Name: __________________________ Class: _____________________ Date: _____________________

Eukaryotic Cells Study GuideLatin and Greek RootsGive an example of a word from this chapter that contains each prefix or suffix.

VocabularyBriefly define each of the following in your own words.

1. Hydrophilic –

2. Hydrophobic –

3. Concentration Gradient –

4. Passive transport –

5. Osmosis –

6. Vesicle –

7. Endocytosis –

8. Exocytosis –

9. Cytosol –

10. Mutation –

11. Somatic Cell –

12. Tumor -

Membrane Dynamics

1. Besides size, what are the two anatomical differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

a. Give an example of a prokaryotic and eukaryotic organism.

Latin/Greek Root

Meaning Example

Bi- Two

Cyt- Cell

Endo- Inside

Eu- With

Exo- Outside

Latin/Greek Root

Meaning Example

Hyper- Above, over

Hypo- Under, less

Iso- Same

-karyo Kernel (nucleus)

Phago- Eating, devouring

Pro- Before

2. What is the most important limiting factor of cell size?

3. Label a protein, carbohydrate, polar (hydrophilic) part of a phospholipid, and nonpolar (hydrophobic) part of a phospholipid on this diagram of a cell membrane.

4. Briefly give the function of each of these proteins:

a. Receptor –

b. Carrier –

c. Enzyme –

d. Anchoring –

e. Recognition –

5. The plasma membrane is selectively permeable. In general, what types of molecules can pass through the cell membrane without a carrier protein?

6. What direction do molecules move during diffusion?

7. How is osmosis different than diffusion?

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8. Label each beaker as hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic. Draw arrows to show what direction water will move in each in relation to the cells.

9. What will happen to a red blood cell placed in each of the following?

a. Distilled water

b. Salty water

10. What is facilitated diffusion? What kind of molecule would depend on facilitated diffusion to enter a cell?

11. Describe two ways that active transport is different than passive transport processes like diffusion and osmosis.

12. A white blood cell phagocytizes a bacterium. Is this an example of exocytosis or endocytosis?

Cell Anatomy

13. Label each of the organelles on this cell diagram. It should include a nucleolus, chromatin, nuclear pores, Golgi, rough ER, smooth ER, villi, mitochondria, centrioles and a vesicle.

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14. Briefly give the function of each of these parts of a cell:

a. Villi –

b. Centriole –

c. Cilia –

d. Flagella –

e. Ribosome –

f. Smooth ER –

g. Rough ER –

h. Golgi –

i. Secretory Vesicle –

j. Lysosome –

k. Perioxisome –

l. Mitochondria –

m. Nucleolus –

n. Chromatin / Chromosomes –

o. Nuclear Pores –

Protein Synthesis

15. What is the monomer of DNA/RNA? What is the monomer of proteins?

16. On this diagram of a DNA molecule, label the adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine along the bottom. Label the sugar-phosphate backbone and the nitrogenous bases along the top.

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17. What are the two main structural differences (besides the sugar) between the DNA and RNA molecules?

18. What is the difference between DNA, a gene, and a chromosome/chromatin?

19. Why is it important for DNA to direct the production of proteins, instead of some other macromolecule like carbohydrates or lipids?

20. What is produced during transcription? Where does transcription occur?

21. Two enzymes take part in transcription. Give the function of each.

a. DNA Helicase –

b. RNA Polymerase –

22. What is produced during translation? Where does translation occur?

23. This diagram shows the translation aspect of protein synthesis. Label the numbered structures. Use the following terms: mRNA, anticodon, codon, ribosome, tRNA, amino acid

1. ____________________

2. ____________________

3. ____________________

4. ____________________

5. Active sites _

6. ____________________

7. ____________________

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24. Given a single strand of DNA, be able to make the complementary strand.

A T C A A T G C A G C T T G G

25. Transcribe this DNA strand into a strand of mRNA. Use your codon chart to translate the animo acid chain that would result from the mRNA strand. Remember to follow the start and stop codons.

DNA: AGA CGG TAC CTC CGG TGG GTG CTT GTC TGT ATC CTT CTC AGT ATC

mRNA:

Protein:

26. Explain how each of these mutations would affect a gene:

a. Silent substitution –

b. Missense substitution –

c. Insertion –

d. Deletion –

27. Which of the mutations above would have the least effect on the protein end product? What would have the greatest effect?

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Cell Division28. Interphase is sometimes referred to as the “resting stage” for cells. Why is this inaccurate – what are

cells doing during interphase?

29. Describe what specific changes take place in a cell in each of these parts of interphase:

a. G1

b. S

c. G2

30. This diagram shows the forms of chromosomes following the cell cycle and mitosis. Label the centromere on each chromosome. Label the sister chromatids in the duplicated chromosome. Label the duplicated daughter chromosomes.

31. List the four stages of mitosis in order. Briefly describe what occurs during each stage.

32. Identify each lettered cell as being in anaphase, interphase, metaphase, prophase, or telophase.

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33. What happens to a cell during cytokinesis?

34. What is the difference between a benign and malignant tumor?

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