile areas. Then Caliban curses himself for having been so co-operative with Prospero and for having made him feel at home on this island.(iv) What do we come to know after reading the lines or passage given above?

After reading the passage given above, we find that Caliban has greatly been wronged by Prospero and that Caliban is now being treated too harshly by Prospero. But we also find that Caliban is evil by nature and that he had been guilty of serious misdemeanor towards Miranda.(v) Give the explanatory meanings of the following expressions in the context of the above abstract:

(a) Brine-pits; (b) Charms; (c) Sty me.

(a) Brine-pits: Pits from where salt is obtained through evaporation.

(b) Charms: Magic spells.(c) Sty me: Shut me up like swine in a pig-sty.

(2) PROSPERO:Thou most lying (Line 345-353)Whom stripes may move, not kindness!

I have usedthee,Filth as thou art, with human care, and lodged thee

In mine own cell, till thou didst seek to violateThe honour of my child.

CALIBAN: O ho, O ho! Would't had been done!Thou didst prevent me; I had peopled elseThis isle with Calibans.

MIRANDA: Abhorrèd slave,Which any print of goodness wilt not take,Being capable of all ill! ………….

(i) In the earlier lines, why does Caliban call upon all the magic spells of his mother Sycorax? What does he claim to Prospero?

CALIBAN:…………………… (L 342-344)For I am all the subjects that you have,Which first was mine own king, and here you sty meIn this hard rock, whiles you do keep from meThe rest o‘th’ island

Explanation:Caliban, son of a witch and of a devil (Setebos), is the only inhabitant with a somewhat human shape on the enchanted island on which Prospero landed with his daughter Miranda. Prospero tried to bring out his intelligence, but Caliban repaid his master’s teachings by cursing him. In these lines, he shows his spite against Prospero in bitter language. He tells Prospero that he cannot but nurse his grievance in a fit of wakefulness. He was a king over himself as his sole subject, but now he is a king robbed of his kingship – the one and only one subject of Prospero. He is now condemned to live like a pig in a pig-sty in a rocky cave while Prospero has the whole island to himself.

Caliban calls upon all the magic spells of his mother Sycorax to afflict Prospero. He invokes the help and support of poisonous creatures like toads, beetles and bats asking them to torment Prospero and make him miserable. He claims that before Prospero came to this island he (Caliban) was the king of the island and that he was nobody’s subordinate.(ii)Just before these lines, what grumbling does Caliban make to Prospero? In what way does Caliban compare the rock?

Just before these lines, Caliban grumbles that Prospero now keeps him as a sort of prisoner in a hard rock and does not allow him to roam about anywhere else on this island. Caliban compares the rock, where he is forced to live, to a pig sty where he feels miserable.(iii) What does Prospero say when he feels unable to endure harsh and rude behaviour made by Caliban towards him.

When Prospero feels unable to endure harsh and rude attitude of Caliban, he calls him a most untruthful servant and tells him (Caliban) that only a beating can produce any effect upon him because kindness does not move him at all. He further adds that Caliban is no better than filth and yet he had been treating him with human kindness.(iv) How longer did Caliban stay in Prospero’s cell? Does Caliban feel ashamed on his evil doing of trying to rape Miranda?Caliban stayed in Prospero’s cell until he (Caliban) went to the extent of trying to rape Prospero’s young daughter Miranda. No, Caliban does not feel ashamed on his evil doing of trying to violate Miranda’s virginity but he says that if he had been successful in his attempt, this island would have acquired a population of children born of his union with Miranda.(v) Whom does Miranda call ‘Abhorred slave’? Why? What good had Miranda done to ‘Abhorred slave’?

Miranda calls Caliban ‘Abhorred slave’ (a detestable servant) because he (Caliban) is so evil-minded that he cannot be molded to anything good and his capacity for evil is boundless. Miranda did a lot to the ‘Abhorred slave’. Miranda spent much effort in teaching Caliban to speak in human language. She kept teaching Caliban something or the other all the time and she did all this when Caliban was no better than a beast and when he used to utter sounds resembling all cries of animals. Miranda taught him how to express his needs in intelligible language. (vi) Give the explanatory meanings of the following

expressions in the context of the above abstract: (a) Calibans; (b) Gabble; (c) Vile race.

(a) Calibans: The offspring of Calibans.(b) Gabble: Talk meaninglessly(c) Vile race: Wicked hereditary nature.

(3) ……………………… I pitied thee, (L 354-359)Took pains to make thee speak, taught thee each hour One thing or other. When thou didst not, savage,Know thine own meaning, but wouldst gabble likeA thing most brutish, I endowed thy purposesWith words that made them known. ……

(i) Who says these lines and to whom?These lines are spoken by Miranda, the beautiful daughter of Prospero, the usurped Duke of Milan, to Caliban, the deformed slave who is the son of Setebos, the demi-devil and Sycorax, the ugly witch.(ii) What does the speaker go on to say?Miranda says that she took pity on Caliban and taught him how to speak and even taught him other things every hour of the day. He was so savage that he could not express his thoughts nor could he even think intelligently. His language was a gabble of meaningless sounds like those of brutes. Then she took all the pain to teach him the use of language and enabled him to express his mind through words. Although he learnt whatever she taught, his vicious disposition could not be endured so he deserves to be confined to the rocks rather than a prison.(iii)How is the addressed essential to his masters, in spite of his brutishness?Caliban is essential to his master Prospero inspite of his brutishness because he brings wood, makes fire and supplies them with their other needs.(iv) What reply do the addressed now give?Caliban replies to Miranda that she has taught him her language and he has learnt how to abuse. He even curses her.

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution Biology Human

Health & Diseases

Today we will discuss about structure and types of antibioticsANTIBODIES :Immunoglobulin, a protective protein produced by the immune system in response to the presence of a foreign substance, called an antigen. Antibodies recognize and latch onto antigens in order to remove them from the body. A wide range of substances are regarded by the body as antigens, including disease-causing organisms and toxic materials such as insect venom.Antibodies are produced by specialized white blood cells called B lymphocytes (or B cells). When an antigen binds to the B-cell surface, it stimulates the B cell to divide and mature into a group of identical cells called a clone.The mature B cells, called plasma cells, secrete millions of antibodies into the bloodstream and lymphatic system.