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NATIONALSENIOR CERTIFICATE

GRADE 12

HISTORY PAPER 2

SEPTEMBER 2014 ADDENDUM

History/P2 2 NW/September 2014NSC – Addendum

QUESTION 1: HOW DID THE PHILOSOPHY OF BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS CHALLENGE THE APARTHEID REGIME IN THE 1970s?

SOURCE 1A

This extract explains the philosophy behind the Black Consciousness. The article was written in 1971.

“Black Consciousness is … an inward-looking movement calculated to make us look at ourselves and see ourselves, not in terms of what we have been taught through the absolute values of white society, but with new eyes. It is a call upon us to see the innate (inborn) value in us, in our institutions, in our traditional outlook to life and in our own worth as people.”

In a sense, Steve Biko was Black Consciousness (BC). He had, as it were, appropriated (developed) the concept. He had realized that his people were immensely fearful, fearful of whites; that it was this fear and feeling of inferiority that not only made them despise themselves, but also quiver (to shake slightly) and grovel (too much respect) in the presence of whites. Black Consciousness demanded of black people to shed that fear, the feeling of inferiority, the poor self-esteem; to take pride in being what they are and to appreciate their own culture, tradition and history; to jettison (to get rid of) the habit of seeing themselves through the eyes of their oppressors; to develop a new outlook in which they see themselves through their own eyes.

Black Consciousness denounced, for instance, giving black children white names, as a reflection of self-hate. So was hair-straitening and the use of skin lightening lotions or creams, which BC saw as a desire to “look white.” The term non-white, commonly used by whites when referring to people of colour, was also considered highly derogatory (insulting) and, therefore, unacceptable. Blackness had become the rallying cry for unity and solidarity in the struggle for liberation.

[From: South Africa: The Rise and Fall of Apartheid by Harlow Pearson]

SOURCE 1BCopyright reserved Please turn over


This source focuses on Steve Biko’s role in reviving the liberation struggle in South Africa in the 1970s.

So we argued that any changes which are to come can only come as a result of a programme worked out by black people – and for black people to be able to work out a programme they needed to defeat the one main element in politics which was working against them: a psychological feeling of inferiority which was deliberately cultivated by the system. So equally, too, the whites in order to be able to listen to blacks needed to defeat the one problem which they had, which was one of “superiority”. Whatever we do in this country, be it on the economic, social or political level, it has to be by blacks, for blacks. It doesn’t matter how well-meaning white people may be … they can never deliver me from the hands of the Nationalists … whatever they do, they must try to work within their own community and concentrate on liberating their counterparts. I’ll be doing the same thing in the black community.

[From: I Write What I like: a Selection of His Writings by Steve Biko]

SOURCE 1C

An extract from a speech delivered by Nelson Mandela on the impact that the Black Consciousness Movement had on black South Africans in the 1970s.

The driving thrust (push) of Black Consciousness was to forge pride and unity amongst all the oppressed, to foil the strategy of divide-and-rule, to engender pride amongst the mass of our people and confidence in their ability to throw off their oppression. We understand that it was helping to give organizational form to the popular upsurge of all the oppressed groups of our society. Above all, the liberation movement asserted that in struggle – whether in mass action, underground organisation, armed actions or international mobilisation – the people would most readily develop consciousness of their proud being, of their equality with everyone else, of their capacity to make history …

That intervention came at a time when the political pulse of our people had been rendered faint by banning, imprisonment, exile, murder and banishment. Repression had swept the country clear of all visible organisation of the people. But it was also a time when the tide of Africa’s valiant (brave) struggle and her liberation, lapping (move against) at our borders, was consolidating black pride across the world and firing the determination of all those who were oppressed to take their destiny into their own hands.

[From: Steve Biko Memorial Lecture by NR Mandela]

SOURCE 1D



This is a cartoon by Zapiro, focusing on Steve Biko’s legacy.

[From: Cartoon by Zapiro, http://www.zapiro.cartoonAccessed on: 13 October 2013]


20 years on, an indelible legacy (impossible to forget)

http://www.zapiro.cartoon/


QUESTION 2: DID THE TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION (TRC) HEAL SOUTH AFRICA FROM ITS DIVIDED PAST? SOURCE 2A

This source consists of a written and a visual source which focus on the establishment and the work of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC).

Written Source: This extract highlights Dullah Omar’s announcement about the formation of the TRC on 27 May 1994.

On 27 May 1994, Dullah Omar, the Minister of Justice, announced to parliament that a commission of truth and reconciliation would be set up. Here is an extract from this statement.

If the wounds of the past are to be healed, if a multiplicity (large number) of legal actions are to be avoided, if future human rights violations are to be avoided and indeed if we are to successfully initiate the building of a human rights culture, then disclosure of the truth and its acknowledgement are essential … The fundamental issue for all South Africans is therefore to come to terms with our past on the only moral basis possible, namely that the truth be told, and that the truth be acknowledged.

[From: A Country Unmasked: Inside South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission,27 May 1994]

Visual Source: This cartoon shows Dullah Omar, former Minister of Justice, preparing to enter the haunted house of South Africa’s past.

[From: Cartoon by Zapiro, http://www.zapiro.cartoon]

SOURCE 2BCopyright reserved Please turn over


This extract focuses on PW Botha’s reaction to the TRC.

A letter from ex-President PW Botha to Archbishop Tutu outlining his position on the TRC, 21 November 1996:

“I am in my own mind not convinced that reconciliation can best be achieved by means of the procedures of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission … I am deeply concerned about the fierce and unforgiving assault which is being launched against the Afrikaner … concerns exists that the forum of your commission is being abused and will be further abused in this campaign against the Afrikaner … as a Christian and an Afrikaner I can never associate myself with blatant murder. It would, however, now appear that there might have been instances during the conflict of the past where individuals have exceeded the limits of their authority … I stand however, without any qualification, behind all the thousands of members of the security forces, who in lawful execution of their duties, bravely fought against the revolutionary onslaught of Soviet imperialism.”

[From: South African History Association (SAHA) collection]

SOURCE 2C

This is an extract of a testimony given by Philip Quinn at a TRC hearing in Durban on 7 May 1996. His sister Jackie Quinn was killed in Maseru in 1985 as a result of cross-border raid by the South African security forces.

In December 1985 I was 26 years old. My older sister, Jackie Quinn, was 30 years old, married to Leon Meyer, known as Joe. She was teaching at a high school in Maseru and the mother of a one-year old baby, Phoenix. Two days after Phoenix’s first birthday, the family were at home together, obviously preparing for Christmas in a week’s time, because the present Jackie was making for Phoenix was at the sewing machine. In the middle of the night, under cover of darkness, disguised, camouflaged men with silencers on their guns burst into Jackie’s home and murdered her, an unarmed, defenseless woman in the supposed sanctuary (safety) of her home. They murdered Joe too, who survived long enough to drag himself to the neighbours and tell them what had happened. They left 12 month-old Phoenix traumatized and alone with her dead mother in their home, splattered with blood all over the place. It was disgusting, brutal, deceitful, treacherous, cold-blooded murder. … the people who decided to extinguish (end) her vital life, and that of Joe, and even others in Maseru, through ordering her death, or through firing their bullets into her, are still carrying on with their lives.Their diabolical (evil) and cowardly actions even earned them silver medals for bravery at a Vlakplaas ceremony, of all the hideously ironical things, and they might even be proud of them. Just how sick is our society that we accept among us murderers, takers of other human beings’ lives? We need to know who these people are, from the top of the chain of command to the people at the bottom who carried out the murderous act. They must be branded for what they are, murderers.

[From: A Country Unmasked: Inside South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 27 May 1994]

QUESTION 3: WHAT WAS THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION IN THE 1990s?



SOURCE 3A

This is an extract from an article by Nayan Chandra, Director of the Impact of Publications at Yale University’s Centre for the Study of Globalisation: It defines globalisation.

Globalization: You Can’t Stop Life

…The word globalisation seems to embody all that anyone can find wrong with the state of the world in all its forms. From American fast food and pop music to the perceived neo-colonial tinge (touch) of the World Trade Organisation's rules to unemployment, child labour and environmental decay, everything is laid at the door of globalization ...

Before issuing the battle cry to ‘stop globalisation’, perhaps they need to consider what exactly is globalisation. The International Monetary Fund defines it as the growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide through the increasing volume and variety of cross-border transactions in goods and services and of international capital flows, and also through the more rapid and widespread diffusion (flow) of technology. This is good enough a definition of the phenomenon (happening) today, but it is extremely narrow and ahistorical (not related to history). The fact is that globalisation, in its dictionary meaning, to make worldwide in scope or application, is a phenomenon as old as humans …

The leisurely pace of the past is over. Goods, ideas and culture are rushing across national borders with unthinkable speed and unprecedented (exceptional) volume--overwhelming many, and affecting their lives in ways that are beyond their control. Today's protesters are right to draw attention to these negative aspects … To be sure, fix globalisation. But to demand a stop to globalisation is to demand that life as we know it should cease (stop).

[From: Internet site: http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/globalization-you-cant-stop-lifeAccessed on: 30 May 2014]

SOURCE 3B

This extract focuses on the shifts in the global economy in the 1990s.Copyright reserved Please turn over

http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/globalization-you-cant-stop-life


The rise in political influence of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank and international capital markets, all three of which ushered policy makers away from development policies, focused on the domestic markets and towards a strategy of export-led growth.

These developments helped drive the rapid expansion of trade and investment flows, as large parts of Latin America and Asia adopted export-led growth strategies, and the countries of the former Soviet empire were rapidly, if partially, absorbed into an increasingly integrated global economy. The term ‘globalisation’ quickly became the shorthand for this model of expansion – a heady (exciting) and complex mix of technological, economic and cultural change.

[From: The Princeton Encyclopeadia of the World Economy by KA Reinart]

SOURCE 3C

This cartoon depicts the criticism of the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

[From http://www.polyp.org.uk/cartoons/misc/polyp_cartoon_IMF.jp. Accessed on the 30 May 2014]

SOURCE 3D

This source explains the impact of globalisation.



While proponents (supporters) of globalisation cite the socio-economic improvements that they believe are a result of the phenomenon, many scientists contend that years of increased industrialisation, heightened commercial activities and government deregulation (free from regulations) have affected the world’s environment adversely. According to critics, globalization has accelerated climate change through increased fossil fuel emissions, further polluted many water sources and territories and dramatically increased deforestation.

[From: htt://www.echo.co.uk /]



ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Visual sources and other historical evidence were taken from the following:

Badat, S. The South African Students’ Organisation (SASO) and the Biko Legacy. Internet source: http//www.sahistory.org.za

Biko, S. 1978. I Write What I Like: a Selection of his writings, edited by Allred Stubbs CR.

Clark, N. and Worger, W. South Africa: The Rise and Fall of Apartheid, Harlow Pearson

Hansard Commission, 1994. A Country Unmasked: Inside South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission

Heath, DC and Co.1996. The Enduring Vision, Lexington

Herwitz, D. 2003. Race and Reconciliation, Minnesota

http://www.echo.co.uk

http:www.google.com

http://www.polyp.org.uk/cartoons/misc/polyp_cartoon_IMF.jpg. Accessed on: 30 May 2014

Jones, A. 2006, Dictionary of Globalisation, Cambridge

Mandela, NR. 2004, Steve Biko Memorial Lecture

Mowatt, K. 21st Century, http//:www.echo.co.uk

Reinart, KA. The Princeton Encyclopedia of the World Economy

SAHA Collections date unknown

Shapiro J, Cartoons by Zapiro, http//:www.zapiro.cartoon

The Telegraph 2011, Author unknown

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http://www.google.com/

http://www.echo.co.uk/

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