Stockholm Junior Water Prize

2020

CONTROLLED BREEDING AND SELECTION OF RESISTANT SPECIES Aegagropila linnaei and Taxiphyllum Barbieri FOR PREVENTING PETROLEUM BASED POLLUTION

IN FRESH WATER RESOURCES

ESİLA BURÇŞEYMANUR GENBAY

2020İZMİR

TÜRKİYE

Abstract

One of the most important issues on the world is water pollution. This pollution may occurred because of industrial products such as petroleum. Lots of sea and fresh water resources such as river, lake are in danger with this problem. Also, lots of living things' health is being threatened by this pollution. In our project we chose two species which are "Aegagropila linnaei" and "Taxiphyllum barbieri". These species are durable to diesel. We aimed these species to be reproduced in a polluted environment.

Our project consists of four processes:

1. Cultivating and the reproduction of these species in stable conditions,

2. Preparation of an experiment which is adding 50 and 100 μl diesel to 200 ml clean fresh water. And adapting them to a polluted condition,

3. Taking measurements on the colonies which are adapted to diesel,

4. Lastly, the being reproduced of the best durable colony depending on selection.

We repeated this experiment three times and the analyses were plotted wit MATLAB® program. The highest strength was determined as "Taxiphllum barbieri". A colony which has the same growth value as the control groups and was selected from100 μl diesel environment, has ensured both the entire study and the targeted project to be successful. Lastly, we designed a plastic tank from 3D printer to provide the controlled oscillation of the selected colony.

Key words: Fresh water resources, Selection, "Aegagropila linnaei -Taxiphyllum barbieri", Petroleum products.

Purpose

Today, with the effect of both global warming and the increase of human-borne pollutants, our clean fresh water resources are decreasing and polluting day by day. Especially in recent years, thousands of square kilometers of ocean and sea water have been polluted as a result of accidents occurring in the world's largest oil production platforms. The same is true for fresh water sources, with waste directed to transport and fresh water sources.

In our project, we wanted to reproduce a type of species that can ensure the continuity of aquatic life in fresh water sources pollution caused directly by petroleum and petroleum products. To ensure the selection of this species, we have ensured these species to the petroleum product in various proportions to create the most durable colony. In our study, by selecting two species that grow both on the surface of the water and just below the surface, we aimed to create colonies that can survive even if the petroleum product surrounds the species.

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Durable colonies selected by selection were designed to grow in a tank (designed by 3D printer) where they can grow in fresh water in a controlled manner. In this regard, the durable species in the tanks in areas where pollution is experienced have been provided as an oxygen source that will ensure the survival of many vertebrates and invertebrates without decreasing the oxygen in the water. With the further progress of our work with petroleum-based species, we may reproduce species that have resisted much higher concentration, and we may ensure the protection of vegetation and fauna of fresh water sources in our country's petroleum waste and petroleum-based pollution.

Our future studies will be a research on the amount of petroleum products used in water by algae. In this way, we can produce durable algae that can be used both in the protection of living things and in the cleaning of these resources in the oil pollution experienced in the fresh water resources of our country and the world with algae we have developed, such as patented bacteria used in the cleaning of the seas and oceans of today.

Index

1.Introduction….………………………………………………………………………….3 1.1.Water……………………………………………………………………………..3 1.2. Water Pollution………………………………………………………………….4 1.3.Aegagropila linnaei ve Taxiphyllum barbieri……………………………………5

1.4. PLA Prototype …………………………………………………………………..6

2. Method…………………………………………………………...……………….…….72.1. Growing and Production of Algae in Normal Water Environment……………….7

2.2 Getting used to the environment and reproducing algae to different diesel concentrations…………………………………………………8

2.3. Selection of the most reproductive and growing species………………………....8 2.4. Selection of durable species and tank design …………………………………….9 2.5. Project Work-Time Schedule …………………………………………………….10 3. Findings………………………………………………………………………………...10

4. Conclusion and Discussion ……………………………………………………………13

5. Suggestions……………………………………………………………………………..14

6. Bibliography……………………………………………………………………...……14

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1. Introduction

This section includes the problem status of the research, the literature about the research, sub-problems, the importance of the research, assumptions and definitions.

1.1. Water

   Water is the main source of life for living things, and life without water is unthinkable anywhere in the world. The presence of water in the living environment, being a living environment and its quality is extremely important (Menteşe, 2017). However, for many reasons, water resources are being polluted and we are losing our resources irreversibly every day.

It is one of the most important duties for humanity not to narrow and protect both our water resources and living spaces of these living creatures. As it is a necessary composition for all forms of living things, pollution in water resources is important (Zamani ve ark., 2012). Water, which is one of the most important factors for the future life of mankind and the pollution occurring in it, is becoming more and more important and updated (Kaplan ve ark., 1999).

Although three quarters of the earth's surface is covered with water, the amount of fresh water suitable for human use is very limited. The total amount of fresh water in the world is approximately 35 million km3 (2.5% of the total water in the world) and only 0.3% of this (approximately 105.000 km3) consists of ecosystems and human-friendly fresh water resources. The remaining fresh waters are mostly trapped in poles and glaciers and underground reserves in high mountains. [1]

To put it simply, if all the water on the earth is placed in a five-liter bottle, the amount of fresh water available to humans is only a tablespoon. If we are to look at the current situation of water resources in Turkey, "Turkey is not a water-rich country contrary to popular belief. It is a country that has 'water shortage' with its 1.519 m su of water per person per year. Of Turkey's population in 2030 will reach 100 million and the amount of water per capita is expected to decline to 1,120 cubic meters. In other words, a growing population and a growing city with Turkey, 'water poor' is moving towards becoming. [2]

The availability of adequate and high quality water is the basic condition not only for freshwater ecosystems, but also for sustainable development and food security, and therefore the future of humanity. This is why it is very important to protect freshwater resources. Our water resources continue to be polluted gradually due to chemical, domestic and industrial wastes. Waste water treatment plant is located just 296 of the 3,225 municipalities in Turkey.

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Polluted water sources affect not only biodiversity, but also many people whose livelihoods depend on water. The Büyük Menderes River, Egirdir Lake, Bafa Lake, Salt Lake, Gediz Delta, Ulubat Lake, Beyşehir Lake, Eber Lake, Burdur Lake and Göksu Delta are just a few of the wetlands affected by pollution. [3]

1.2. Water Pollution

When it comes to pollution of water resources or water pollution, the first thing that comes to mind is the pollution of river, lake, sea or drinking water resources. Plastic garbage, which has been swimming on the surface of the sea and ocean, which has occurred recently in the world, is one of the most polluted publicly recently.

One of the substances that pollute the water resources in the world is oil and its derivatives. ” The word petroleum, consisting of the Latin words petro (stone) and oleum (oil), means stone oil. It is a composition consisting of oil, hydrogen and carbon, containing a small amount of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur; it doesn't have a simple formula.

Causes of petroleum pollution;1. Leaks in refined plants,2. Accidents during oil transportation,3. Fuels emitted from the warehouses of vehicles and vehicles to the environment.

Unrefined oil, crude oil, gaseous oil, natural gas, semi-solid and solid oil, and heavy hydrocarbon and taroil, are named as asphalt, tar, tar and similar depending on their characteristics and local uses. Since the main components of crude oil and natural gas are hydrogen and carbon, they are also called hydrocarbons. Crude oil consists of dissolved gas, tar and additives in varying proportions with liquid hydrocarbons. Light oil light brown, yellow or green color; heavy oil is dark brown or black (Image 1).Light and white products such as gasoline, kerosene and diesel oil are mostly used in the refining of light oil; heavy and black products such as fuel oil and asphalt are obtained from the refining of heavy oil. [4]

Image 1: Gasoline-Diesel Oil-Gas Oil- Asphalt samples.

Diesel is a fuel used in diesel engines with a specific gravity of 0.89 kg / dm3, obtained in the distillation of crude oil between 200-380oC. The number of carbon in hydrocarbons in its structure varies between 8 and 16.Apart from hydrocarbons, there is 1%

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sulfur and 0.02% ash. Diesel started to be used immediately after the discovery of oil and the start of refinery operations. [5]1.3. Aegagropila linnaei ve Taxiphyllum barbieri

Algae and plants are eukaryotic organisms that provide the world's basic oxygen needs. Algae can be aquatic and semi-aquatic creatures, while plants can live in many ecosystems from water to land.

Algae and plants, which reproduce widely in oceans and still waters, do photosynthesis during the day, but at night they break down the food they produce using much less oxygen than they produce. The presence of a certain amount of algae in still waters is beneficial for lakes. Aquatic plants also release oxygen to the lakes and allow other creatures to live in the lakes. There is only a negative relationship between algae and aquatic plants that affect each other. Briefly, it can be explained that algae find the opportunity to reproduce with the rise of temperatures or contamination of wastewater into the lakes and cover the surface part of the lake by getting more reproduction opportunities. The situation that occurs when the surface of the lake is covered with algae is called eutrophication and is harmful to the species living in the lake. [6]

The reason is simply; the algae that completely cover the surface of the water cause the death of plants that need sunlight and in connection with this, some of the intra-lake species are threatened with extinction due to oxygen deficiency. Algae are now used in many areas for the benefit of humanity, apart from its importance in the oxygen cycle: energy production, food, fertilizer, pharmacy. In addition, it is possible to use some species to control excessive growth.[7]

Marimo moss (Aegagropila linnaei) (also known as Cladophora ball, lake ball, algae or moss ball) (Table 1), one of the autotrophic creatures we use in our study, is a rare form of growth where algae turn into large green balls with a velvety appearance (Image 2). The species can be found in a number of lakes and rivers in Japan and Northern Europe. Marimo colonies are known to occur in Japan and Iceland, but their population is decreasing. Marimo's preferred habitat is located in lakes with low or medium biological activity and moderate or high calcium levels.

Image 2: Macroscopic and microscopic images of Aegagropila linnaei.

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Table 1: Classification steps and general information table of Aegagropila linnaei.KINGDOM Protista Common Name Moss BallPHYLUM Chlorophyta Full botanic name Aegagropila linnaeiCLASS Ulvophyceae Maintenance EasyORDER Cladophorales Development speed Very slowFAMILY Pithophoraceae Temperature 5-28℃GENUS Aegagropila Habitat Europe-AsiaSPECIES A.linnaei pH interval 6,0-8,5

Although Java moss (Taxiphyllum barbieri) is called moss, it actually takes place within the plant kingdom and is a plant species belonging to the Hypnaceae family (Table 2).The main reason why it is mentioned as algae in most sources is that it grows in fresh waters and is mixed with Vesicularia dubyana, which was once a type of algae.However, with current sources and correct classification, it has begun to be called Java Ferns. It is native to Southeast Asia, especially used in freshwater aquariums. It grows by attaching to rocks, roots and driftwood. It also forms colonies that grow on the water surface for free. (Image 3).

Image 3:Macroscopic and microscopic images of Taxiphyllum barbieri

Table 2: Classification steps and general information table of Taxiphyllum barbieriKINGDOM Bitkiler Common Name Java YosunuPHYLUM Bryophyta Full botanic name Taxiphyllum barbieriCLASS Bryopsida Maintenance EasyORDER Hypnales Development speed İntermediateFAMILY Hypnaceae Temperature 12-34℃GENUS Taxiphyllum Habitat Southeast AsiaSPECIES T. barbieri pH interval 5-8

1.4. PLA Prototype

We preferred our tanks made of ABS type hard plastic, which we designed in order to prevent the uncontrolled spread of the autotrophic living groups we use in our project and which we print from the printer in three dimensions. The three-dimensional printer is the name given to the device that performs printing of a three-dimensional object designed in a virtual environment in solid form. It is possible to use many materials from metal to plastic,

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from wax to ceramics as raw materials. The most common raw materials are PLA and ABS type hard plastics. It is based on the process of printing a three-dimensional object, which is made ready in computer environment, by dividing it into layers in a virtual environment and pouring each layer as a melting raw material. This printing method, which is called additive manufacturing, operates as the opposite of the traditional - that is, based on cutting, engraving and extraction - the production method is produced in layers and is added to each other. Three-dimensional printing technique advocates argue that thanks to the additive manufacturing technique, there is no residual material left, so that environmental pollution caused by traditional production methods can be prevented. [8]

2. Method

Two different types of algae have been used in the study and these species have been placed in different concentrations of diesel. One of the two types of algae selected is Aegagropila linnaei, commonly called Morimo moss and after growing more on the water surface, the growing colony sinks deep over time. Our second species, Taxiphyllum barbieri, commonly known as Java moss, develops in the middle area of water. When the colony gets heavier, it sinks like Morimo moss.

In each study, the diesel rates were increased in the areas in which both species grew and continued to work with the colonies of both species that adapt to the environment. The working process covered a period of approximately 9 months and as a result of selection, it was reduced to a colony belonging to a single species.

The method steps of the study are listed as follows:

1. Cultivation and production of algae in normal water environment,2. Getting used to the environment and reproducing algae to different diesel

concentrations3. Selection of the most reproductive and growing species,4. Selection of durable species and tank design.

The trials were repeated 3 times and evaluated in the MATLAB program to ensure that all study significance values were provided and consistent.

2.1. Growing and Production of Algae in Normal Water Environment

The two types that were taken ready were taken into the first container with 5 liters of rested water for training purposes. Fountain water was used as water source. The water used during the whole study was rested for 3 days after being taken into the bins and then algae were placed in the bins. The room temperature and light source were kept constant: the room temperature was fixed at 22-23ₒ C and two 20 watt energy saving bulbs were used as the light source (Image 4).

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Image 4: Colonies acclimated and reproduced in the laboratory environment.

2.2 Getting used to the environment and reproducing algae to different diesel concentrations

5 gram samples of each type of algae accumulated in the 5-liter bins for 4 months and measured as dried and cleaned were prepared.

Two different diesel concentrations were prepared in 200ml of rested water. There is 50 µl diesel in the first concentration and 100 µl in the second concentration. In order to ensure the distribution of diesel, it is kept for 5 minutes in the shaker and then transferred to the flasks, where both types of algae are prepared. (It was brought up in beakers when there was no flask in the laboratory. Image 5) each flask is covered with sera stretch to prevent evaporation of the water and to keep the diesel concentration unchanged.

Image 5: Water environment containing 50 µl and 100 µl diesel in 200 ml of flasks and beakers

2.3 Selection of the most reproductive and growing species

As a result of 3 repeat trials, it was determined that the species that best fit the environment from both algae species is the Taxiphyllum barbieri (Image 6). Each colony of 5 grams placed in the erlenmeyer was removed from their environment one by one and weighed to determine their growth. All data of both species are explained in the tables in the findings.

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Image 6: Growth areas observed in colonies and new forming bodies.

2.4 Selection of durable species and tank design.

The most growing colonies were selected from the Aegagropila linnaei and Taxiphyllum barbieri species grown in 200 ml medium containing 50 µl and 100 µl diesel oil. An oscillation tank has been prepared to be used for cleaning clean fresh water sources contaminated with petroleum products such as oil residue and diesel oil.

The reason for making the swing tank is to prevent uncontrolled reproduction of algae and plants in fresh water. In this way, when the algae colonies, which are produced in a controlled manner, fill the inside of the tank, they will be easily taken from the water together with the tanks.

The design of the prototype was made in such a way that water access to all parts of the algae and plant colony, water can move easily within the tank and prevent algae colony from coming out of the tank. (Image 7).

Image 7: Printing of the prepared prototype in 3D printer.

In the preparation of the oscillation prototype, a 3D printer was used and the filament produced from starch that does not harm the nature was used in the production of the tank.

Parts of the pre-prototype made using filaments were kept in water with pH 6.7 and in daylight for 4 months and their durability was checked.

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2.5. Project Work-Time Schedule

An 11-month period is designed to complete the entire project. The production of algae that is durable for working in a polluted fresh water source is provided regularly.

Table 3: Project work plan and monthly schedule.

3. Findings

After the production phase, the 5g Aegagropila linnaei and Taxiphyllum barbieri cultivars grown in the prepared 200 ml flasks in an environment containing 50 µl and 100 µl diesel oil were taken from the erlenmeyers where they were produced, dried and weighed. The study was repeated three times in a 3-month period every month and consisted of 20 individual erlenmeyers in each trial. The same methods and conditions were preserved in each repeat and the colonies prepared in 5g were measured as shown in the table.

Table 4: Weighing results of the control groups of both species

Aega

grop

ila li

nnae

i

Control group 1 Control group 2 Control group 1 Control group 2

5,12 5,13 4,89 5,06 5,21 5,14 5,18 5,25

5,05 4,96 5,06 4,89 5,30 5,21 5,27 5,31

5,32 5,07 5,13 5,14 5,16 5,11 5,21 5,07

5,06 5,13 5,13 5,19 5,23 5,16 5,16 5,17

5,11 5,11 5,21 5,21 5,27 5,16 5,23 5,23

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Months / 2019 Definition of work

March

April May

June July

August September

October

November December January

Literature Search

X X X X X X

Algae Production Work

X X X X

Algae acclimation to diesel environment

X X X X X

Selection of algae selected

X X X

Data Collection and Analysis

X X X X X

Project Report Writing

X X

Taxiphyllum barbieri

4,96 5,02 5,19 5,28 5,19 5,27 5,18 5,18

5,01 5,07 5,24 5,12 5,12 5,21 5,09 5,26

5,03 5,15 4,98 5,09 5,23 5,26 5,11 5,21

5,14 5,25 5,13 5,17 5,19 5,19 5,23 5,16

5,18 5,17 4,95 5,16 5,11 5,18 5,26 5,23

5,10 5,12 5,19 5,20

Table 5: Weighing results obtained as a result of 6 trials put on 50 and 100 µl diesel.

Species 50 µl 100 µl

Aega

grop

ila li

nnae

i

1st trial 2nd .trial 3rd trial 1st trial 2nd trial 3rd trial

5,12 5,48* 4,84 5,14 4,56 4,65 4,89 5,01*

4,78 4,98 3,74 4,56

4,84 4,96 4,32 4,78 5,17 4,78 4.99 4,87 4,67 4,57 4,65 4,78

5,35 5,46* 4,58 4,98 4,67 4,59 3,49 3,46 4,76 4,86 4,56 4,53

4,28 4,46 5,32*

4,82 4,78 4,65 4,21 4,76 3,89 3,87 4,67 4,46

4,72 4,84 5,06 4,67 4,89 4,96 4,56 4,34 4,54 4,24 4,34 3,86

4,65 4,50 5,12 4,75 4,35 4,78 4,89 4,83 4,97 4,65 4,31 3,76

4,21 4,14 4,64 4,87 4,67 5,03 4,24 4,32 4,69 4,21 3,86 3,45

4,86 4,94 4,58 4,93 4,93 5,14 3,89 3,68 4,34 3,86 3,89 3,86

5,14 4,46 4,06 4,78 5,12 4,79 4,45 4,33 3,67 3,56 4,31 4,78

4,62 4,74 4,87 5,04 5,23* 4,69 4,78 4,67 4,58 3,87 4,17 4,61

Average 4,79g 4,80g 4,83g 4,43g 4,38g 4,26g

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Taxi

phyl

lum

bar

bier

i

5,62* 4,86 5,12 5,01 5,17 5,19 5,57 4,89 5,24 5,29 5,17 4,87

5,42 4,78 5,23 5,23 5,23 5,31 5,34 5,23 5,45 4,89 5,34 4,67

5,30 5,02 5,43 5,32 5,06 5,15 5,49 4,76 5,31 4,76 5,20 5,32

5,18 5,24 4,89 5,67* 5,23 5,08 5,41 5,31 4,87 4,89 4,76 5,21

4,96 5,06 4,67 5,18 5,14 5,13 5,72* 4,87 4,90 5,21 5,12 5,45

4,84 5,12 4,89 5,25 5,21 5,34*

5,31 5,12 4,67 5,23 5,54*

5,34

5,40 5,36 4,87 5,21 4,89 5,21 5,12 5,35 5,35 5,36 5,14 5,21

5,61 5,24 5,13 4,78 4,87 4,98 5,34 4,87 5,21 5,14 5,31 5,17

5,12 5,08 5,45 5,21 5,11 4,18 5,67 5,31 5,13 5,67* 5,45 5,09

5,04 5,32 5,32 5,09 5,29 5,09 5,43 5,26 5,43 5,23 5,29 5,34

Average 5,18g 5,15g 5,10g 5,27g 5,16g 5,21g* Erlenmeyer with the most growth

The first column shows the erlenmeyers from 1 to 10, and the second column shows the masses of erlenmeyers from 11 to 20.

According to the Table 2 values above, the masses of both algae species selected and placed as 5 g are given arithmetic means and the values are as follows:

Table 6: The averages of each species resulting from trials.

Species 50 µl 100 µl

Aegagropila linnaei 4,81g 4,35g

Taxiphyllum barbieri 5,14g 5,21g

In addition to the arithmetic averages, when the control groups of each experiment are compared with the results of the first, second and third experiments, the graphs are as follows:

In graphics; Purple line: control group Black line: 1st experimental group Blue line: 2nd experimental group Red line: 3rd experimental group

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Figure 1: Aegagropila linnaei comparative mass change graph grown in 50 µl diesel oil

Compared to the control group, the highest growth mass occurred in the 11th and 13th flasks in the first trial group. However, when looking at the total mass change, mass loss occurred in Aegagropila linnaei in 50 µl diesel medium.

.

Figure 2: Aegagropila linnaei comparative mass change graph grown in 100 µl diesel oil

Compared to the control group, the most mass of growth occurred in the 11th erlenmeyer in the 1st experiment. Mass loss was observed in all the flasks grown in Aegagropila linnaei grown in 100 µl diesel oil.

Figure 3: Comparative mass change graph of Taxiphyllum barbieri grown in 50 µl diesel.

Compared to the control group, it is seen that the Taxiphyllum barbieri in the 1st and 8th Erlenmeyer in the 1st Experiment group has grown in 50 µl diesel, but it has grown considerably from the control group. However, there is a Taxiphyllum Barbieri which is 5.67g and shows much improvement in the 14th erlenmeyer in the 2nd trial group.

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Figure 4: Comparative mass change graph of Taxiphyllum barbieri grown in 100 µl diesel.

When compared with the control group, as in other studies, the highest average mass increase was observed in the first experiment group. Despite this increase, the study which showed the greatest difference in mass change charts was observed in the Taxiphyllum barbieri grown in 100 µl diesel oil. As a result of the 1st experiment, the colony that grew in the 5th Fertile and has a mass of 5.72 g has the highest growth value.

4. Conclusion and Discussion

Different results were seen in each of the photosynthetic organisms grown in two different diesel environments. The mass of Aegagropila linnaei, which was grown in the environments containing 50 µl and 100 µl diesel oil, decreased in both environments. Although the total mass decreases as a result of 6 trials, an average of 10% increase was observed in the colonies with 50 µl of diesel oil, 5.48 g in the 1st trial, 5.32 g in the 2nd trial and 5.23 g in the 3rd trial. When the selection studies of Aegagropila linnaei are continued, these colonies can be grown in a higher concentration of diesel to form durable breeds or durable colonies.

On the other hand, Aegagropila linnaei, grown in an environment containing 100 µl

diesel oil, was found to be 24% below the control groups in general. As the diesel ratio was increased, the growth-related mass of Aegagropila linnaei decreased.

While the Taxiphyllum barbieri, grown in 50 and 100 µl diesel oil, compared to the control group, there was a 10% mass reduction in the group grown in 50 µl diesel oil, whereas in all trials grown in 100 µl diesel, a mass parallel to the control group occurred. Based on this result, although there is an increase in the amount of diesel, Taxiphyllum barbieri continued its normal growth rate without being affected by this condition.

When we compare both species, Taxiphyllum barbieri provided more resistance to diesel than Aegagropila linnaei. The colony, which was measured as 5.72 g in the 1st Trial in the 100 µl diesel group, will be used in the production of more durable Taxiphyllum barbieri, as it shows the highest growth in selection studies.

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5. Suggestions

We have seen that there is no breeding and endurance study in the environment that includes petroleum products that have been made in the literature with both photosynthetic species in our project. Especially for the protection of fresh water sources due to petroleum wastes and petroleum products in our country, endurance and selection studies should be conducted with many algae, plants or photosynthetic living groups. In this way, the oxygen values of the water can be preserved and the continuity of the living things can be ensured by living things that emit controlled release to the areas where there is contamination. By measuring the water-oxygen values, which are the next step of our project, we can calculate how long the released species can provide oxygenation in water by measuring the dissolved oxygen values in the water.

In addition to this, for the Taxiphyllum barbieri colony, which showed the highest growth in the most diesel environment, production of even more resistant colonies can be started for the second part of the project.

6. Bibliography

Kaplan, M., Sönmez, S., Tokmak, S., 1999. “Antalya–Kumluca Yöresi Kuyu Sularının Nitrat İçerikleri”, Tr. J. of Agriculture and Forestry, s. 23, s. 309– 313

Menteşe, S. 2017, “Çevresel Sürdürülebilirlik Açısından Toprak, Su Ve Hava Kirliliği: Teorik Bir İnceleme”, Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, volume: 10, number: 53, pg:381-389

Zamani, A., Yaftian, M.R., Parizanganeh, A. 2012. “Multivariate statistical assessment of heavy metal pollution sources of groundwater around a lead and zinc plant”, Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Sciences & Engineering, s. 9 (29), s. 1-10.

URL References

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[2] https://www.wwf.org.tr/calismalarimiz/tatli_su/Accessing date: 20 November 2019 [3] Doç. Dr. Ayşe Uyduranoğlu Öktem, Ayça Aksoy.2014.WWF Türkiye.http://awsassets.wwftr.panda.org/downloads/turkiyenin_su_riskleri__raporu_web.pdf Accessing date: 20 November 2019

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[6] Selma Çam.2014.Hayatımızı alglere borçluyuz. https://gaiadergi.com/hayatimizi-alglere-borcluyuz/ Accessing date: 15 December 2019 [7]Selma Çam.2014.Hayatımızı alglere borçluyuz,Gaia Dergi. https://gaiadergi.com/hayatimizi-alglere-borcluyuz/ Accessing date: 15 December 2019  [8]Mustafa Güney ÇALIŞKAN. Üç Boyutlu Yazıcılar Ve Gelecekte Yaratacağı Olası Fikri Haklar Çatışmaları.2015. http://www.ankarabarosu.org.tr/siteler/ankarabarosu/frmmakale/2015-2/03.pdf Accessing date: 6 January 2020

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