Environmental Chemistry 1.1Name: ____________________________ Class: __________

1) Draw a labelled diagram summarizing how nitrogen is cycled (recycled) in the world. Please add the word nitrogen fixation to you diagram in the spot where it belongs. (p.185)

2) What is pollution?(p.185)

3) Identify 3 sources of pollution in the environment around you in Calgary.

4) Identify 3 sources of pollution that would affect you if you lived near the ocean.

5) A fertilizer is a _______________________ that ________________________ soil so that ___________ will grow better. If soil is low in ________________________ plants will NOT grow. So farmers add fertilizer enriched with _______________________. (p.186)

6) Fertilizers are described by the major nutrient elements that they contain. On labels you see the major nutrient elements written as ______-_______-_______ which means ______%_____________, ______%_____________, and ______%_____________ are present. A fourth number and “S” means that _____________ is also a major ingredient. (p.186)

7) What is a pest? (p.186)

8) What do pesticides, herbicides, and fungicides kill? Please give one example for each key word (p.186)

9) Explain how the bertha armyworm shows HOW persticides can create other problems. (p.186-7)

10) List 10 things that count as solid waste. (p.187)

11) Why are sanitary landfills built? (p.187)

12) How do sanitary landfills prevent (stop) pollutants from entering groundwater? (p.187)

13) Do you think incinerators should be used? Why or why not? (p.188)

14) Complete the matching below: (p.188)

15) What is the general equation for the combustion reaction of fossil fuels? (p.188)

+ + +

16) What are the compounds in natural gas? There should be a list of 9 things. (p.188)

17) What compound is used mostly for heating? (p.188)

18) What compound is used mostly for making plastic? (p.188)

19) Identify one (1) issue related to human activities that change chemicals in the environment. Explain why it is considered to be an issue.

20) Why do farmers use fertilizers?

Environmental Chemistry 1.21) Define acid. (p.191)

2) Define base. (p.191)

3) Define neutral (p.191)

4) Define pH (p.191)

5) Please draw the pH scale on page 191. Include the labels acid, neutral, base, strong acid, strong base, battery acid, drain cleaner, normal rain, milk, toothpaste, and ammonia.

6) State whether each sentence below refers to an acid, base or neutral solution. (p.193)a. Solution A turns blue litmus paper red. __________________________b. Solution B has a pH of 10. _________________________c. Solution C has a pH of 7. _________________________d. Solution C neutralizes an acid. ___________________________

7) What is the difference between an acid-base indicator, and a universal indicator? Which is more accurate? (p.193)

8) Why do people with an upset stomach sometimes take an antacid (like TUMS)? (p.193)

9) What is a treatment for acidic lakes? Why does this work? (p.193)

10) Do you think that humans should counteract the effects of acid rain (or acid snow)? Why or why not?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

LAB-TIME!!!Please take the time to read the labs on page 192 and 194 in your textbook. In class, you will be working in groups to complete both labs. Be sure to complete a hypothesis for each lab in the space provided below. Also, while working in the lab, be sure to record your observations and write appropriate conclusions. After completing both labs, you will INDIVIDUALLY be handing in all work for marks .

Measuring Acids and Bases Lab (p.192) Name: ____________________ Class: _____

1) For each substance in the chart below hypothesize whether it is a strong acid (SA), acid (A), neutral (N), base (B) or strong base (SB).

Substance Hypothesis

2) Record your results for each substance after testing it using pH paper, red litmus paper, and blue litmus paper to test each substance.

Substance Red Litmus Blue Litmus pH

3) Based on your results, classify each substance as a strong acid (SA), acid (A), neutral (N), base (B) or strong base (SB). Support your conclusions.

Substance Conclusion

4) What qualities to acidic materials share? What qualities to basic materials share?

Neutralizing Acid Lab (p.194) Name: ____________________ Class: _____

1) Predict (hypothesise) if a substance is acidic, basic or neutral, and what you think will happen in each of the following steps:

a. Baking powder is added to water in a beaker.

b. Vinegar is poured into a beaker

c. The vinegar is poured into the water/baking powder beaker and stirred.

2) Record your observations at each step.

REMEMBER TO WAFTAND NOT SMELL

THINGS IN THE LAB!

a. The pH of the baking powder mixed with water is _________________. The solution looks, smells, etc...

b. The pH of the vinegar is _________________. The solution looks, smells, etc...

c. The pH of the vinegar when mixed with baking powder is _______________. The solution looks, smells, etc...

3) What evidence was there that a chemical reaction took place?

4) Was your hypothesis correct? Why or why not.

5) Describe the effect that adding a base to an acid has on the pH of the solution.

Environmental Chemistry 1.31) Complete the chart of key word definitions below. Use the page numbers indicated to help you find the

correct definitions.

Word Definition Example(s)Organic compounds (196)

Any compound that contains carbon (C)

Inorganic compounds (196)

Any compound that does NOT contain carbon (C)

Nutrients (197) Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, magnesium, calcium and sulphur.

Macronutrients (197)

Nutrients that we need a lot of.

Micronutrients (197)

Nutrients that we need in small amounts.

Optimum amounts (198)

70 µg (micro-gram) of selenium

Proteins (202) Found in meat, fish, eggs and dairy. They are used to make enzymes.

Enzymes (202)

2) Our bodies need _________ elements for normal growth. The three most common elements in living things are: (1)__________________ (2) ____________________ and (3)_______________________. Compounds that contain carbon are called __________________________ compounds without carbon are called ____________________________. There are more ____________________compounds in the world. (196)

3) The 9 (nine) elements essential for plant life are: (1) ______________ (2)____________ (3) __________________ (4) _____________________ (5) ________________ (6) ___________(7) __________________ (8) _____________________ (9) _________________.Elements needed in LARGE amounts are called: ___________________________. Elements needed in small amounts are called: _______________________________. (p.197)

4) WHICH NUTRIENT….. (p.197)a. Which three nutrients help humans with bones and teeth? (1)______________________

(2)____________________ and (3)____________________________________

b. Which two nutrients are involved with chlorophyll? (1)__________________ (2)_____________

c. Which two nutrients help with muscle contraction and nerve impulses? (1)______________ (2)__________________

d. Which nutrient helps with fruit and grain production? (1)_______________________________

e. Which nutrient helps humans with detoxification? (1)______________________________

f. Which nutrient helps absorb calcium and potassium? (1)___________________________

5) What 6 elements make up 99% of the human body? What types of nutrients are they considered to be? (p.197)

6) A farmer’s crop is not growing well. The lower leaves are showing yellow striping and the plants are shorter. The farmer has been using a fertilizer high in phosphorus and potassium. A soil test shows LOW magnesium and HIGH potassium. High potassium can interfere with magnesium absorption. What are the two things that the farmer can do??? (p.198)

7) How did high levels of selenium affect bird eggs and fish in the 1980s in California? (p.198)

8) How do LOW levels of selenium affect humans? (p.198)

9) Please complete the diagram below using p. 199-203

Nutrient 3 Examples Diagram of NutrientCarbohydrate Fig 1.18a

Lipids Fig 1.19

Amino Acids/Proteins

Fig. 1.22

Nucleic Acid Fig 1.24

*** DID YOU KNOW? ***Your DNA is made up of specific pairings of nucleic acids. You have ADENINE, CYTOSINE, GUANINE, and THYMINE. Adenine ALWAYS bonds with Thymine and Cytosine ALWAYS bonds with Thymine. If pairing mistakes happen your body can fix them OR it can lead to problems. But this pairing happens in ALL LIVING THINGS!!! WOW!!!

Environmental Chemistry 1.41) Draw diffusion in 2 parts. (Page 204)

Part 1: label high and low concentration Part 2: Label even distribution

2) What is osmosis? (Page 205)

3) Draw osmosis (Figure 1.27a)

4) What is active transport (P.205)

5) Draw active transport (Figure 1.27b)

6) What is ingestion? (P.206)

7) Why do we chew our food? (p.206)

8) What is an example of mechanical food breakdown? (p.206)

9) What is an example of chemical food breakdown? (p.206)

10) What is hydrolysis? (p.206)

11) What carries nutrients to cells throughout the body? (p.206)

12) What is a substrate? (p.206)

13) What is the substrate for lichen (p.208)?