EDWARD R. MURROW HIGH SCHOOL SOCIAL STUDIES DEPARTMENTMR. Barge, PRINCIPAL

AMERICAN EXPERIENCE HOMEWORK SHEET – Semester 2Directions:

· You are to use the documents on this sheet to complete the following homework assignments (You may use your textbook, The Americans, for any additional information. To find your topic, use the index in the back of the book)

· You are responsible for making sure that that your homework is handed in on time. If you are absent, it is your responsibility to make sure that you make up your homework assignment and hand it in.

· One sentence answers are not acceptable, nor are incomplete assignments, lists, charts (unless it specifically asks you for it). All answers need to be complete and thorough. All of your answers MUST be in your own words. Answers that are copied from the textbook will not be accepted and you will not have the opportunity to make it up.

· NO LATE HOMEWORKS WILL BE ACCEPTED! NO EXCEPTIONS !!!· Here is a listing of generals historical websites with very good links to more specific historical websites that will

help you to complete the assignments for the course: www.besthistorysites.netwww.historycentral.comwww.historymatters.gmu.edu/browse/wwwhistory/www.history.comwww.gilderlehrman.org www.oyez.org

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. World War I – American Neutrality Read the document from President Woodrow Wilson below and answer the questions that follow:In the late 1800s, and early 1900s, Europe became very competitive. Countries were competing over countries to take over (imperialism), competing over who had the biggest armed forces (militarism), and a strong sense of nationalism (pride and loyalty to the interests and culture of one’s own country) was spreading quickly to add to the tension. In addition, many countries in Europe had made treaties (agreements) promising to defend each other if there was ever a war. In other words, they formed alliances. All of this tension building up exploded after the assassination of the Archduke Ferdinand in 1914. After that, one country after another was pulled into war.The tendency of many Americans to favor the Allied Powers was increased in the first week of the war when the German army, on its way to France, invaded and overran Belgium. A German leader referred to his country's 80-year-old treaty guaranteeing Belgian neutrality as a mere "scrap of paper." Reports of German atrocities in Belgium, many of them exaggerated, filled the newspapers. Keenly aware of the feelings dividing Americans, President Wilson appealed to Americans to remain neutral:

"My fellow Americans: The effect of the war upon the United States will depend upon what American citizens say and do. Everyone who really loves America will act and speak in the true spirit of neutrality which is the spirit of impartiality and fairness and friendliness to all concerned. The people of the United States are drawn from many nations, and chiefly from nations now at war. It is natural that some will wish one nation, others another, to win this great struggle. Such divisions among us might seriously stand in the way of carrying out our duty as the one great nation at peace, the one people holding self ready to play the role of impartial umpire, urging peace and compromises as a friend. I therefore speak a solid word of warning to you against passionately taking sides. The United States must be neutral in fact as well as in name during these days that are to try men's souls. We must be impartial in thought as well as in action.”

a. Describe Wilson’s ideas about neutrality

b. Is this a wise policy?

1. World War I – America Enters the WarAnalyze the newspaper headline and the primary source document below as well as the caption. Answer the questions that follows:

The war in Europe affected American shipping and trade. Great Britain set up a blockade along the German coast to keep goods from getting through. America said nothing about the British blockade. As a result, German U-boats (submarines) sank ships from all nations. In 1915, a German U-boat sank the British ship Lusitania, killing more than a thousand people, including 128 Americans.

The Zimmerman Telegram: Berlin, January 19, 1917; released to U.S. press on March 1, 1917

On February 26, the British Naval Intelligence Service intercepted this note from the German government (Foreign Secretary Zimmerman) to the German ambassador in Mexico and forwarded it to the United States Department of State. When it appeared in the newspaper, public reaction in the United States was strong. “On the first of February we intend to begin submarine warfare unrestricted.  In spite of this, it is our intention to endeavor to keep neutral the United States of America. If this attempt is not successful, we propose an alliance on the following basis with Mexico: That we shall make war together and together make peace.  We shall give general financial support, and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona.  The details are left to you for settlement...

You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the greatest confidence as soon as it is certain that there will be an outbreak of war with the United States and suggest that the President of Mexico, on his own initiative, should communicate with Japan suggesting adherence at once to this plan; at the same time, offer to mediate between Germany and Japan. Please call to the attention of the President of Mexico that the employment of ruthless submarine warfare now promises to compel England to make peace in a few months.”

a. In what ways did the war affect American citizens?

b. Should the United States have entered World War I as a result of the sinking of the Lusitania and the Zimmerman Telegram?

3. America and the Homefront a. Analyze the propaganda posters below and then create, on a separate sheet of paper, a chart explaining what each poster is asking Americans to do and whether such a poster is effective.

Poster What is the poster asking American to do?

Is this poster effective?

4. Civil

Liberties and World War I: (Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow)ESPIONAGE ACT OF 1917: The Espionage Act of 1917 was a United States federal law passed shortly after entering Word War I, on June 15, 1916, which made it a crime for a person to convey information with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the armed forces of the United States or to promote the success of its enemies. It was punishable by a maximum $10,000 fine and 20 years in prison. The legislation was passed at the urging of President Woodrow Wilson, who feared any widespread opposition in a time of war could cause a real threat to an American victory. Opposition to the draft, war bond drives, and/or to the arms industry became a crime at this time. The Sedition Act was added to the Espionage Act as an amendment eleven months later. Many publications, including the Saturday Evening Post and the New York Times were temporarily banned during this time. Another jailed dissenter (someone who speaks out against the government), Charles Schenck, had mailed pamphlets encouraging draftees (someone who was drafted into the army – legally people must serve in the army if they are drafted) to refuse to serve in the army. Schenck was arrested but appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States arguing that his First Amendment rights to freedom of speech had been denied. In Schenck v. United States (1919), the Court ruled against Schenck stating that someone’s words can present a “clear and present danger” to the public and that the First Amendment “would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a crowded theater.”

a. Describe the Espionage Act of 1917b. Why was Charles Schenck arrested?c. Explain the Court’s decision. Do you agree or disagree with the Supreme Court’s decision? Why or why not.

5 Post War Peace – Wilson’s 14 Points vs. The Treaty of Versailles (Read the quotations from the“Big Four” below and answer the questions that follow)

Three of the “Big Four” (Winners of WWI): David Lloyd George of Britain, Vittorio Orlando Italy, Georges Clemenceau of France, Wilson’s Fourteen Points:

1. An end to all secret diplomacy

2. Freedom of the seas in peace and war

3. The reduction of trade barriers among nations

4. The general reduction of armaments

5. The adjustment of colonial claims in the interest of the inhabitants as well as of the colonial powers

6. The evacuation of Russian territory and a welcome for its government to the society of nations

7. The restoration of Belgium

8. The evacuation of all French territory, including Alsace-Lorraine

9. The readjustment of Italian boundaries along clearly recognizable lines of nationality

10. Independence for various national groups in Austria-Hungary 

11. The restoration of the Balkan nations and free access to the sea for Serbia 

12. Protection for minorities in Turkey and the free passage of the ships of all nations through the Dardanelles 

13. Independence for Poland, including access to the sea 

14. A league of nations to protect "mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small nations alike." 

a. How are the views of Britain, France, and Italy different from those of America regarding post - war peace?

b. Which side do you agree with more? Explain! c. If you were living in the United States would you have accepted the 14 points? Why or Why not?

6. The Roaring TwentiesThe economy, technology and science

At the beginning of the 1920s, the United States was converting from a war time to peacetime economy. When weapons for World War I were no longer needed, there was a temporary stall in the economy. After a few years, the country prospered. In this decade, America became the richest nation on Earth and a culture of consumerism was born.

“We must seek peace without victory!” We should not look to punish those who have lost the war. We should look to create a League of Nations to work together to create a long lasting peace!”

We must PUNISH Germany for what they have done to us and the world! We must make sure they will never start another war again!

It was the time of the $5 workday, good worker pay for those days. People spent money for better roads, tourism, and holiday resorts. Real estate booms, most notably in Florida, sent land prices soaring.

Inventions Technology played a vital part in delivering the economic and cultural good times that most of America enjoyed during the 1920s. Henry Ford blazed the way with his Model T; he sold more 15 million of them by 1927. Ford's assembly line means of production was the key. The automobile's popularity, and construction of roads and highways — pouring fresh public funds into the economy — brought tremendous economic prosperity.

The radio found its way into virtually every home in America. Following the first public station, KDKA, in Pittsburgh, thousands more went on the air across the country. Radio became a national pastime; many listeners would gather in their living rooms to tune in sports, concerts, sermons, and "Red Menace" news. The year 1922 introduced the first movie made with sound, The Jazz Singer, starring Al Jolson. And in 1926, the advent of Technicolor made movies more entertaining and memorable. Consequently, the movie industry became a major part of American industry in general.

Charles A. Lindbergh's pioneering flight across the Atlantic Ocean in the Spirit of St. Louis in 1927 did much to stimulate the young aviation industry.

Canned foods, ready-made clothing and household appliances liberated women from much household drudgery. The influence of Ford's methods of mass production and efficiency enabled other industries to produce a huge variety of consumer appliances. However, not everyone benefited from technology.

The number of people living and working on farms reached its peak at 32,530,000 back in 1916. The majority of the farms were relatively small operations. New technology in the 1920s introduced a number of impacts on the American farm:

□□The use of machinery increased productivity, while decreasing the demand for manual laborers. □□While productivity increased, the nation's demand for food remained relatively steady. As a result, food prices and profits dropped. □□Machinery was costly. The small farmer was no longer able to cope because he lacked the capital to buy the equipment. At the same time, the decade's industrial boom lured numerous workers off the farm to the cities.

Science and the public health Science, medicine and health advanced remarkably during the same period. Albert Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1921. An interest developed in nutrition, caloric consumption and physical vitality. With the Flapper's focus on dieting and her popular look came a significant change in the dietary habits of Americans as a whole — less fat and meat, and more fruits and vegetables. The discovery of vitamins and their effects also occurred around the same time.

a. Based on the reading…Why were the 1920’s considered an age of prosperity? (One paragraph)

b. Based on the reading…Should the citizens of the United States have expected to experience a period of prolonged (extended) prosperity? (One paragraph)

Information adapted from www.u-s-history.com

7. Intolerance in the 1920

Ku Klux Klan Marches in Washington -1925

In the 1920s, the KKK made a comeback. The revived Klan’s targets were African Americans, Roman Catholics, Jews, and immigrants.

ProhibitionProhibition in the United States was a measure designed to reduce drinking by eliminating the businesses that manufactured and sold alcoholic beverages. The Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution took away license to the sellers of alcoholic beverages. The leaders of the prohibition movement were alarmed at the drinking behavior of Americans, and they were concerned that there was a culture of drink among some sectors of the population that, with continuing immigration from Europe, was spreading.

Red Scare

Many feared that the increase of worker’s strikes around the country meant that communism was coming to the United States (“Red” is term used to describe communism). Hundreds of people, many of whom were immigrants, were arrested for supporting communist beliefs. .

Scopes Trial -1925

In 1925, John scopes, a biology teacher, went against a Tennessee law that that banned the teaching evolution (the scientific theory that human evolved from ape-like creature.) and was arrested.

Sacco and Vanzetti

In 1921, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were arrested and convicted for armed robbery and murder. The evidence against the two Italian immigrants was weak. Many argued that the judge was anti- (against) foreigner/immigrant.

a. Based on the five examples above…Explain why many people consider the 1920’s to be a period of intolerance? (Provide an explanation for each illustration-minimum one paragraph for each)

8. Women of the 1920s

a. Describe how these two pictures are different?b. How does the way the women are dressed show the different time periods?

9.Harlem Renaissance – Read the poem “I, Too” by Langston Hughes and answer the questions to the right of the poem.I, too, sing America.I am the darker brother.They send me to eat in the kitchenWhen company comes,But I laugh,And eat well,And grow strong.Tomorrow,I'll be at the tableWhen company comes.Nobody'll dareSay to me,"Eat in the kitchen,"Then.Besides,They'll see how beautiful I amAnd be ashamed--I, too, am America. Langston Hughes

10. Causes of the Great Depression (Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow)

I. Late 1920’s was a time of economic “boom”A. President Calvin Coolidge was strongly committed to business interests- “The business of American is business.”

a. Describe the meaning of this poem? b. Why did Langston Hughes poem entitled “I, Too?”

B. Big Business and the wealthy benefited greatlyC. Unemployment was high and wages were low for Native Americans and African Americans

I. Great Depression was caused by weakness, broke the sense of prosperityA. Uneven distribution of income

i. the economy was dependent on the spending of a very small portion of the populationii.workers couldn’t buy what they produced, demand dropped

B. Weak Business Structure i. More businesses were consolidated into larger ones ii. A few large companies controlled each industryC. Many banks failed in the 1920’sD. Stock market speculation i. Many people believed they could rich by ‘playing the market’ ii. On margin buyers could buy stock by making only small downpayments in cash, sometimes as low as 5% of the value of the stockE. Excessive use of creditF. Overproduction of consumer goodsG. Weak Farm Economy i. farmers suffered from overproduction, high debt and low pricesH. Government policies i. governent had complete faith in business ii. Did little to control or regulate businessIII. STOCK MARKET CRASH OF 1929: a series of plunges in the U.S. stock market in 1929 A. Black Tuesday and Black Thursday i. although stock prices had fluctuated greatly for several weeks on October 24, 1929 there was a huge volume of selling. ii. stock prices plunged iii. a selling frenzy took place as investors panicked iv. prices on Wall Street just kept going down v. TRIGGERED THE START OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION

a. Write a diary entry decribing the causes of the Great Depression. You must include all the causes including the stock market crash of 1929. Make sure diary entry throughly explains each cause and give supportive examples. (MUST BE TWO PAGES IN LENGTH)

11. Great Depression:

Year # of people unemployed

% of labor force unemployed

1929 1,550,000 3.2%

1930 4,340,000 8.7%

1931 8,020,000 15.9%

1932 12,060,000 23.6%

a. Based upon the picture, chart, and the song lyrics above describe the situation in America during the Great Depression of the 1930’s (Two Paragraphs)

b. How should the nation solve its economic problems? What role should the government play in its recovery? (Two Paragraphs)

12. FDR vs. Hoover – (Read the chart below and answer the questions on the following page).

1932 Presidential Election

Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democrat) Herbert Hoover (Republican)

- FDR ran on the idea that the government should create reforms (changes) for the unemployed and provides work for people to help get the United States out of the Great Depression. People would go to work, make money and then go out and spend it which would help businesses. - FDR was for more control of the American economy

- Hoover supported programs that helped businesses on the idea that if businesses improve, the economic benefits would “trickle down” to the workers and people. If businesses get money from the government, they would expand their businesses, hire more workers, and more workers would make money and start spending. - Hoover supported a laissez-faire approach (the government should not get involved in the economy)

Some points to know: · The country is the middle of a severe economic crisis in 1932 – the Great Depression· The American people were not happy with Herbert Hoover since the country was

experiencing the hardships of the Great Depression for several years while Hoover was President.

"Brother, Can You Spare a Dime,"They used to tell me I was building a dream, and so I followed the mob, When there was earth to plow, or guns to bear, I was always there right on the job. They used to tell me I was building a dream, with peace and glory ahead, Why should I be standing in line, just waiting for bread?

Once I built a railroad, I made it run, made it race against time. Once I built a railroad; now it's done. Brother, can you spare a dime? Once I built a tower, up to the sun, brick, and rivet, and lime; Once I built a tower, now it's done. Brother, can you spare a dime?

Once in khaki suits, gee we looked swell, Full of that Yankee Doodly Dum, Half a million boots went slogging through Hell, And I was the kid with the drum!

Say, don't you remember, they called me Al; it was Al all the time.

Why don't you remember, I'm your pal? Buddy, can you spare a dime?

Once in khaki suits, gee we looked swell, Full of that Yankee Doodly Dum, Half a million boots went slogging through Hell, And I was the kid with the drum!Say, don't you remember, they called me Al; it was Al all the time.

Say, don't you remember, I'm your pal? Buddy, can you spare a dime?

a. Who would you have voted for in 1932? Explain why. b. Why were so many Americans angry with Herbert Hoover?

13. FDR and the New Deal Response to the Great Depression (Analyze the picture below and answer the questions next to the picture)

The New Deal’s 3 R’s

Relief

Immediate action to halt the economy’s deterioration

Recovery

Pump-PrimingTemporary programs to restart the flow of consumer demand

Reform

Permanent programs to avoid bad situations and insurance for citizens against economic disasters

a. How is FDR depicted (described) in the cartoon? (One Paragraph) How could FDR’s New Deal program help end the Great Depression? (Two Paragraphs providing specific examples-Look up New Deal Policies and Identify at least one Relief, Recovery, and Reform program)

14.An Evaluation of FDR: (Read the chart below and answer the question that follows)

Arguments FOR and AGIANST FDR’s Presidency

For + Temporarily reduced unemployment and gave immediate relief to those without food or shelter. + Completed valuable works projects like roads, buildings, bridges, and dams.+ Established a “safety net” to protect Americans from financial ruin. + Introduced new agencies, like FDIC, to protect people who wanted to put money in a bank from bank failures.+ Established the principle that the federal government should oversee the smooth running of the United States economy.

Against- Increased the national debt through the government spending programs. - increased taxes to pay for the new programs. - interfered in the operation of the free market by increasing federal government regulation (control) of business.- increased the size of the federal government due to its involvement. - undermined the role of the individuals by reducing the incentive to work. - created the “welfare state” which supports the idea that the government will get involved in the lives of the people whenever they need. - attempted to increase the number of Supreme Court justices (he would appoint all new members) to ensure that his New Deal programs were not found unconstitutional

a. Give three reasons supporting FDR’s Presidencyb. Give three reasons against FDR’s Presidencyc. Imagine you were living during the 1930’s would you support FDR’s ideas?

15. Conflict with Japan (Read the outline below and answer the questions that follow)

Conflict in the PacificJapan invaded Manchuria, China in September 1931League of Nations condemned Japan but didn’t take any actionStimson Doctrine – US Secretary of State Stimson said the US would not recognize any government set up by force.PanayDecember 1937, Japanese aircraft bombed a US gunboat stationed on the Yangtze River in China3 Americans are killedPublic was angryJapan apologizedUS wanted to maintain an Open Door trade to trade in the PacificUS wanted to protect ChinaJapan invaded China in 1937

Japan joined the Axis Alliance in 1940FDR prohibited the sale of steel and scrap iron to all countries except

BritainJapanese troops occupied French IndochinaUS froze Japanese credits in the US and cut off Japanese access to materials such as oil

a. How did the relationship between the U.S. and Japan lead to the attack on Pearl Harbor? (Two Paragraphs) b. Do you agree with the actions of FDR? Why or why not? (Two Paragraphs)

16. American NeutralityNeutrality Act of 1939: This Act is slightly changed the terms of the Act of 1937, and effectively ended the arms embargo. Under this Act, it is still illegal for U.S. ships to carry goods to nations involved in conflict, but it has allowed foreign countries (even those at war) to buy U.S. goods and transport them in their own country’s ships from the United States. This was known as “Cash and Carry.” Franklin D. Roosevelt first told the American public about Lend-Lease in a radio broadcast on 17th December, 1940.

In the present world situation of course there is absolutely no doubt in the mind of a very overwhelming number of Americans that the best immediate defence of the United States is the success of Great Britain in defending itself; and that, therefore, quite aside from our historic and current interest in the survival of democracy in the world as a whole, it is equally important, from a selfish point of view of American defence, that we should do everything to help the British Empire to defend itself.

Now, what I am trying to do is to eliminate the dollar sign. That is something brand new in the thoughts of practically everybody in this room, I think - get rid of the silly, foolish old dollar sign. Well, let me give you an illustration: Suppose my neighbor's home catches fire, and I have a length of garden hose 400 or 500 feet away. If he can take my garden hose and connect it up with his hydrant, I may help him to put out his fire. Now, what do I do? I don't say to him before that operation, "Neighbor, my garden hose cost me $15; you have to pay me $15 for it." What is the transaction that goes on? I don't want $15 - I want my garden hose back after the fire is over. All right. If it goes through the fire all right, intact, without any damage to it, he gives it back to me and thanks me very much for the use of it. But suppose it gets smashed up - holes in it - during the fire; we don't have to have too much formality about it, but I say to him, "I was glad to lend you that hose; I see I can't use it any more, it's all smashed up." He says, "How many feet of it were there?" I tell him, "There were 150 feet of it." He says, "All right, I will replace it." Now, if I get a nice garden hose back, I am in pretty good shape.

a. Define Cash and Carry and Lend-Lease

b. Are these policies keeping the United States neutral?

17. Pearl Harbor – America Enters World War II (Read the quote below and answer the questions that follow) “Yesterday, December 7, 1941, -a date which will live in infamy – the United States of America was attacked by the Empire of Japan…. I ask Congress to declare war because since the attack by Japan, a state of war has existed between the United States and the Japanese Empire…” -President Franklin Roosevelt (1941)

Executive Order 9066: The President Authorizes Japanese Relocation: In an atmosphere of World War II hysteria, President Roosevelt, encouraged by officials at all levels of the federal government, authorized the internment of tens of thousands of American citizens of Japanese

ancestry and resident aliens from Japan. Roosevelt’s Executive Order 9066, dated February 19, 1942, gave

the military broad powers to ban any citizen from a fifty- to sixty-mile-wide coastal area stretching from Washington state to California and extending inland into southern Arizona. The order also authorized transporting these citizens to assembly centers hastily set up and governed by the military in California, Arizona, Washington state, and Oregon.

a. How does the request by FDR reflect the system of checks and balances? (One paragraph)b. If you were President Roosevelt, would you have made the same request from Congress? (One Paragraph)c. If you were FDR…How would you deal with potential threats from Americans of Japanese descent living in

America? (Two Paragraphs…..Look up Japanese Interment Camps)

18. World War II on the Homefront

Propaganda What audience is this poster targeting?

What is this poster encouraging the target audience to do?

A

B

C

19. Cold WarDifferent Political Systems

American Soviet Union

Political Systems Democracy: People are allowed to vote for their leaders and different political parties.

Dictatorship: People could only vote for the Communist Party

Individual Rights Freedom: People have rights like freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom of peace

Control: People had very few rights. Government censored the radio, tv and newspaper. Secret police arrested anyone who criticized

Economic System Capitalism: People own buinesses and keep the money they make.

Communism: Business are owned and controlled by the government.

Personality President Truman (1950)“The Soviets cannot be trusted.”

Joseph Stalin (1950)“The US is an imperialist nation that wants to take over the world. We cannot trust them!”

Take the role of President Truman at the end of the war.Create a speech identifying the reasons the United States must contain communismand how communism threatens the concepts of democracy and capitalism.

20. President John F. Kennedy (Read the selection below and answer the questions)

In a highly contested race for the Presidency in 1960 JFK would run against former Vice President Richard Nixon. JFK would be elected in 1960 by a very slim margin and in doing so became the youngest President in the history of the United States to be elected. In his inaugural address he addressed in beliefs on foreign policy by stating:

“Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival and the success of liberty.”

In his address he also called on the American people to:

“Ask not what your country can do for you, but ask what you can do for your country…”

During Kennedy’s Presidential campaign, he spoke of moving boldly into the new decade. He stated "the New Frontier is here whether we seek it or not." Kennedy believed the newest frontier was space. In 1957, the Soviet Union shocked Americans by launching Sputnik, the first satellite to be placed in orbit. As a result Kennedy sought to exceed the Soviet Union’s space exploration efforts by placing a man on the Moon by the end of the 1960’s. (The nation fulfilled his goal on July 20, 1969) In addition to investing federal aid into government programs such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Kennedy’s New Frontier program would include proposals for federal aid to education, greater Social Security benefits, assistance to the poor, and more health insurance for the elderly. Kennedy also showed approval for the civil rights movement by supporting an African American named James

Meredith as he attempted to enroll at the University of Mississippi in the center of the segregated Southern part of America. Kennedy would also order his Attorney General, his brother Robert Kennedy, to protect the freedom riders in the South who aimed at ending segregation on buses in the South. However, Kennedy was only able to pass just a few of his programs before he was assassinated in 1963:

c. Funds for urban (city) renewal to rebuild rundown, and poor, city neighborhoods.d. Funds to aid the poor in certain areas around the country. e. Raise the minimum wage from $1.00 to $1.25.f. The Creation of the American Peace Corp (Organization designed to encourage mutual

understanding between Americans and other cultures of the world.

1. What did JFK mean when he said: “Ask not what your country can do for you, but ask what you can do for your country?” 2. Why do so many people consider JFK to be a “great” President? How do you perceive JFK?

21. The Bay of Pigs & The Cuban Missile Crisis (Read the passage and the scenario below then answer the questions that follow)

The Bay of Pigs invasion was not originally John F. Kennedy's idea. As the communist nature of Fidel Castro's regime became apparent in the nation of Cuba just 90 miles from the coast of Florida, the urge to topple his government grew. Dwight D. Eisenhower's administration planned the invasion, which would be handled by the CIA. By the time of Kennedy's inauguration, the order to invade was the only remaining piece of the plan to put into place. On April 12, 1961, Kennedy told a press conference that the United States unequivocally (clearly) had no intention of intervening in Cuban affairs. Five days later, the Bay of Pigs invasion took place visibly indentifying JFK’s view on the spread of Communism throughout the world. Within the first few hours of the operation, it began to appear that the invasion would fail because it had not garnered (gathered) the support from locals on, which the American government was counting on. Much to the CIA’s surprise, locals firmly supported Castro and the Revolution.

The invaders surrendered on the afternoon of April 19. More than 200 people been killed; another 1,197 were taken captive. The failure of the Bay of Pigs Invasion set the stage for further aggressions against Castro from his northern aggressor. President Kennedy made little effort to conceal his continued desire to see Castro deposed (removed from power). Castro’s insecurity about the future of his rule over Cuba led to the installation of Soviet nuclear missiles there, prior to the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962.

SCENARIO: You are the President of the United States in 1962 (JFK) and you have just been informed that American spy planes discovered Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba. Not only is a communist nation in the Western Hemisphere but nuclear missiles are now aimed at the United States.

1. If you were President John F. Kennedy, how would you handle this situation (keeping in mind his hatred for Communism and fear of nuclear war) between the United States and the Soviet Union? (Be sure to thoroughly EXPLAIN your decision and why you chose to handle the threat this way) (Minimum ONE FULL PAGE)

22. The Civil Rights Movement – Brown v. Board of Education

The 1954 United States Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (KS) is among the most important Supreme Court cases in United States history. Brown overturned the 1896 ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson that established the doctrine of “separate but equal.” The 1954 Supreme Court Ruling handed down by the Warren Court ended legal racial segregation in schools and other public facilities.

Facts of the Case: Black children (Linda Brown in this case) were denied admission to public schools attended by white children under laws requiring or permitting segregation according to the races.

Decision: “Does segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race, even though the physical facilities and other factors may be equal, deprive (take away) the children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities? We believe that it does.... To separate them from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely ever to be undone....”

1. Describe the ruling in the Brown v. Board of Education case and the Supreme Court’s justification for overturning the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling of 1896? 2. How do you think Southern whites who supported segregation would feel about the ruling? EXPLAIN

23. Martin Luther King Jr.

1. Describe Martin Luther’s King’s views? 2. Do you agree with his views? EXPLAIN.

24. Black Power Movement

“I think there are plenty of good people in America, but there

are also plenty of bad people in America and the bad ones are the ones who seem to have all the power and be in these positions to block things that you and I need. Because this is the situation, you and I have to preserve the right to do what is necessary to bring an end to that situation, and it doesn’t mean that I advocate violence, but at the same time I am not against using violence in self-defense. I don’t even call it violence when it’s self-defense. I call it intelligence.” - Malcolm X

“I have to respect the believer in nonviolence because he is doing something I do not understand. It would be equivalent to putting handcuffs on me and putting me in the ring and telling me to fight Cassius Clay (Mohammed Ali) nonviolently. I don’t think I can do it. But what I am

saying is this, whenever you are dealing with an enemy, you have to be able to communicate. You want to speak the language that the other person understands. When you’re in Mississippi speaking the language of nonviolence, you are not communicating, you are talking a language that they don’t understand.”

- Malcolm X

Black Panther Party Platform and Program: What We Want, What We Believe (October 1966)1. We want freedom. We want power to determine the destiny of our Black Community. 2. We want full employment for our people. 3. We want an end to the robbery by the white man of our Black Community. 4. We want decent housing, fit for shelter of human beings.5. We want education for our people that exposes the true nature of this decadent American society.

We want education that teaches us our true history and our role in the present-day society. 6. We want all black men to be exempt from military service. 7. We want an immediate end to police brutality and murder of black people.

“Violence often brings about momentary results...but...it solves no social problem; it merely creates new and more complicated ones.... The nonviolent resisters can summarize their message in the following simple terms: We will take direct action against injustice without waiting for other agencies to act. We will not obey unjust laws or submit to unjust practices. We will do this peacefully, openly, cheerfully because our aim is to persuade. The way of nonviolence means a willingness to suffer and sacrifice. It may mean going to jail.... It may even mean physical death.... What is the Negro’s best defense against acts of violence inflicted upon him? His only defense is to meet every act of barbarity, illegality, cruelty, and injustice toward an individual Negro with the fact that 100 more Negroes will present themselves in his place as potential victims.”

8. We want freedom for all black men held in federal, state, county and city prisons and jails. 9. We want all black people when brought to trial to be tried in court by a jury of their peer group or

people from their black communities, as defined by the Constitution of the United States. 10. We want land, bread, housing, education, clothing, justice and peace. And as our major political

objective, a United Nations-supervised plebiscite to be held throughout the black colony in which only black colonial subjects will be allowed to participate for the purpose of determining the will of black people as to their national destiny.

1. How does Malcolm X feel about Martin Luther King’s method of nonviolence? EXPLAIN 2. How is the Black Panther Party different from Dr. King and his supporters?

25. Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society (Read the quotations below and answer the questions)

“My first job after college was a teacher in Cotulla, Texas, in a small Mexican America school…Somehow you never forget what poverty and hatred can do when you see its scars on the hopeful face of a young child. It never even occurred to me in my fondest dreams that I might have the chance to help the sons and daughters of those students and to help people like them all over this country. But now I have that chance – and I’ll let you in on secret: I mean to use it!”

- Lyndon B. Johnson (1963)

“I have called for a national war on poverty. Our objective: total victory!” - President Johnson (1964)

"We believe that all men are created equal, yet many are denied equal treatment. We believe that all men have certain unalienable rights, yet many Americans do not enjoy those rights. We believe that all men are entitled to the blessings of liberty, yet millions are being deprived of those blessings, not because of their own failures, but because of the color of the skin."

- President Johnson (1964) At the signing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

"You do not take a person who for years has been hobbled by chains and liberate him, bring him up to the starting line of a race, then say, you're free to compete with all the others.... Much of the Negro community is buried under a blanket of history and circumstance. It is not a lasting solution to lift just one corner of the blanket."

- LBJ (1965) Howard Commencement Speech

(Picture on left: President Johnson and Dr. Martin Luther King. Jr. discussing the Civil Rights Act of 1964) 1. Based upon the quotes above identify some of the major components of LBJ’s Great Society Program.

2. How did LBJ help to improve American through his Great Society initiatives? (Use the suggested websites or other resources to identify two (2) Great Society Programs and their intentions)

3. How did Johnson’s Great Society impact the responsibility/role of the American government? How is it similar to FDR’s New Deal?

26. The Warren Court (Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow)

The events of the Kennedy and Johnson years cannot be understood without reference to the “Warren Court.” During the 1950s and 1960s, the United States Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren became a strong supporter of civil rights in such cases as the Brown v. Board of Education (1954) (In this case the Supreme Court declared segregation in public schools to be unconstitutional). The Warren court also acted as a strong supporter of the rights of defendants in criminal cases. Some people criticized the Warren Court for going too far in protecting the rights of the accused and making it more difficult for the police to capture or convict criminals. However, supporters of the Warren Court argued that the Court had a constitutional duty to protect individual rights. The Court, under Warren, became a major instrument of social change, protecting rights that

other institutions of government seemed too weak to defend. Other cases under Chief Justice Earl Warren:

Mapp v. Ohio(1961)

Engel v. Vitale(1962)

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Facts of the Case:Dolree Mapp was convicted of possessing obscene materials (personal pornographic pictures) after an admittedly illegal police search of her home for a fugitive. She appealed her conviction on the basis of freedom of expression.

Ruling: The Court brushed aside the First Amendment issue and declared that "all evidence obtained by searches and seizures in violation of the Constitution is, by [the Fourth Amendment], inadmissible in a state court." Mapp had been convicted on the basis of illegally obtained evidence. It placed the requirement of excluding illegally obtained evidence from court at all levels of the government.

Facts of the Case:The State of New York authorized a short, voluntary prayer for recitation at the start of each school day. This was an attempt to defuse the politically powerful issue by taking it out of the hands of local communities and making it a state issue. As a result students were asked to say: "Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee, and beg Thy blessings upon us, our teachers, and our country."

Ruling: Neither the prayer's nondenominational (not related to any particular religion) nor its voluntary character saves it from unconstitutionality. By providing the prayer, New York officially approved some form of religion. The Court used the establishment clause to eliminate religious activities of all sorts.

Facts of the Case: Clarence Gideon was arrested for robbing a pool hall. He was too poor to have a lawyer and was not provided one by the government.

Ruling: The Court ruled that Gideon’s 6th Amendment rights to a lawyer were violated. The decision required all states to provide free legal services to any defendant who cannot afford them.

Facts of the Case: Ernesto Miranda was arrested for kidnapping and raping a young woman. After appearing in a police line-up, Miranda confessed. The police never told him that he had a right to remain silent, that he did not have to answer their questions, and that he could have their lawyer preset to advise him.

Ruling: The Supreme Court overturned Miranda’s conviction. The police are now required to warn all suspects that their statement could be used against them and to inform tall suspects of their constitutional rights to remain silent and to have a lawyer present. They are now known as the “Miranda rights.”

1. How would supporters of the Warren Court feel about the rulings of the cases above? 2. Do you agree with the Court’s decision in these cases? EXPLAIN. (Choose three of these cases above) (Min. One paragraph for each case)

27. The Origins of the Vietnam War

Historical Context – In the 1950’s, Vietnam was divided. North Vietnam turned communist and South Vietnam supported the ideas of Democracy. North Vietnam, under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh, decided to invade South Vietnam in an attempt to spread Communism. So where does the United States fit into this situation? After President Harry Truman left office in 1952 his successors maintained many of his ideas for Containment, which aimed at limiting the spread of Communism to where it already existed. (Based upon quotes below answer the questions that follow)

“If someone sets up a row of dominoes, and knocks over the first one...it is certain that the last one will go over very quickly.... Asia has already lost some

450 million of its peoples to the Communist dictatorship...the United States simply can’t afford greater losses...the loss of Vietnam would set off the loss of Burma, of Thailand, of the Malay Peninsula and Indonesia.... It would turn the so called island defenses chain of Japan, Formosa and the Philippines and to the southward it would move in to threaten Australia and New Zealand… The possible consequences of the loss to the free world are just incalculable...”

President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Press Conference (April 7, 1954)

“We are prepared to continue to assist them (the people of Vietnam), but I don’t think that the war can be won unless the people support the effort... But I don’t agree with those who say we should withdraw. That would be a great mistake. I know people don’t like Americans to be engaged in this kind of an effort. Forty seven Americans have been killed in combat with the enemy, but this is a very important struggle even though it is far away. We took all this—made this effort to defend Europe. Now Europe is quite secure. We also have to participate—we may not like it—in the defense of Asia.”

President John F. Kennedy, Interview with Walter Cronkite (September 2, 1963)

1. What do both President Eisenhower and President Kennedy have in common regarding Vietnam? 2. What arguments do both presidents use to support their views on America’s involvement in Vietnam?

28. Vietnam War (Read the quotations below and answer the questions that follow)

“A Losing War: No one can assure you that we can beat the Vietcong (rebel forces in South Vietnam) or even force them to the conference table on our terms, no matter how many hundred thousand white, foreign troops we deploy (send to fight). No one has demonstrated that a white ground force of whatever size can win a guerilla war in a jungle terrain in the midst of a population that refuses cooperation to the white forces (and the South Vietnamese).

Undersecretary of State George Ball (July 1, 1965)

“U.S. military spokesmen have often said that their greatest problem is finding the enemy. The enemy is everywhere. The old woman feeding her chickens may have a stock of hand grenades in her hut. The little boys, who trail after American soldiers during the day, slip out to give information to the guerillas at night. The washerwomen at the American air base bring a bomb to work one day. It is impossible to tell which are the Vietcong and which are the civilians.”

Vietnam Day Committee Pamphlet (May 1965)1. What are some of the problems that American soldiers are facing in Vietnam? 2. According to the sources above, is Vietnam a winnable war? EXPLAIN

29. The Anti-War Movement

(Above Picture: John Lennon & Yoko Ono “War is Over! If you want it.”)

1. What is/are the goal(s) of each anti-war poster?2. Are these effective ways to achieve their goals?

30. Richard Nixon (Read the chart below and answer the question that follows)

Highlights of Nixon’s Foreign Policy

Ending the Vietnam War (1969-1973)

Nixon shifted the fighting from American troops to the South Vietnamese army, and began withdrawing U.S. forces. This process was called Vietnamization. While Nixon promoted Vietnamization, he also gave the orders to bomb neighboring Cambia, which he claimed served as a base for the North Vietnamese guerillas.

Re-Opening Relations With China (1972)

Ever since the communist takeover if China in 1949, the United States had refused to establish diplomatic relations with the government there. Nixon visited Communist China and restored normal diplomatic relations.

Detente With the Soviet Union (1972)

Nixon introduced détente (relaxing or cooling off of tensions with the Soviet Union). In 1972, he became the first president to visit Moscow. He also agreed to sell American grain to the Soviet Union to seas a severe food shortage there. In Moscow, Nixon opened what became known as the SALT Agreement. Strategic Arms Limitations Talks which set limits on the number of missiles each nation would keep.

1. How does Nixon ease the tensions of the Cold War?2. If you were giving Richard Nixon a grade (N, S, G, E) on his foreign policy. What would you give it and why?

31. Watergate (Analyze the passage below and the answer the questions that follow)On June 16, 1972, a security guard at the Watergate Hotel in Washington, D.C., discovered a piece of tape on the lock of the door that led to the National Democratic Headquarters. This ruined break-in attempt at the Watergate was part of a larger campaign by Nixon supporters to tarnish the reputation of the Democratic Party. As soon as the attempted break-in at Watergate Hotel scandal became know, president Richard Nixon ordered the entire affair covered up. It became clear that the Nixon presidency had been involved in serious manipulation and abuses of power for years. Millions of dollars coming from Nixon supporters were used to pay for the cover-up in an attempt to hide the truth from Congress and the American people. The investigation raised two questions. "What did the president know?" and "When did he know it?"

The investigation into Watergate Scandal revealed that Nixon knew about the break-in from the beginning and that he was involved in the cover-up as it progressed. As the Watergate Scandal investigation began, testimony revealed that there was a taping system which was installed to record conversations in the Oval Office and several of Nixon’s other offices.Nixon argued that the tapes contained only private conversations. The Supreme Court did not agree. The court ordered the president to release the tapes. Thus, the Nixon tapes were released. The tapes contained 18 minutes of silence that have never been explained, but likely proved that Nixon was guilty of perjury (lying under oath).

In mid-1974, the House of Representatives approved the articles of impeachment against President Nixon and on August 8, 1974, Richard Nixon announced to the American people that he no longer had a political base in Congress strong enough to support his remaining time in office and resigned the presidency.

1. Why did

President Nixon resign as President?2. Should Nixon have been required to turn over the taped recordings of his conversations with his

advisors?3. How does Nixon’s resignation reflect the system of checks and balances?

32. Carter’s Presidency 1977-19801977 March 30: Secretary of State Cyrus Vance presents an ambitious SALT II arms reduction

proposal to Soviet leadership in Moscow, and is strongly rejected.April: Carter pressures NATO allies to re-arm and demands a commitment of a 3% annual increase in.September: Allan Bakke, a 37-year-old white man and former Marine, is denied admission to the medical school at University of California-Davis. He sues, charging that less qualified black students have been accepted. The first major challenge to affirmative action policies, the case goes all the way to the Supreme Court.October 13: In a press conference Carter attacks oil companies for perpetrating "the biggest rip-off in history."November 15: The Shah of Iran visits the White House, prompting demonstrations by anti-Shah forces.November 19: Egyptian president Anwar Sadat makes an historic visit to Israel, where he addresses the Israeli parliament, creating a major opportunity for peace in the Middle East.

1978 August 5: Carter sends Secretary of State Cyrus Vance to the Middle East with invitations to Sadat and Begin to meet with Carter at Camp David. They immediately accept.September 4: The Camp David summit begins. September 17: Begin and Sadat sign the historic Camp David accords.October 15: Congress passes a version of Carter's energy package.

1979 March 8-14: President Carter journeys to the Middle East in a last-ditch attempt to save the unraveling Camp David agreement. He succeeds after it appears all hope is lost.March 26: Sadat and Begin sign the historic Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty on the White House lawn.June 18: President Carter and Soviet Premier Brezhnev sign the SALT II arms control agreement in Vienna.July 3-12: Carter holds a "domestic summit" at Camp David to address the energy crisis and figure out how to rescue his presidency from record low approval ratings. July 15: In a dramatic, nationally televised address, Carter addresses what he calls a "crisis of confidence" in America. Though initially well-received, many object to the tone of what is soon dubbed the "malaise" speech.October 22: Carter allows the ailing Shah of Iran to enter the U.S. for medical treatment.November 4: Outraged by the Shah's welcome in America, militant students overrun the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, seizing 66 hostages. The 444-day Iranian hostage crisis begins. November 14: President Carter issues an executive order freezing all Iranian

1980 Early September: The Iranian government indicates they are willing to discuss the release of the hostages. November 2: The Iranian parliament issues a statement making it clear the hostages will not be released before the election.

1. Write an editorial assessing the Presidency of Jimmy Carter including: The Energy Crisis, Middle East Peace Process, Affirmative Action and the Iranian Hostage Crisis. (Select two) Must be One page in length

33. Ronald Reagan

1. Define: Foreign Policy, Domestic Policy2. Explain President Reagan’s Domestic Polices. How are they different than the domestic policies of FDR & LBJ?

34. George H. W. Bush: 1989-1993 In 1980 Bush campaigned for the Republican nomination for President. He lost, but was chosen as a running mate by Ronald Reagan. As Vice President, Bush had responsibility in several domestic areas, including Federal deregulation and anti-drug programs, and visited scores of foreign countries. In 1988 Bush won the Republican nomination for President and, with Senator Dan Quayle of Indiana as his running mate, he defeated Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis in the general election.

Bush faced a dramatically changing world, as the Cold War ended after 40 bitter years, the Communist empire broke up, and the Berlin Wall fell. The Soviet Union ceased to exist; and reformist President Mikhail Gorbachev, whom Bush had supported, resigned. While Bush hailed the march of democracy, he insisted on restraint in U. S. policy toward the group of new nations.

In other areas of foreign policy, President Bush sent American troops into Panama to overthrow the corrupt regime of General Manuel Noriega, who was threatening the security of the canal and the Americans living there. Noriega was brought to the United States for trial as a drug trafficker.

Bush's greatest test came when Iraqi President Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait, then threatened to move into Saudi Arabia. Vowing to free Kuwait, Bush rallied the United Nations, the U. S. people, and Congress and sent 425,000 American troops. They were joined by 118,000 troops from allied nations. After weeks of air and missile bombardment, the 100-hour land battle dubbed Desert Storm routed Iraq's million-man army.

Despite unprecedented popularity from this military and diplomatic triumph, Bush was unable to withstand discontent at home from a faltering economy, rising violence in inner cities, and continued high deficit spending. In 1992 he lost his bid for reelection to Democrat William Clinton.

1. Describe Bush’s foreign policy

2. Why do think the American people did not reelect President Bush?

(From left to right: Russian leader Mikhail Gorbachev, Ronald Reagan, and George Bush Sr.)

35. William Jefferson Clinton: 1993-2001

Becoming the President:

In 1992, William Jefferson Clinton was nominated as the Democratic nominee for president. He ran on a campaign that emphasized job creation and played to the idea that he was more in touch with the common people than his opponent, the incumbent George H. W. Bush. Actually, his bid for the presidency was helped by a three party race in which Ross Perot garnered 18.9% of the vote. Bill Clinton won 43% of the vote and President Bush won 37% of the vote.

Historical Significance: Clinton was the first two term Democratic president since Franklin Roosevelt. In a period of increasingly divided politics, Clinton moved his policies more to the center to appeal to mainstream America. Despite being impeached, he remained a very popular President.

Events and Accomplishments of Bill Clinton’s Presidency:

An important protective bill that passed in 1993 soon after taking office was the Family and Medical Leave Act. This act required large employers to give employees time off for illnesses or pregnancy.

Another event that occurred in 1993 was the ratification of the North American Free Trade Agreement that allowed for nonrestricted trade between Canada, the U.S., Chile, and Mexico.

A huge defeat for Clinton was when his and Hillary Clinton's plan for a national health care system failed.

Clinton's second term in office was marked by controversy surrounding relationships he had with White House staffer, Monica Lewinsky. Clinton denied having a relationship with her under oath in a deposition. However, he later recanted when it was revealed that she had evidence of their relationship. He had to pay a fine and was disbarred temporarily. In 1998, the House of Representatives voted to impeach Clinton. The Senate, however, did not vote to remove him from office.

Economically, the U.S. experienced a period of prosperity during Clinton's time in office. The stock market rose dramatically. This helped add to his popularity.

1. Upon leaving

office President Clinton had an approval rating of about 60% based on the reading were the American people correct?