Chapter 31. Michael P. Parrella, Lise Stengård Hansen, Joop van Lenteren. 1999. Glasshouse environments. Pages 819-839. In: Thomas S. Bellows, T. W. Fisher, L. E. Caltagirone, D. L. Dahlsten, G. Gorth, C. B. Huffaker. 1999. Handbook of Biological Control: Principles and Applications of Biological Control. San Francisco CA: Academic Press, 1046 pages.

Keywords: vegetable crops, world use of biological control in glasshouses for various pest-beneficial systems, factors conducive to the use of biological control in vegetables, statutory harvest interval and seasonal labor schedule, higher risk of phytotoxicity during winter months, most pests are indirect feeders, chemical control difficult, low initial pest densities at crop inception, considerable experience is available, control of the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae with Pytoseiulus persimilis, introduction methods, patch introduction, pest-in-first, simultaneous introduction, blind release, control of greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum using Encarsia formosa, biological characteristics, searching capacity, parasitism efficiency, host feeding, values for intrinsic rate of increase of T. vaporariorum and E. formosana at different temperatures, introduction methods, pest-in-first, blind introduction or periodic release, banker plants, control of leafminers using parasitoids, Liriomyza

bryoniae, Dacnusa sibirica, Diglyphus isaea, Opius pallipes, control of aphids with parasitoids and predators, Myzus persicae, Aphis gossypii, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Aulacorthum solani, Ephedrus cerasicola, Aphidius colemani, Aphidoletes aphidimyza, effect of chemical and biological control of Myzus persicae, on sweet peppers, control of onion thrips, Thrips tabaci and western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis using predators, Amblyseius barkeri, A. cucumeris, ornamental crops, results of glasshouse experiments using Amblyseius barkeri for biological control of Thrips tabaci on cucumber, Chrysanthemums, aphids Myzus persicae, Brachcaudus helichrysi, A. gossypii, Macrosiphoniella sanborni, predators, Aphidoletes aphidimyza, Metasyrphis corolla, parasitoids, Lysiphebus spp., fungi, Verticillium Vertalec, lepidoptera Spodoptera exigua, Lacanobia oleracea, Bacillus thuringiensis, plant bugs Lygus spp., mites, Tetranychus urticae, mealybugs, Planococcus citri, Crytolaemus montrouzieri, leafminers, Liriomyza trifolii, Chromatomyia syngenesiae, Dacnusa spp., Diglyphus isaea, IPM for chrysanthemums, cultural-physical pest management strategies for chrysanthemum, IPM for roses, mites, Phytoseiulus persimilis, Tetranychus urticae