CASE STUDY:

Nigeria

This booklet works through the following areas:

1. Where is Nigeria located?2. What is the importance of Nigeria in its region and in the world? 3. What is the wider political, social, cultural and environmental context of Nigeria?4. How has industry in Nigeria changed?5. How has Nigeria’s economic structure changed?6. How does Nigeria’s manufacturing industry stimulate Nigeria’s economic development?7. How have TNCs helped Nigeria’s industrial development?8. What advantages and disadvantages do TNCs bring to Nigeria?9. Impacts of Aid10. Economic growth and the environment11. Quality of Life in Nigeria

Covered Revision undertaken

Case study of the LIC or NEE – NigeriaI can explain why Nigeria is important within Africa and internationally I can describe the political, social and culture contact of Nigeria within a world context. I can describe the changing industrial structure within in NigeriaI can explain how manufacturing can stimulate economic growth in within Nigeria. I can define a Transnational Corporation (TNC) using a case study (Shell). I can explain the advantaged and disadvantages of TNCS to NigeriaI can describe how Nigeria’s politics and trading relationship have changed over time. I can described what aid is where is comes from using a case study. I can explain what aid Nigeria has received and how it has impacted upon the country using a case study.I can explain and evaluation the environmental impacts of economic development.I can explain and evaluation impacts of economic development on the population of Nigeria

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TASK 1: Describe the location of Nigeria. Try to use all the words in the WORD BOX below

Comparing Nigeria

Area Population Population Density

Nigeria 923,768 184,264,000UK 243,610 63,182,000AFRICA 30,220,000 1,153,308,000

TASK 2: You may need to use a calculator

How many times larger is Nigeria in area (size) compared to the UK? ________ How many times larger is Nigeria’s population compared to the UK? _________

Calculate the population densities of the two countries (and Africa) and add this to the column (Population Density= Population ÷ Area)

Calculate the % of Africa’s population that live in Nigeria

Calculate the % of land area Nigeria covers in Africa

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Further info: page 268-269

WORD BOX

Equator Northern Hemisphere Atlantic Ocean Prime Meridian East West

Tropic of Cancer south

Summary: Nigeria has a large population of ________ million people which is _____ times that of the UK. It is almost ____ times larger in area sizer than the UK meaning that the population density is ___________ than the UK. It has the largest population in Africa and is a significant ____ % of the total population of the continent however, it only occupies ___ % of the African continent in land area.

Nigeria’s importance in Africa and the World

Read the text below: Highlight three reasons why Nigeria is important globally and three reasons why Nigeria is important within Africa.

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Further info: page 268-269

What are the advantages of using a multiple line graph to show data?

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Global Importance of Nigeria

Nigeria is a Newly Emerging Economy (NEE). In 2014 Nigeria became the world’s 21st largest economy and it is predicted that by 2050 it will be in the top 20. It is predicted to have the highest GDP growth for 2010-15. It is the 12th largest producer of oil in the world and much of the recent economic growth is based on the money made from oil. The economy is now becoming more diverse and money is made from a number of different types of businesses including telecoms and financial services (banking). It ranks as the fifth largest contributor to UN peacekeeping around the world.

Importance of Nigeria in Africa

In 2014 it had the highest GDP in the continent of Africa and the third largest manufacturing sector. It has the largest population of any African country at 182 million. There are issues over land ownership, but still it has the largest farm output in Africa and 70% of the population are employed in this industry. Nigeria has 19 million cattle, the largest of any African country. Despite issues with internal corruption, a lack of infrastructure and regular power cuts the country has huge potential to help lead the way in the development of the whole continent.

Describe the international importance of a LIC or NEE country you have studied (3)

The Political, Social, Cultural and Environmental Context of Nigeria

Political Context Social Context Cultural Context 1960s many African countries

gained independence from European nations

Civil wars and dictatorships followed independence which prevented development

Recently there have been free and fair elections and there is a stable government

Foreign companies are now starting to invest e.g. Microsoft

Nigeria is multi ethnic and multi faith. Diversity is a strength but has also been a source of conflict.

1960s there was a civil war when one group tried to separate from the rest of Nigeria

Economic inequality between north and south has led to religious and ethnic tensions.

Fundamentalist groups have made the country unstable.

Nigeria has its own music and cinema ‘Nollywood’ that are enjoyed across the country

It has the second largest film production industry in the world!

Nigerian teams have won the African Cup of Nations three times and several Nigerians have played in the Premier League

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Using page 270-271- Complete the following information

When was Nigeria formed? _________________________

Who formed the current country? __________________________

When did Nigeria gain independence? _______________________

How many ethnic groups live in Nigeria? ________________

Which groups dominate? _____________________ __________________________________________

Which religion dominates the a) North ______________ b) South ____________________

Political Context:In the colonial era Nigeria was ruled by the British. This held back development because they took a lot of the resources and took people as slaves.In the 1960s and 70s Nigeria had a c_______ w_______ this held back development because there was c_____________ (money was stolen by the rulers) and so no-one wanted to invest in Nigeria.

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Further info: page 270-271

Since 1990 there has been a s________ government this helped development because the countries and companies have invested in the country.However there is still conflict in Nigeria. B_____ H_______, an extremist organisation wants to abolish democracy and set up it’s own government. At least 17,000 people have been killed in the conflict since 2002.Social and Cultural Context:There are more than _____ different ethnic groups in Nigeria, each with its own language. However, there are ______ dominating ethnic groups in Nigeria, these are the Y___________, H__________ and I_____________. There has been a shift of population from __________ areas to the ______. This is called _______-________ migration. As a result, some traditional boundaries have been broken down however ethnic identities and differences still exist. Regional Differences:The urban areas are more/less developed than the rural areas.

The south is the richest / poorest region.Environmental Context:Nigeria is located ___________ of the Equator in Africa. The north of Nigeria is semi-desert, called the S_______________. The natural vegetation in Nigeria varies from this in the north to t____________ r _________ in the south.

Q3. Read the information about the political, social and cultural context of Nigeria. Explain how politics has

shaped economic development (4 marks)

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Nigeria has shifting political links with the world. Until 1960, Nigeria was part of the British Empire. Its links were therefore with the UK and other members of the Empire. Since Independence in 1960 it became a member of the British Commonwealth (countries formerly controlled by the UK). Nigeria’s political role has changed in recent decades and it has become a leading member of African political and economic groups as well as international organisations such as the United Nations.

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Why is Nigeria a Newly Emerging Country?

What is the definition of NEE:

Countries which have begun to experience high rates of economic development, usually with rapid industrialisation. They differ from low income countries in that they no longer primarily rely on agriculture, have made gains in infrastructure and industrial growth, and are experiencing increasing levels of investment. (Hodder AQA GCSE 9-1 Geography)

What is the EVIDENCE?

Q. What was the GDP growth of Nigeria in 2000= _________ and 2011= ________

Trading links: Look at the pie charts below showing the key trading partners with Nigeria.

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Explain how Nigeria is integrated into global politics. (4 marks)

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Complete the table blow with the information from the pie charts

IMPORTSMost important countries?

Main Ones?

EXPORTSMost important

Main Ones?

Read page 272-273

Nigeria’s Economy

Nigeria has the largest economy in Africa and is among the world’s fastest growing economies.

It has the highest GDP in Africa. Look at the table below of the Top 15 countries in Africa and their GDP in 2016

Country GDP in 2016Nigeria 406Egypt 332South Africa 294Algeria 160Morocco 100Angola 95Sudan 94Ethiopia 72Kenya 69Tanzania 47Ghana 43Tunisia 43Democratic Republic of the Congo 41Ivory Coast 34Libya 33

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Complete the table blow with the information from the pie charts

IMPORTSMost important countries?

Main Ones?

EXPORTSMost important

Main Ones?

1) Calculate the following

Mean

Median

Mode

2) Using the data, calculate the interquartile range (interquartile range (IQR), also called the mid spread or middle 50%) of the GDP in Top 15 African countries.

n= number in sample (in this case 15)

Lower quartile is the (n + 1) ÷ 4 th value.Upper quartile is the 3 (n + 1) ÷ 4 th valueThe interquartile range is the difference between the upper quartile and lower quartile.Put your workings below:

3) Complete the Dispersion graph with the missing countries: South Africa, Morocco, Ethiopia, Kenya, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Read page 272-273

Describe the GDP data shown on the dispersion graph/ diagram (4)

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Nigeria’s employment structure has been changing rapidly as the country becomes and NEE. The economy was mainly agricultural but is transforming into an industrial economy. Over half the country’s GDP now comes from manufacturing and service industries.

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Dispersion graphs/ diagrams is a graph where the data sets can be placed in one column with the variable on the vertical axis.

Why we use Dispersion Graphs

It displays the main patterns in the distribution of the data as each value is plotted as an individual point against a vertical scale. It shows the range of data and the distribution of each piece of data

It is good for looking at the clustering or wide distribution of data (often around the mean).

It is good for comparing two different places e.g. Your Reigate fieldwork ‘Are Housing Inequalities evident in Reigate’ where you compared the EQA scores for each area on a 4 separate dispersion graphs side by side.

It is useful for working out the median and mode, range, upper, lower and interquartile ranges

Anomalies can be clearly seen

Gives an indication of the reliability of the data (e.g. is a piece of data really an extreme anomaly and then reasons why this might be the case can be investigated.

You may like to use some of these words

Clustered widely dispersed outliers concentration median mean

grouped together groupings

Read page 272-273

Employment in different sectors of Nigeria's economy

Agriculture Manufacturing (including oil and gas)

Services- Accomodation and food Services- Education, health, science and technology

Services- Finance and Insurance Services- Telecommunications, arts and entertainment

Economic Sector % employmentAgriculture 30.5

Manufacturing (including oil and gas) 14.3

ServicesAccommodation , food and transportEducation, health, science and technologyRetail, repair and maintenanceFinance and insuranceTelecommunications, arts and entertainmentOther Services

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Nigeria’s Industries

Primary, secondary and tertiary sectorsThere are three main types of industry in which firms operate. These sectors form a chain of production which provides customers with finished goods or services.

Primary production: this involves acquiring raw materials. For example, metals and coal have to be mined, oil drilled from the ground, rubber tapped from trees, foodstuffs farmed and fish trawled. This is sometimes known as extractive production.

Secondary production: this is the manufacturing and assembly process. It involves converting raw materials into components, for example, making plastics from oil. It also involves assembling the product, eg building houses, bridges and roads.

Tertiary production: this refers to the commercial services that support the production and distribution process, eg insurance, transport, advertising, warehousing and other services such as teaching and health care.

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Q. Add the segments for Retail, repair and maintenance and Other Services to the blank section of the pie chart.

Read page 272-273

Primary70%

Secondary10%

Tertiary20%

1999

Primary40%

Secondary30%

Tertiary30%

2012

Graphs showing the different sectors that people in Nigeria work in

Q. Using evidence form the graphs describe how employment and industry has changed in Nigeria between 1999 and 2012 (3 marks)

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Q Give a definition of ‘manufacturing’ (1 mark)

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Read the article from a web page below

Importance of crude oil to Nigeria’s economy

It is difficult to overestimate the importance of crude oil in the Nigerian economy. What are the features of oil production today: its benefits and difficulties?

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Primary jobs in Nigeria are mostly in farming, secondary jobs are in making processed foods, textiles, leather items and chemicals. Tertiary jobs are in communications, media, retail and finance.

Nigeria’s manufacturing sector is growing and helping to boost economic development in the country.

Regular paid work gives people a secure income to improve their own lives. Also the income for the government from taxes increases

Many manufactured goods are available for people to buy Manufacturing a car needs many parts so other businesses benefit from making and supplying the parts Attracts foreign companies to establish and invest in Nigeria creating more jobs

The oil industry is the backbone of the Nigerian economy. The benefits of crude oil in Nigeria are evident. It provides 90 percent of the country's export revenues. Nigeria is the first in Africa and the eighth in the world when it comes to oil export. Oil production brings about a billion investments in the country's economy as well as the development of related sectors of the economy and infrastructure. Besides, it supplies new jobs, 10% of the Nigerian population work in the oil and gas sector resulting in

Oil was discovered in 1956 at Oloibiri in the Niger Delta following half a century of oil exploration in Nigeria.

Oil companies in Nigeria Oil fields in Nigeria are explored by the enterprise NNPC (Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation), as well as oil TNCs. Thus, Nigerian companies provide slightly more than 1/5 of the oil amount per day extracted by such companies as Shell, Mobil, Chevron, Agip, Elf, Texaco, and Ashland.

The primary investors in the economy of Nigeria are the US, UK, Germany, and China. In particular, Chinese investors are active in this country. Since the 1970s, China has been buying oil and gas from Nigeria. Also in 2006, China allocated one billion dollars to Nigeria for the development of railways, and the Chinese company China Railway Construction won a tender for the construction of a significant area controlled by Chinese representatives.

In the 2000s, Beijing, wishing to confront Western countries in the struggle for Nigerian oil, invested more than $ 4 billion in the development of the oil industry in Nigeria. The money was spent on the exploration of oil fields, to improve the transport infrastructure, medicine, and weapons of the Nigerian army. In 2005, PetroChina Corporation signed an agreement with Nigerian representatives for the supply of more than 30,000 barrels of oil per day to China.

Oil is Nigerian wealth and fortune and an opportunity to bring the country's economy and social standards to a better level. The primary task of the country is to manage it properly.

Q. Using a case study of LIC or NEE country, explain how industries can encourage economic development (6 marks) (Look on the next page for some help)

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The oil industry is the backbone of the Nigerian economy. The benefits of crude oil in Nigeria are evident. It provides 90 percent of the country's export revenues. Nigeria is the first in Africa and the eighth in the world when it comes to oil export. Oil production brings about a billion investments in the country's economy as well as the development of related sectors of the economy and infrastructure. Besides, it supplies new jobs, 10% of the Nigerian population work in the oil and gas sector resulting in

You may remember looking at the multiplier effect in Lagos from the new Nissan car factory which was located there. Think about how this might help you with your answer to the above question.

Support:

Paragraph 1

Point= Industries can bring significant economic development into a region through the multiplier effect

Evidence= Refer to the Oil industry and how it has created jobs and improved standard of living

Explain= Giver reasons why more well paid jobs in Nigeria improves the economy

Link= Link back to the Q

Paragraph 2

Point= Industries can bring significant economic development through investment from overseas within the industries

Evidence= Refer to China’s investment in Nigerian oil

Explain= give the reasons why Nigeria benefits from better transport, infrastructure, medicine etc.

Link= Link back to the Q

Remember your CONNECTIVES to help develop your answer e.g. resulting in, leading to, as a consequence, which means that

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A Trans National Corporation or TNC is a large company that operates in several countries. A TNC usually has its headquarters in a HIC and production plants in NEE / LICs. There are forty TNCs operating in Nigeria. Unilever is an example of a TNC with its headquarters in the UK and the Netherlands, but chemical and soap manufacturing plants in Nigeria.

Unilever manufacture soap using Nigerian grown Palm Oil, employing 1500 people. All the Palm Oil comes from sustainable sources to protect the environment. The company works with people from local cultural markets to make sure that standards of employment are high and workers are cared for.

The company has also promoted improvements in healthcare, education and water supply as part of its social responsibility programme in Nigeria. It was voted the second best company to work for in Nigeria in 2014!

Shell Oil also operate in Nigeria however:

Oil spills have caused water pollution and damaged the land reducing agricultural and fishing yields Toxic fumes are polluting the air Militant groups disrupt the oil supply Oil theft is a costing the government and TNCs billions of dollars every year

Read page 274-275

The impact of TNCs on their host countries

Shell in Nigeria

Shell is a massive TNC that operates in many countries around the world. Extracting the oil is a primary industry but Shell also refine the oil which is a secondary manufacturing industry and they also sell the finished products which is a tertiary service.  Shell's work in Nigeria produces more than 21% of the countries total petroleum production from more than eighty fields. Shells bring positives and negatives to the country.

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Advantages and disadvantages of TNC(s) to the host country

There are many positives and negatives of Trans National Corporations for a country like Nigeria.  TNCs like Shell provide jobs in factories making supplies and in services where the products are available for sale, and they do try to clean up after they accidently damage the environment. TNCs often have charities to help people in the country they work in.  Shell has the Shell foundation to help sustainability and biodiversity and help local communities.  The main advantage is that TNCs can help countries develop by investing money and ENCOURAGING DEVELOPMENT. Shell has spent $12 billion in LICs for example.  This also means that TNCs pay tax which can be used by the governments of countries to help their people.  Shell paid £20billion in corporation tax in 2013 for example. Finally, oil refineries like those in Nigeria use lots of local companies to help them run.  This creates a multiplier effect and  TNCs allow the import of new technologies into a country, improving it.

However, sometimes TNCs come in for criticism. Their activities have polluted the environment in the past.  Shell has had many incidents involving oil spills for example. TNCs have been accused of human rights abuses in the past.  Shell have been accused of crimes against the Ogoni people in the Niger Delta (see case study box).  In addition, employees in LIC’s are working for long hours (e.g. 12+ hours) in poor conditions (in factories known as “Sweat Shops”). Also, employees in LIC’s might be paid much less than employees in HIC’s for doing higher intensity jobs. Some TNCs have even been known to use child labour in their factories. In addition, the jobs in the LIC’s are not secure. They could lose their jobs without warning if company decide to set up somewhere cheaper. The profits from the production go straight to the headquarters in the HIC. They aren’t reinvested in the LIC. Even in HICs, big TNCs like Amazon and Starbucks have been accused of doing everything they can to limit the amount of tax they pay by playing the system.

Q. Read through the text above. Highlight the advantages of TNCs such as Shell working in Nigeria in RED and the disadvantages in BLUE

Q. Use page 275 and the text above to create the argument about the costs and benefits of TNCs in Nigeria

Assess the extent to which TNCs bring benefits to the host LIC or NEE country (9)

Candidate response Checking their answer

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Read page 275

Costs of TNCs in Nigeria Benefits of TNCs in Nigeria

The benefits of a TNC are that they give people a job, put money into the country for stuff like roads. Also other companies start to make money.

Problems are that local people are poorly paid, working conditions can be poor like a sweatshop. The big jobs go to people from foreign countries like the one where the head office is.

Overall, I think there are good and bad things about TNC in Nigeria.

Has the candidate stated his/ her view?

Does the first paragraph agree or disagree? _____________Does the candidate give the first point? Do they support this with specific evidence from the Nigerian case studies? Do they develop their explanation? Do they extend their explanation by using CONNECTIVES?

Does the first paragraph agree or disagree? _____________Is this a counter- argument? Does the candidate give the first point? Do they support this with specific evidence from the Nigerian case studies? Do they develop their explanation? Do they extend their explanation by using CONNECTIVES?

Do they offer an evaluation? Do they summarise the extent to which they agree/ disagree? Do they summarise the main points?

What advice would you give them to improve their answer?

Now over to you….

Look back at your two hands which now have created you argument and counter- argument. Use these to answer the question

Assess the extent to which TNCs bring benefits to the host LIC or NEE country (9)

Assess the extent to which TNCs bring benefits to the host LIC or NEE country (9)

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Impacts of International Aid

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Read page 278-279

Nigeria receives International Aid because even though the country is developing rapidly many people are still poor. They have limited access to safe water, health and education services and a reliable electricity supply. 60% of the population live on less than 63p per day. Birth rates and infant mortality rates are high and life expectancy low, particularly in the north-eats of the country. Most aid comes from countries like the UK and USA, but organisation like The World Bank and charities also provide support. The most successful aid projects are small and community based, supported by charities and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) These deliver help directly where it is needed, so that no money is wasted.

Aid isn’t always used effectively in Nigeria because:

Corruption in the government and individuals means aid is lost or not given to the right people There have been claims aid money has been used to supply the Navy Donors of aid may have political influence over who does and does not benefit. They may use donations to

promote themselves.

How does Nigeria benefit?

Nets for Life project provides education on Malaria and give mosquito nets to households to prevent the spread of the disease

World Bank funded loans to businesses to help diversify the economy away from being dependent on oil so that new businesses and industries are developed

The UK government has funded health and HIV programme providing health and education in rural areas. This will help to protect people against infection in the future and help them to work and improve their own lives.

Q8. In the hand summarise the five key points from the paragraph above. In the palm explain why aid might not be used effectively.

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Types of aid

Emergency or short-term aid - needed after sudden disasters such as the 2000 Mozambique floods or the 2004 Asian tsunami.

Charitable aid - funded by donations from the public through organisations such as OXFAM.

Long-term or development aid - involves providing local communities with education and skills for sustainable development, usually through organisations such as Practical Action.

Multilateral aid - given through international organisations such as the World Bank rather than by one specific country.

How does economic growth affect the environment?

Industrial Growth Urban Growth Mineral and oil extractionNigeria has 5000 industrial plants and 10,000 illegal small scale industries. The fast and unchecked growth of industry has led to environmental issues such as: Pollution of nearby land and

rivers as toxic waste is dumped or leaked

Harmful pollutants go into open drains putting people and ecosystems at risk

Breathing and lung problems come from the huge number of fumes

Urban areas have developed rapidly bringing many challenges: Squatter settlements are

common in most cities Services e.g. health, education,

water have not kept pace with the growing cities

Waste disposal is a major issue as collection services are poor so it is dumped on the streets

Traffic congestion creates high levels of pollution

70 – 80% of forests gave been destroyed through logging, agriculture and urban development

Mining for raw materials and precious metals can lead to pollution, damaging ecosystems and affecting peoples’ jobs: Tin mining has led to soil

erosion and local water supplies were polluted with toxic chemicals

Oil spills have damaged freshwater and marine ecosystems leading to loss of species and unhealthy ecosystems

Oil spills can cause fires which release huge amounts of CO2 causing acid rain

Watch the following clip: UN slams Shell over Nigeria oil pollution: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YmI3xjZk_y0

Write up notes from the 2 minute clip

Q9. Explain how economic growth can have harmful impacts on the environment (6 marks)

Read – what a bad one looks like Improve and develop the answer further

Economic growth is bad for the environment because it pollutes it.

Industry growing is a cause of damage.

Urban growth has happened quickly and this is bad for the environment too.

Mining for oil, precious metals and minerals is bad because it poisons all the animals and they die.

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Read page 275

Quality of Life in Nigeria

Quality of life is measured by the United Nations’ HDI (Human Development Index). In 2000 Nigeria was ranked amongst the least developed nations for health and education. Nigeria’s HDI has been increasing since 2005, so that in 2011 Nigeria had one of the highest average HDI improvements in the world over the last decade.

Indicator 1990 2000 2005 2010 2013Life expectancy at birth 46 47 49 51 52Births attended by skilled staff (%) 31 - - 44 38Mortality rate (per 1000) 213 188 159 131 117Sanitation facilities % of population with access 37 33 31 29 28Safe water % 46 55 59 63 64Secondary school enrolment % 25 14 35 44 -Mobile phone subscriptions per 100 people 0 0 13 55 73Internet users per 100 people 0 0 4 24 38

Q10. Evaluate to what extent economic development has improved the quality of people’s lives in Nigeria (9 marks + 3 SPaG)

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Read pages 280-281

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Further Study:WatchHow oil spills have affected Nigeria: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10315550Oil spills in Nigeria: The true price of crude oil https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JuqLfH1SW98Quality of life in Nigeria is not consistent with a leading economy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wNJPoog9TYENigeria: obstacles to Aid https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jCDvnP6NW34Nigeria: Becoming less dependent on Aid https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eJWaTHEIGa0Documentary

Inside Story- Is Nigeria’s conflict religious or political? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cQDRK8sg228

Quizlethttps://quizlet.com/215921103/aqa-changing-economic-world-nigeria-nee-flash-cards/ https://quizlet.com/247503486/aqa-geography-changing-economic-world-key-terms-and-definitions-for-nigeria-nee-flash-cards/Quizizzhttps://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5a61c9a8eb23ff001c2bd2fbOther websiteshttp://www.coolgeography.co.uk/gcsen/EW_location_importance_Nigeria.phphttps://getrevising.co.uk/diagrams/case-study-nigeria

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Economic development in Nigeria has improved Quality of Life in many ways. HDI means….. Over the last decade Nigeria’s HDI has………………… this shows that………..

Another major change in quality of life is life expectancy. Life expectancy is………. Strategies that have improved life expectancy are……… Other indicators are……

Overall the evidence suggests that to a great / some / little extent quality of life has improved because….

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