hillapeuro.weebly.comhillapeuro.weebly.com/.../6/9/8/9/6989018/chapter_14_se… · Web view- Live...
Transcript of hillapeuro.weebly.comhillapeuro.weebly.com/.../6/9/8/9/6989018/chapter_14_se… · Web view- Live...
Chapter 14 The Reformation and Religious Wars
Mr. Hill Five Theses
What religion and denomination are you?
John Tetzel Reading: Indulgences
Section 1 The Early Reformation
Growing Dissatisfaction with the Church-Regular people devoted to church life
-pilgrimages -tithed-funded projects
Early Criticism and Poor Church Actions1. Poor performance during the Black Plague2. Babylonian Captivity
-papal residence in Avignon, France not Rome3. Great Schism- 3 Popes
4. Papal obsession with patronage of arts and projects5. Greedy/Tax hungry institution6. Questionable Church Practices
a. Veneration of the Saints-permits license of merchants to sell fake bones of Saints
b. Heavy focus on 7 sacraments
-Baptism- wash away original sin
-Confirmation- Anointed with oil
-Reconciliation/Penance- confession, forgiveness, penance
-Eucharist- consummating the body and blood of Christ
-Anointing of the Sick- Last Rites
-Marriage- cannot be dissolved
-Holy Orders- vows clergy take
Anti-Clericism- Opposition to the clergy GROWS1. Clerical Immorality
-Drunkards -Gambling-Not celibate -Extravagant dress -20% have concubines
2. Clerical Ignorance-literally illiterate priests-Mumbled Mass in Latin -Like song you know but don’t know
3. Clerical Pluralism, Absenteeism, Nepotism, and Simony-Pluralism- held many clerical offices-Absenteeism- rarely present and neglected religious responsibilities, collected pay-Neopotism- relatives get church appointments-Simony- purchase of church offices
4. Immunity to Civic Life-clergy did not pay taxes on extremely large estates-did not have to defend city
5. Rise in Piety-emphasis on the individual’s relationship with God
-middle man not needed.
Renaissance Humanism opens critics up:Italian Humanists
-secularism and individualism-encourages criticism of moral decline in church
Christian Humanists-Called for church reform-Criticized Catholic translation of Bible as others translate into their vernacular.
Humanism encourages personal relationship with God+Reformers translate Bible in local vernacular+Printing press prints multiple copies of Bible in local vernacular-Christianity differentiates and becomes much more individualized
Early Early Calls For Reform
-John Wycliffe-Lollards-Questioned extravagant wealth of church-Questioned indulgences
- Live like Jesus, humble and poor -Bible sole authority
-transubstanation:
“I must request you, brother, to show still farther, from reason or Scripture, that there is no identification of the bread with the body of Christ... For I am no means pleased with the spurious writings which the moderns use, to prove an accident without a subject, because the church so teaches. Such evidence should satisfy no one”
Jan Hus-Follower of Wycliffe
-Very Critical of Clergy Behavior-Bible over church- Burned at the stake with Wycliffe’s
Writings
Desiderius Erasmus: Praise of Folly -criticized corruption of church -clergy are hypocrites
Martin Luther
German professor and priest-centerpiece of Reformation-Educated in Law, but became MonkLARGE CONSCIOUS AND ANXIETY ABOUT
SIN- Prayed, fasted, penanced
Couldn’t ease mind about sin and salvation
LUTHER
New Doctrine: Faith and Salvation- Fervent study of St. Paul’s Letters in Bible- Salvation is a GIFT from God- Salvation can only be achieved by Faith Alone not Works- Faith is revealed by Scripture not church practices
New Church Policy on Salvation: Indulgences- Pope Leo X Fundraiser- Approved selling of indulgences to fund St. Peter’s Basilica construction
Salvation: Original Way- People confess sins to priest- Priest assigns penance: Fasting or Prayer
Indulgence Way- Pay money for parchment signed by church to shorten purgatory and forgive sin- Much easier, faster, and church makes money.
Indulgence Ring Leaders-Albert of Mainz
-Debt from buying Bishoprics -Granted permission to sell indulgences and collect a share-Hires John Tetzel to sell
-John Tetzel-charismatic salesman-“As soon as coin in coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs”
-John Tetzel Sale’s Pitch
Luther Responds to Indulgences-Extremely critical of indulgences
-Undermines Penance-Contradicts Gospel-Detracts from charity
-“Posts” his 95 Theses -concerns of the church that need to be discussed
-Address to the Christian Nobility- secular leaders should reform the church if it will not
-On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church- Luther attacked the teachings of the sacraments
-Liberty of a Christian Man- Grace is the gift of God and can’t be earned-One is saved by Faith alone- Bible is the source of Faith
Luther Debates John Eck-Eck: Catholic Theologian Superstar-Luther: -DIRECTLY OPPOSING POPE
-denies infallibility of Pope-Church was wrong to execute Jan Hus
Papal Response by Pope Leo X-Sends Letter
-banning Luther’s books- 2 months to recant his message
-Luther publicly burns letter-symbolizing his rejection of Papal authority
-Luther is Ex-Communicated from the church.
Problem-Luther’s ideas are spreading across Germany-Resonating with the people
“9 out of 10 shout Luther”“The other tenth shout death to the court of Rome”
Luther as the German Hercules
Diet of Worms-Pressured by the Pope, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V-Assembly of nobility, clergy, and Luther in Worms
-Is Luther going to be another Jan Huss???-Luther is commanded to recall his message
“Unless I am convinced by Scripture and plain reason. I do not accept the authority of Popes and councils, for they have contradicted each other. My conscience is captive to the word of God. I cannot and I will not recant anything for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. God help me, Amen!”
-Luther is immediately banned from the Holy Roman Empire-Finds favor with German Nobility-Hides in castle of Frederick the Elector of Saxony-Continues to work and inspire further Protestant thought
-Translates Bible, Hymns into German Vernacular (Not in Latin)
Another Key Reformer: Ulrich Zwingli- Reformer in Switzerland
- Attacked indulgences- Criticized Mass
- should go in order of Bible-Similar ideas to Luther
DIFFERENT FROM LUTHER - Colloquy of Marburg -Communion is symbolic
-Complete disagreement with Luther - 1st major dispute among Protestants
-Called for social reform, unlike Luther who condemns German Peasants War
-Dies in battle leading Protestant troops against Swiss Catholics.
-Luther and Zwingli represent a new group emerging the Protestants
Protestants-called for a break with Rome concerning 4 things.
1. SalvationCatholic view: Faith and Good Works -Traditions and SacramentsProtestant View: Sola Fide and Sola Gratia (only from Divine Grace) -Faith Alone -Scripture alone achieves Faith
2. Religious AuthorityCatholic View: Bible, Pope, Clergy, and TeachingsProtestant View Sola Scriptura: Bible Alone -Not written in the Bible, it has no ground - 2 Sacraments: Baptism and Eucharist (mentioned specifically in Bible)
Consubstanation instead of Transubstantion3. Church
Catholics: Specific Institutions -Hierarchy of clergyProtestants: Church is spiritual priesthood of all believers -Not fixed at any place Solus Christus: Christ is mediator between God and man
4. Christian LifeCatholics: Religious life supersedes secular lifeProtestants: Secular and Religious life is mixed Example: Honor God by doing well in your job no matter what it is. Soli Deo Gloria: Glory to only God, not saints, pope, etc.
Why did early reformers fail but Luther’s message succeed?
1. Ideas attracted the Educated/Humanist-Stressed individual faith and reading the Bible for self-Less dependent on Clergy and Elaborate Ceremonies
2. Printing Press-Spread Luther’s ideas quickly and thoroughly throughout Germany
3. Wrote in German-Teachings, Hymns, and Bible were translated in German
4. Appealed to and worked with local authorities-Luther encouraged obedience to Noble leaders-Encouraged authorities to confiscate Papal Lands and Monasteries
5. Socially conservative and non-threatening to Nobles-Condemned German Peasants Revolt of 1525 -peasants revolted in Germany against worsening economic conditions. - 12 Articles: End Serfdom End Suppressive Feudal Practices -Violent revolt -Luther: No mercy to be show to rebels
Radical Views of the Protestant Reformation
Anabaptists-Denied the concept of infant baptism-Adult Baptism: who are fully aware of decision-Separate Church and State-Do Away with Tithing and Military Service-STRONGLY OPPOSED BY LUTHERANS AND CATHOLICS
-rebaptism became capital offense
Anabaptist Utopia: Munster-Polygamy
-Founder John of Leyden- 16 wives-All books except Bible were burned-Some Anabaptists murder Catholics and Lutherans-Tragedy at Munster
-Protestant and Catholic Army crushed city-Executed the leaders
Antitrinitarians/ Unitarians-denied the validity of the Trinity-Literally hunted down by Lutherans and Catholics for beliefs
Others: Baptists, Quakers, Congregationalists-pacifists -rejected state run churches
*Most of these groups were banished, beat, burnt, and/or drowned for their beliefs*
Protestants and Marriage-Strongly Advocated For it
-avoids sin of lust-partnership remedies flaws of humans-clergy permitted to marry
-pastors wife: model protestant -Luther’s wife: Katharina von Bora
-permitted divorce and re-marriage-Hate prostitution
-Catholics called Luther’s wife a whore for marrying Luther -previously a nun-Protestants referred to Pope as “whore of Babylon” Jezebel