DICTIONARY OF NUCLEAR SECURITYCompiled by:

Prof. Mostafa KofiProf. Tariq Majeed

Aabsorbed dose: The amount of energy transferred by nuclear or ionizing radiation to a unit mass of

absorbing material.

absorption: A process by which chemicals enter the body through the skin.

Access control. Any combination of barriers, gates, electronic security equipment, and/or guards that can deny entry to unauthorized personnel or vehicles.

Access controls. Procedures and controls that limit or detect access to minimum essential infrastructure resource elements (e.g., people, technology, applications, data, and/or facilities), thereby protecting these resources against loss of integrity, confidentiality, accountability, and/or availability.

Access road. Any roadway such as a maintenance, delivery, service, emergency, or other special limited use road that is necessary for the operation of a building or structure.

Access-control point (ACP). A station at an entrance to a building or a portion of a building where identification is checked, and people and hand-carried items are searched.

Access-Control System (ACS). Also referred to as an Electronic Entry Control Systems; an electronic system that controls entry and egress from a building or area.

Access-Control System elements. Detection measures used to control vehicle or personnel entry into a protected area. Access-Control System elements include locks, Electronic Entry Control Systems, and guards. Access group. A software configuration of an Access Control System that groups together access points or authorized users for easier arrangement and maintenance of the system.

Accession: (verb: to accede) The process of becoming a State Party to an existing treaty.

Accident: Any unintended event, including operating errors, equipment failure, or other mishaps, the consequences or potential consequences of which are not negligible from the point of view of protection or safety.

Accountability. The explicit assignment of responsibilities for oversight of areas of control to executives, managers, staff, owners, providers, and users of minimum essential infrastructure resource elements.

Accumulated dose: The total amount of radiation absorbed by an organism as a result of exposure to radiation.

Acetylcholine: A molecule that is a neurotransmitter, conveying nerve impulses in living beings. Nerve agents cause a buildup of acetylcholine by blocking the action of its counterpart enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which terminates the nerve impulse transmission. As a result, muscles are left in an “on” position, leading to seizure-like symptoms.

Page | 1

Acetylcholinesterase: An enzyme that terminates synaptic, or nerve impulse, activity caused by acetylcholine. Nerve agents block the action of acetylcholinesterase, inhibiting the enzyme from stopping nerve impulse transmission. As a result nerves and muscles are left in an “on” position, leading to seizure-like symptoms.

Acoustic dropping. The use of listening devices to monitor voice communications or other audibly transmitted information with the objective to compromise information.

Active vehicle barrier. An impediment placed at an access-control point that may be manually or automatically deployed in response to detection of a threat.

actuarial science: A discipline that applies mathematical and statistical methods to assess risk in insurance, finance and other industries and professions.

Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS): Acute radiation syndrome (ARS), also known as radiation poisoning, radiation sickness or radiation toxicity, is a collection of health effects which present within 24 hours of exposure to high amounts of ionizing radiation.

Acute radiation syndrome. Consists of three levels of effects: hematopoietic (blood cells, most sensitive); gastrointestinal (GI cells, very sensitive); and central nervous system (brain/muscle cells, insensitive). The initial signs and symptoms are nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and loss of appetite. Below about 200 rems, these symptoms may be the only indication of radiation exposure.

Acute: Present or experienced to a severe or intense degree.

Adaptive immune response: A subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogen growth and is characterized by immunological memory.

Adversary: Any individual performing or attempting to perform a malicious act.

Aerobic: Relating to, involving, or requiring free oxygen.

Aerosol: Very fine solid particles (like dust) or liquid droplets (like mist) that are microscopically dispersed into the open air by sprayers or atomizers.

Agar: A gelatinous substance obtained from various kinds of red seaweed and used in biological culture media and as a thickener in foods.

Agent Orange: An herbicide developed in the United States and used in the Vietnam War to defoliate (or destroy all plant matter in) forests that were believed to conceal enemy troops as well as crops that fed the enemy.

Agent: Something that produces or is capable of producing an effect

Agent: The toxic component of a chemical weapon is called its “chemical agent.” Based on their mode of action (i.e. the route of penetration and their effect on the human body), chemical agents are commonly divided into several categories: choking, blister, blood, nerve and riot control agents. (OPCW)

Aggressor. Any person seeking to compromise a function or structure.

Page | 2

Agrochemical: Agricultural chemicals designed and manufactured for the use in agricultural industries to increase production, including pesticides and fertilizers.

Airborne contamination. Chemical or biological agents introduced into and fouling the source of supply of breathing or conditioning air.

Airlock. A building entry configuration with which airflow from the outside can be prevented from entering a toxic-free area. An airlock uses two doors, only one of which can be opened at a time, and a blower system to maintain positive air pressures and purge contaminated air from the airlock before the second door is opened.

ALARA: A concept of reducing exposure to the ionizing radiation to "As Low As Reasonably Achievable".

Alarm assessment. Verification and evaluation of an alarm alert through the use of closed circuit television or human observation. Systems used for alarm assessment are designed to respond rapidly, automatically, and predictably to the receipt of alarms at the security center.

Alarm printers. Alarm printers provide a hard copy of all alarm events and system activity, as well as limited backup in case the visual display fails.

Alarm priority. A hierarchy of alarms by order of importance. This is often used in larger systems to give priority to alarms with greater importance.

algorithm: a process or set of rules to be followed in calculations or other problem-solving operations, especially by a computer.

allegation: a claim without proof that someone has done something illegal or wrong

alloy: a compound or mixture of different things; a substance composed of two or more metals usually by fusing them together

Alpha particles. Alpha particles have a very short range in air and a very low ability to penetrate other materials, but also have a strong ability to ionize materials. Alpha particles are unable to penetrate even the thin layer of dead cells of human skin and consequently are not an external radiation hazard. Alpha-emitting nuclides inside the body as a result of inhalation or ingestion are a considerable internal radiation hazard.

ambient temperature: the temperature of the surrounding environment

anaerobic: Relating to, involving, or requiring an absence of free oxygen.

Announciation. A visual, audible, or other indication by a security system of a condition.antibiotics: A medicine (such as penicillin or its derivatives) that inhibits the growth of or destroys

microorganisms.

antidote: A medicine that can counteract the effects of poisoning by a chemical or toxin.

antigen: Any substance which provokes an adaptive immune response. An antigen is often foreign or toxic to the body which, once in the body, attracts and is bound to a respective and specific antibody.

Antiterrorism (AT). Defensive measures used to reduce the vulnerability of individuals, forces, and property to terrorist acts.

Page | 3

anti-viral: A class of medication used specifically for treating viral infections. Like antibiotics for bacteria, specific antivirals are used for specific viruses.

apocalyptic: Resembling the end of the world; momentous or catastrophic

apocalyptic: Used to describe a group that prophesizes, and may even help to realize, the complete destruction of the world.

Area Commander. A military commander with authority in a specific geographical area or military installation.

Area lighting. Lighting that illuminates a large exterior area.Areas of potential compromise. Categories where losses can occur that will impact either a

department’s or an agency’s minimum essential infrastructure and its ability to conduct core functions and activities.

aseptic: Free from contamination caused by harmful bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms.

asphyxiation: The condition of severely insufficient supply of oxygen as a result of not being able to breathe normally, for example by choking, sometimes resulting in coma or death.

Assessment System elements. Detection measures used to assist guards in visual verification of Intrusion Detection System Alarms and Access-Control System functions and to assist in visual detection by guards. Assessment System elements include closed circuit television and protective lighting.

Assessment. The evaluation and interpretation of measurements and other information to provide a basis for decision making.

Asset protection. Security program designed to protect personnel, facilities, and equipment, in all locations and situations, accomplished through planned and integrated application of combating terrorism, physical security, operations security, and personal protective services, and supported by intelligence, counterintelligence, and other security programs.

Asset value. The degree of debilitating impact that would be caused by the incapacity or destruction of an asset.

Asset. A resource of value requiring protection. An asset can be tangible (e.g., people, buildings, facilities, equipment, activities, operations, and information) or intangible (e.g., processes or a company’s information and reputation).

asset: Any item of equipment or other capability that can be employed in an enterprise.

atom: The smallest particle of an element that cannot be divided or broken up by chemical means.

atomizer: A device for emitting liquids as a fine spray.

atomizer: A device that transforms a liquid into an aerosol.

atrocity: an extremely cruel act involving physical violence or injury

atropine: A core medicine on the World Health Organization’s “Essential Drugs List” that is used to counteract nerve agent poisoning in addition to treating other illnesses. Atropine is used to alleviate the effects of organophosphorus or nerve agent poisoning. It is often and most effectively used with 2-PAM-chloride, the latter being more of a cure to nerve agent poisoning.

Page | 4

Attack. A hostile action resulting in the destruction, injury, or death to the civilian population, or damage or destruction to public and private property.

attenuate: To reduce the severity of (a disease) or virulence or vitality of (a pathogenic agent)

attribution: A process based on strong scientific evidence of assigning blame and culpability for the illegal use of chemical weapons on a nation, organization, or individual.

Audible alarm device. An alarm device that produces an audible announcement (e.g., bell, horn, siren, etc.) of an alarm condition.

audit: A systematic and independent examination of data, statements, records, operations and performances

autoclave: Pressure chamber used to sterilize equipment and supplies by subjecting them to high pressure saturated steam.

auto-injector: A spring-loaded syringe designed for easy self-administration of a single dose of a life-saving medicine.

Bbacterial strain: A strain is a genetic variant or subtype of a micro-organism.

bactrol disks: A set of commercially available microorganism cultures used for reference and quality control purposes.

Balanced magnetic switch. A door position switch utilizing a reed switch held in a balanced or center position by interacting magnetic fields when not in alarm condition.

Ballistics attack. An attack in which small arms (e.g., pistols, submachine guns, shotguns, and rifles) are fired from a distance, and rely on the flight of the projectile to damage the target.

Barbed tape or concertina. A coiled tape or coil of wires with wire barbs or blades deployed as an obstacle to human trespass or entry into an area.

Barbed wire. A double strand of wire with four-point barbs equally spaced along the wire deployed as an obstacle to human trespass or entry into an area.

Barcode. A black bar printed on white paper or tape that can be easily read with an optical scanner.baseline: A minimum or starting point used for comparisons.

bell curve distribution: A symmetrical bell-shaped curve that represents the distribution of values, frequencies, or probabilities of a set of data. Also known as a normal distribution.

beta particle: A fast-moving electron emitted by radioactive decay of substances.

Beta particles. High-energy electrons emitted from the nucleus of an atom during radioactive decay. They normally can be stopped by the skin or a very thin sheet of metal.

binding agreement: An agreement between two or more parties, especially one that is written and enforceable by law.

binding: Obligatory.

biodefense: Defensive measures taken to protect against an attack using biological weapons.

Page | 5

biohazard: a risk to human health or the environment arising from biological work, especially with microorganisms

Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC or BWC): A multilateral biological nonproliferation and disarmament treaty that prohibits the development, stockpiling, acquisition, transfer, and use of biological agents unless they are used for peaceful or defense purposes. It currently has 170 State Parties.

biomedical: Of or relating to both biology and medicine.

Biometric reader. A device that gathers and analyzes biometric features.Biometrics. The use of physical characteristics of the human body as a unique identification method.bioreactor: An apparatus in which a biological reaction or process is carried out, especially on an

industrial scale.

biosafety: The containment conditions under which infectious agents can be safely manipulated.

biosecurity: Procedures intended to protect humans or animals against disease or harmful biological agents.

Blast curtains. Heavy curtains made of blast-resistant materials that could protect the occupants of a room from flying debris.

Blast vulnerability envelope. The geographical area in which an explosive device will cause damage to assets.

Blast-resistant glazing. Window opening glazing that is resistant to blast effects because of the interrelated function of the frame and glazing material properties frequently dependent upon tempered glass, polycarbonate, or laminated glazing.

blister agent: A chemical that damages the skin and mucous membranes by causing large, painful blisters. They are rarely lethal but are persistent in the environment. Sulfur mustard is a type of blister agent.

blood agent: A highly volatile compound that is absorbed through inhalation and disrupts the body’s ability to utilize oxygen. An example of a blood agent is cyanide.

Bollard. A vehicle barrier consisting of a cylinder, usually made of steel and sometimes filled with concrete, placed on end in the ground and spaced about three feet apart to prevent vehicles from passing, but allowing entrance of pedestrians and bicycles.

bomblet: Any of numerous explosive, incendiary, or fragmentation bombs packed into a larger bomb or canister that releases or scatters them to explode separately.

Book inventory: The algebraic sum of the previous physical inventory (as determined at a physical inventory taking) and any subsequent inventory changes (as reflected in the inventory change reports).

botulinum toxin: The most toxic chemical known to science, produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and causing the disease botulism.

Boundary penetration sensor. An interior intrusion detection sensor that detects attempts by individuals to penetrate or enter a building.

Page | 6

broker: a businessman who buys or sells for another in exchange for a commission

BSLs: Biosafety levels. Used to classify biological research laboratories according to the stringency of laboratory practices, techniques, safety equipment, and facilities. Levels range from 1 (lowest) to 4 (most secure).

Building hardening. Enhanced construction that reduces vulnerability to external blast and ballistic attacks.

Building separation. The distance between closest points on the exterior walls of adjacent buildings or structures.

Business Continuity Program (BCP). An ongoing process supported by senior management and funded to ensure that the necessary steps are taken to identify the impact of potential losses, maintain viable recovery strategies and recovery plans, and ensure continuity services through personnel training, plan testing, and maintenance.

CCable barrier. Cable or wire rope anchored to and suspended off the ground or attached to chain-

link fence to act as a barrier to moving vehicles.calibrate: To correlate the readings of an instrument with those of a standard in order to check the

instrument’s accuracy.

calibrated sources: Radioactive source materials that emit a known and specified amount of energy and can be used to confirm a radiation detector is functioning properly.

camouflage: The use of any combination of materials, coloration or illumination for concealment, either by making animals or objects hard to see (crypsis), or by disguising them as something else (mimesis).

Capacitance sensor. A device that detects an intruder approaching or touching a metal object by sensing a change in capacitance between the object and the ground.

Card reader. A device that gathers or reads information when a card is presented as an identification method.

carrier: A person, animal, or plant that harbors and transmits the causative agent of an infectious disease, especially one who carries the causative agent systemically but is asymptomatic or immune to it.

cartel: a group of manufacturers or suppliers acting together to control prices

catch-all controls: Laws or regulations which provide a basis to require government permission to export items not on an export control list when there is reason to believe such items are intended for a WMD or Missile end-use or end-user.

caustic: Able to burn or corrode organic tissue by chemical action.

CBRN chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear

CCTV pan-tilt-zoom camera (PTZ). A CCTV camera that can move side to side, up and down, and zoom in or out.

CCTV pan-tilt-zoom control. The method of controlling the PTZ functions of aCCTV pan-tilt-zoom controller. The operator interface for performing PTZ control.

Page | 7

CCTV switcher. A piece of equipment capable of presenting multiple video images to various monitors, recorders, etc.

cellular targets: Cells in the body that are specifically targeted and attacked by certain toxic chemicals.

centrifuge: An apparatus that rotates at high speed and by centrifugal force separates substances of different densities, e.g. isotopes of uranium.

Cesium-137 (Cs-137). A strong gamma ray source and can contaminate property, entailing extensive cleanup. It is commonly used in industrial measurement gauges and for irradiation of material. Its half-life is 30.2 years.

chain of command: A hierarchy of authority where those at the top of the organization direct and control the activities of the organizational members below them.

Chain of custody. The procedures and documents that account for the integrity of physical evidence by tracking its handling and storage from its point of collection to its final disposition. Other terms for this process are ‘chain of evidence’, ‘chain of physical custody’ and ‘chain of possession’.

Chemical agent. A chemical substance that is intended to kill, seriously injure, or incapacitate people through physiological effects. Generally separated by severity of effect (e.g., lethal, blister, and incapacitating).

chemical agent: A toxic chemical intended to cause death, incapacitation, or permanent harm.

chemical weapon: A system composed of three parts: a toxic payload, a container or munition housing the payload, and a dispersal system.

Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC): A multilateral chemical nonproliferation and disarmament treaty that prohibits the development, stockpiling, acquisition, transfer, and use of chemical weapons. It is considered to be strong treaty with an effective verification regime. It was signed in 1993 and entered into force in 1997. There are currently 190 State Parties.

chemical weapons destruction: The process of eliminating a chemical weapons capacity in its entirety by dismantling, destroying, and disposing of chemical weapons including agents and delivery systems as well as production equipment.

Chimney effect. Air movement in a building between floors caused by differential air temperature (differences in density), between the air inside and outside the building. It occurs in vertical shafts, such as elevators, stairwells, and conduit/wiring/piping chases. Hotter air inside the building will rise and be replaced by infiltration with colder outside air through the lower portions of the building. Conversely, reversing the temperature will reverse the flow (down the chimney). Also known as stack effect.

chlorine: A gaseous choking agent and the first deadly chemical weapon agent successfully used during World War I. It forms a green-yellow vapor, settles into low areas, and smells like bleach.

choking agent: A chemical that targets, irritates, and harms the respiratory tract causing coughing, choking, and asphyxiation. Chlorine and phosgene are examples of choking agents.

Page | 8

chromosome: A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

chronic: (of an Illness) Marked by long duration, by frequent recurrence over a long time, and often by slowly progressing seriousness : not acute

Clear zone. An area that is clear of visual obstructions and landscape materials that could conceal a threat or perpetrator.

clinician: A doctor having direct contact with and responsibility for patients, rather than one involved with theoretical or laboratory studies.

Closed circuit television (CCTV). An electronic system of cameras, control equipment, recorders, and related apparatus used for surveillance or alarm assessment.

cluster munition: A munition such as a bomb or a missile whose warhead is filled with submunitions or bomblets containing CW agent payloads. Cluster munitions are examples of multiple point source dispersal: for example, each bomblet is a point source but the simultaneous impact of many bomblets creates many localized plumes, or multiple point sources.

Cobalt-60 (Co-60). A strong gamma ray source, and is extensively used as a radiotherapeutic for treating cancer, food and material irradiation, gamma radiography, and industrial measurement gauges. Its half-life is 5.27 years.

codes of conduct: A code of conduct is a set of rules outlining the responsibilities of, or proper practices for, an individual, party or organization.

Collateral damage. Injury or damage to assets that are not the primary target of an attack.collective protection zone: used for group protection of personnel in a nuclear, biological or

chemical event; it provides a contaminate-free environment for people, allowing relief from wearing personal protective equipment.

Combating terrorism. The full range of federal programs and activities applied against terrorism, domestically and abroad, regardless of the source or motive.

communicable disease: A disease that is transmitted through direct contact with an infected individual or indirectly through a vector.

Community. A political entity that has the authority to adopt and enforce laws and ordinances for the area under its jurisdiction. In most cases, the community is an incorporated town, city, township, village, or unincorporated area of a county; however, each state defines its own political subdivisions and forms of government.

Competent authority. A governmental organization or institution that has been designated by a State to carry out one or more nuclear security functions. Example: Competent authorities may include regulatory bodies, law enforcement, customs and border control, intelligence and security agencies, health agencies, etc.

Competent authority: Governmental organization(s) or institution(s) designated by a State to carry out one or more nuclear security functions.

compliance: (opposite: noncompliance) The process of adhering to certain agreed-upon provisions and standards and carrying out required actions in good faith.

Page | 9

Components and cladding. Elements of the building envelope that do not qualify asconclusive evidence: Evidence that cannot be contradicted by any other evidence.

Confidentiality. The protection of sensitive information against unauthorized disclosure and sensitive facilities from physical, technical, or electronic penetration or exploitation.

Configuration management: The process of identifying and documenting the characteristics of a facility’s physical protection system — including computer systems and software — and of ensuring that changes to these characteristics are properly developed, assessed, approved, issued, implemented, verified, recorded and incorporated into the facility documentation.

Consequence Management. Measures to protect public health and safety, restore essential government services, and provide emergency relief to governments, businesses, and individuals affected by the consequences of terrorism. State and local governments exercise the primary authority to respond to the consequences of terrorism.

consequence: A result or effect of an action or condition.

contagion: The transmission of a disease by direct or indirect contact

Containment: Structural elements (cans, glove boxes, storage cabinets, rooms, vaults, etc.), which are used to establish the physical integrity of an area or items and to maintain the continuity of knowledge of nuclear material.

containment: The action of keeping something harmful under control or within limits

contaminate: to corrupt or infect by contact or association; to make unfit for use by the introduction of undesirable elements

Contamination. The undesirable deposition of a chemical, biological, or radiological material on the surface of structures, areas, objects, or people.

Continuity of services and operations. Controls to ensure that, when unexpected events occur, departmental/agency minimum essential infrastructure services and operations, including computer operations, continue without interruption or are promptly resumed, and that critical and sensitive data are protected through adequate contingency and business recovery plans and exercises.

Control (of nuclear material): Activities, devices, systems and procedures that ensure that the continuity of knowledge (e.g. location, quantitative measurements) about nuclear material is maintained.

Control center. A centrally located room or facility staffed by personnel charged with the oversight of specific situations and/or equipment.

Control of radioactive materials: The act of maintaining cognizant supervision by proper authorities over the production, use, storage, transport and disposal of radioactive materials.

Controlled area. An area into which access is controlled or limited. It is that portion of a restricted area usually near or surrounding a limited or exclusion area. Correlates with exclusion zone.

Controlled lighting. Illumination of specific areas or sections.

Page | 10

Controlled perimeter. A physical boundary at which vehicle and personnel access is controlled at the perimeter of a site. Access control at a controlled perimeter should demonstrate the capability to search individuals and vehicles.

Conventional construction. Building construction that is not specifically designed to resist weapons, explosives, or chemical, biological, and radiological effects. Conventional construction is designed only to resist common loadings and environmental effects such as wind, seismic, and snow loads.

conventional weapon: Weapons that are in relatively wide use that are not weapons of mass destruction (i.e. nuclear, biological, or chemical).

Coordinate. To advance systematically an exchange of information among principals who have or may have a need to know certain information in order to carry out their roles in a response.

cost-benefit: A process that assesses the relation between the cost of an undertaking and the value of the resulting benefits.

count rate: The rate at which a source of unstable nuclei decays measured in decays per second.

Counterintelligence. Information gathered and activities conducted to protect against espionage, other intelligence activities, sabotage, or assassinations conducted for or on behalf of foreign powers, organizations, or persons; or international terrorist activities, excluding personnel, physical, document, and communications security programs.

countermeasures: An action taken to counteract a danger or threat.

Counterterrorism (CT). Offensive measures taken to prevent, deter, and respond to terrorism.

Covert entry. Attempts to enter a facility by using false credentials or stealth.CPPNM' Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material

Crash bar. A mechanical egress device located on the interior side of a door that unlocks the door when pressure is applied in the direction of egress.

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED). A crime prevention strategy based on evidence that the design and form of the built environment can influence human behavior. CPTED usually involves the use of three principles: natural surveillance (by placing physical features, activities, and people to maximize visibility); natural access control (through the judicial placement of entrances, exits, fencing, landscaping, and lighting); and territorial reinforcement (using buildings, fences, pavement, signs, and landscaping to express ownership).

Crime scene operations. The procedures that aim to control access at a crime scene, to document the scene as it was first encountered, and to recognize, collect, package and remove from the scene all relevant evidence.

Crime scene. A site containing records of activities, alleged to be a crime. criminalize: To turn (an activity) into a criminal offense by making it illegal.

Crisis Management (CM). The measures taken to identify, acquire and plan the use of resources needed to anticipate, prevent, and/or resolve a threat or act of terrorism.

Page | 11

Critical assets. Those assets essential to the minimum operations of the organization, and to ensure the health and safety of the general public.

Critical infrastructure. Primary infrastructure systems (e.g., utilities, telecommunications, transportation, etc.) whose incapacity would have a debilitating impact on the organization’s ability to function.

critical mass: The smallest amount of fissile material needed for a sustained nuclear chain reaction.

Criticality: A property of nuclear material which can lead, under special conditions, to a self-sustained chain reaction.

criticality: The point at which a nuclear reaction is self-sustaining.

crop duster: An aircraft that has been built or converted for the aerial application of pesticides

crude: Rudimentary or underdeveloped.

crystalline solid: a solid material made up of atoms, molecules or ions arranged in an ordered, three-dimensional pattern

culturing: Maintaining biological materials (tissue cells, bacteria, etc.) in conditions suitable for growth.

cumbersome: awkward or difficult to handle because of heaviness or bulk

Curie (Ci). A unit of radioactive decay rate defined as 3.7 x 1010 disintegrations per second.cyber security: Computer security (also known as cybersecurity or IT security) is information

security as applied to computing devices such as computers and smartphones, as well as computer networks.

D

Damage assessment. The process used to appraise or determine the number of injuries and deaths, damage to public and private property, and the status of key facilities and services (e.g., hospitals and other health care facilities, fire and police stations, communications networks, water and sanitation systems, utilities, and transportation networks) resulting from a man-made or natural disaster.

Dangerous source: A source that could, if not under control, give rise to exposure sufficient to cause severe deterministic effects.

Data gathering panel. A local processing unit that retrieves, processes, stores, and/or acts on information in the field.

Data transmission equipment. A path for transmitting data between two or more components (e.g., a sensor and alarm reporting system, a card reader and controller, a CCTV camera and monitor, or a transmitter and receiver).

debilitation: (verb: to debilitate): Being in a weakened or impaired state; causing a decrease in strength or ability.

Decay. The process by which an unstable element is changed to another isotope or another element by the spontaneous emission of radiation from its nucleus. This process can be measured by using radiation detectors, such as Geiger counters.

Page | 12

declaration: A formal statement submitted annually by each State Party to the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) outlining that state’s industrial chemical activities or progress toward chemical weapons destruction, which can be verified by inspections.

declare: To make known or state clearly, especially in explicit or formal terms

decomposition: The process of a chemical compound breaking down into simpler compounds. The decomposition of chemical weapons agents results in degradation products that are not as toxic as the original agent. Degradation products can be used in analysis to identify the agent in the event of an investigation of chemical weapons use.

decontaminate(ing): to remove undesirable elements; to clean the environment of undesirable elements

Decontamination. The process of making people, objects, or areas safe by absorbing, destroying, neutralizing, making harmless, or removing the hazardous material.

Decontamination. The reduction or removal of a chemical, biological, or radiological material from the surface of a structure, area, object, or person.

decontamination: The process of cleansing and rendering safe a victim, object, or area by removing or deactivating a chemical weapons agent.

Defense in depth: The combination of multiple layers of systems and measures that have to be overcome or circumvented before nuclear security is compromised.

Defense layer. Building design or exterior perimeter barriers intended to delay attempted forced entry.

defense: used to protect people, communities, nations, etc. that are or could be attacked or criticized

Defensive measures. Protective measures that delay or prevent attack on an asset or that shield the asset from weapons, explosives, and CBR effects. Defensive measures include site work and building design.

Delay rating. A measure of the effectiveness of penetration protection of a defense layer.deploy: Move troops, weaponry, or equipment into position for military or effective action; utilize.

Design Basis Threat (DBT). The threat (e.g., tactics and associated weapons, tools, or explosives) against which assets within a building must be protected and upon which the security engineering design of the building is based.

Design constraint. Anything that restricts the design options for a protective system or that creates additional problems for which the design must compensate.

Design opportunity. Anything that enhances protection, reduces requirements for protective measures, or solves a design problem.

Design team. A group of individuals from various engineering and architectural disciplines responsible for the protective system design.

detect: to discover or determine the existence, presence, or makeup of something

Detection instrument. A complete functional system, being a combination of hardware and software (or firmware) supported by procedures for installation, calibration, maintenance and operation, used for detecting nuclear material or other radioactive material.

Page | 13

Detection layer. A ring of intrusion detection sensors located on or adjacent to a defensive layer or between two defensive layers.

Detection measure. Measures intended to detect a criminal or an unauthorized act with nuclear security implications.

Detection measures. Protective measures that detect intruders, weapons, or explosives; assist in assessing the validity of detection; control access to protected areas; and communicate the appropriate information to the response force. Detection measures include Detection Systems, Assessment Systems, and Access Control System elements.

Detection System elements. Detection measures that detect the presence of intruders, weapons, or explosives. Detection System elements include Intrusion Detection Systems, weapons and explosives detectors, and guards.

Detection system. An integrated set of detection measures including capabilities and resources necessary for detection of a criminal act or an unauthorized act with nuclear security implications.

Detection. Awareness of criminal act(s) or unauthorized act(s) with nuclear security implications, or measurement(s) indicating the unauthorized presence of nuclear material or other radioactive material at an associated facility or associated activity or a strategic location.

Deterministic effect: A health effect of radiation for which generally a threshold level of dose exists above which the severity of the effect is greater for a higher dose. A severe deterministic effect is one that is fatal or life threatening or results in a permanent injury that decreases the quality of life.

deterministic: Of radiation, the immediate damage done to the body by a strong radiation source. Also called acute effects.

diagnosis: The identification of the nature of an illness or other problem by examination of the symptoms.

diagnostic: Concerned with the diagnosis of illness or other problems.

Disaster Field Office (DFO). The office established in or near the designated area of a presidential-declared major disaster to support federal and state response and recovery operations.

Disaster Recovery Center (DRC). Places established in the area of a presidential declared major disaster, as soon as practicable, to provide victims the opportunity to apply in person for assistance, and/or obtain information relating to that assistance.

Disaster. An occurrence of a natural catastrophe, technological accident, or human caused event that has resulted in severe property damage, deaths, and/or multiple injuries.

discretion: The freedom to decide what should be done in a particular situation.

disorientation: a loss of or displacement from bearings, normal position or relationship; to lose sense of time, place, or identity

dispersal system: A two-part system made up of microscopic particles and the medium in which they are suspended.

dispersal: The action or process of distributing biological agents over a wide area.

DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.

Page | 14

Domestic terrorism. The unlawful use, or threatened use, of force or violence by a group or individual based and operating entirely within the United States or Puerto Rico without foreign direction committed against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof in furtherance of political or social objectives.

don: to put on, such as clothing or personal protective equipements.

Door position switch. A switch that changes state based on whether or not a door is closed. Typically, a switch mounted in a frame that is actuated by a magnet in a door.

Door strike, electronic. An electromechanical lock that releases a door plunger to unlock the door. Typically, an electronic door strike is mounted in place of or near a normal door strike plate.

dose equivalent: A unit that quantifies the biological effectiveness of an absorbed dose of ionizing radiation.

Dose rate (radiation). A general term indicating the quantity (total or accumulated) of ionizing radiation or energy absorbed by a person or animal, per unit of time.

Dose. A general term for the amount of radiation absorbed over a period of time.dose: The quantity of ionizing radiation absorbed by a unit mass of matter, especially living tissue;

measured in gray or rad.

Dosimeter. A portable instrument for measuring and registering the total accumulated dose to ionizing radiation.

Dosimeter. An instrument for measuring and registering total accumulated exposure to ionizing radiation.

Dual technology sensor. A sensor that combines two different technologies in one unit.dual use: Used to describe something with both civilian and military applications. For example,

many of the precursor chemicals used in the manufacture of chemical weapons have legitimate civilian industrial uses, such as the production of pesticides or ink for ballpoint pens.

Duress alarm devices. Also known as panic buttons, these devices are designated specifically to initiate a panic alarm.

Eecchymotic: (ecchymosis) the purple or black-and-blue area resulting from a bruise

Effective standoff distance. A standoff distance at which the required level of protection can be shown to be achieved through analysis or can be achieved through building hardening or other mitigating construction or retrofit.

efficiency: Ability to accomplish a job with a minimum expenditure of time and effort.

Electromagnetic pulse (EMP). A sharp pulse of energy radiated instantaneously by a nuclear detonation that may affect or damage electronic components and equipment. EMP can also be generated in lesser intensity by non-nuclear means in specific frequency ranges to perform the same disruptive function.

electron: A negatively charged component of an atom.

Page | 15

Electronic emanations. Electromagnetic emissions from computers, communications, electronics, wiring, and related equipment.

Electronic Entry Control Systems (EECS). Electronic devices that automatically verify authorization for a person to enter or exit a controlled area.

Electronic Security System (ESS). An integrated system that encompasses interior and exterior sensors, closed circuit television systems for assessment of alarm conditions, Electronic Entry Control Systems, data transmission media and alarm reporting systems for monitoring, control and display of various alarm and system information.

Electronic-emanations eavesdropping. Use of electronic-emanation surveillance equipment from outside a facility or its restricted area to monitor electronic emanations from computers, communications, and related equipment.

embargo: Partial or complete prohibition of commerce and trade with a particular country or a group of countries.

embryonated: Having an embryo

Emergency Alert System (EAS). A communications system of broadcast stations and interconnecting facilities authorized by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The system provides the president and other national, state, and local officials the means to broadcast emergency information to the public before, during, and after disasters.

Emergency Environmental Health Services. Services required to correct or improve damaging environmental health effects on humans, including inspection for food contamination, inspection for water contamination, and vector control; providing for sewage and solid waste inspection and disposal; cleanup and disposal of hazardous materials; and sanitation inspection for emergency shelter facilities.

Emergency Medical Services (EMS). Services including personnel, facilities, and equipment required to ensure proper medical care for the sick and injured from the time of injury to the time of final disposition, including medical disposition within a hospital, temporary medical facility, or special care facility; release from the site; or declared dead. Further, Emergency Medical Services specifically include those services immediately required to ensure proper medical care and specialized treatment for patients in a hospital and coordination of related hospital services.

Emergency Mortuary Services. Services required to assure adequate death investigation, identification, and disposition of bodies; removal, temporary storage, and transportation of bodies to temporary morgue facilities; notification of next of kin; and coordination of mortuary services and burial of unclaimed bodies.

Emergency Operations Center (EOC). The protected site from which state and local civil government officials coordinate, monitor, and direct emergency response activities during an emergency.

Emergency Operations Plan (EOP). A document that describes how people and property will be protected in disaster and disaster threat situations; details who is responsible for carrying out specific actions; identifies the personnel, equipment, facilities, supplies, and other resources available for use in the disaster; and outlines

Emergency Planning Zones (EPZ). Areas around a facility for which planning is needed to ensure prompt and effective actions are taken to protect the health and safety of the public if an accident or disaster occurs. In the Radiological Emergency Preparedness Program, there are two EPZs.

Page | 16

Emergency Public Information (EPI). Information that is disseminated primarily in anticipation of an emergency or at the actual time of an emergency and, in addition to providing information frequently directs actions, instructs, and transmits direct orders.

emergency responder: The first official personnel to arrive at a crisis event, such as firefighters, police officers, hazardous material cleanup workers, medical personnel, etc.

Emergency response plan: A document describing the organizational structures, roles and responsibilities, concept of operation, means and principles for intervention during an emergency. In the context of this publication the plan will specifically cover the response to a radiological hazardous incident of inadvertent movement or illicit trafficking of radioactive materials.

Emergency Response Team (ERT). An interagency team, consisting of the lead representative from each federal department or agency assigned primary responsibility for an ESF and key members of the FCO’s staff, formed to assist the FCO in carrying out his or her coordination responsibilities.

Emergency Response Team Advance Element (ERT-A). For federal disaster response and recovery activities under the Stafford Act, the portion of the ERT that is first deployed to the field to respond to a disaster incident. The ERT-A is the nucleus of the full ERT.

Emergency Response Team National (ERT-N). An ERT that has been established and rostered for deployment to catastrophic disasters where the resources of the FEMA Region have been, or are expected to be, overwhelmed. Three ERT-Ns have been established.

Emergency Support Function (ESF). In the Federal Response Plan (FRP), a functional area of response activity established to facilitate the delivery of federal assistance required during the immediate response phase of a disaster to save lives, protect property and public health, and maintain public safety. ESFs represent those types of federal assistance that the state will most likely need because of the impact of a catastrophic or significant disaster on its own resources and response capabilities, or because of the specialized or unique nature of the assistance required. ESF missions are designed to supplement state and local response efforts.

Emergency Support Team (EST). An interagency group operating from FEMA Headquarters. The EST oversees the national-level response support effort under the FRP and coordinates activities with the ESF primary and support agencies in supporting federal requirements in the field.

Emergency. Any natural or human-caused situation that results in or may result in substantial injury or harm to the population or substantial damage to or loss of property.

emerging disease: A disease that has appeared in a population for the first time, or that may have existed previously but is rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range.

end user: The ultimate user for which something is intended.

Entity-wide security. Planning and management that provides a framework and continuing cycle of activity for managing risk, developing security policies, assigning responsibilities, and monitoring the adequacy of the entity’s physical and cyber security controls.

Entry control point. A continuously or intermittently manned station at which entry to sensitive or restricted areas is controlled.

Entry control stations. Entry control stations should be provided at main perimeter entrances where security personnel are present. Entry control stations should be located as close as

Page | 17

practical to the perimeter entrance to permit personnel inside the station to maintain constant surveillance over the entrance and its approaches.

entry into force: (past verb: entered into force) The date on which a treaty takes effect and becomes a legally-enforceable instrument of international law; usually occurring after a certain number treaty signatories have ratified it.

enzyme: A naturally occurring catalyst that accelerates metabolic reactions that sustain life.

epidemiologist: Medical scientist who studies the transmission and control of epidemic diseases.

epidemiology: A branch of medical science that deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population

Equipment closet. A room where field control equipment, such as data gathering panels and power supplies, are typically located.

equivalent dose: A radiation-weighted dose quantity which takes into account the type of ionizing radiation producing the dose.

eradicate: To destroy completely; put an end to.

etiology: A branch of medical science dealing with the causes and origin of diseases

EU European Union

Evacuation, mandatory or directed. This is a warning to persons within the designated area that an imminent threat to life and property exists and individuals MUST evacuate in accordance with the instructions of local officials.

Evacuation, spontaneous. Residents or citizens in the threatened areas observe an emergency event or receive unofficial word of an actual or perceived threat and, without receiving instructions to do so, elect to evacuate the area. Their movement, means, and direction of travel are unorganized and unsupervised.

Evacuation, voluntary. This is a warning to persons within a designated area that a threat to life and property exists or is likely to exist in the immediate future. Individuals, issued this type of warning or order, are NOT required to evacuate; however, it would be to their advantage to do so.

Evacuation. Organized, phased, and supervised dispersal of people from dangerous or potentially dangerous areas.

Evacuees. All persons removed or moving from areas threatened or struck by a disaster.evaporation: A type of vaporization that changes a liquid to a vapor.

Exclusion area. A restricted area containing a security interest. Uncontrolled movement permits direct access to the item. See controlled area and limited area.

Exclusion zone. An area around an asset that has controlled entry with highly restrictive access. See controlled area.

Exclusion: Any exposure whose magnitude or likelihood is essentially not amenable to control through the requirements of the Standards is deemed to be excluded from the provisions of the International Basic Safety Standards for Protection against Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety of Radiation Sources.

Page | 18

Exemption: Practices and sources within practices may be exempted from the provisions of the Basic Safety Standards by Regulatory Authorities, based on criteria derived from the general principles that: (a) the radiation risks to individuals, caused by the exempted practice or source be sufficiently low as to be of no regulatory concern; (b) the collective radiological impact of the exempted practice or source be sufficiently low as not to warrant regulatory control under the prevailing circumstances; and (c) the exempted practices and sources be inherently safe, with no appreciable likelihood of scenarios that lead to a failure to meet the criteria in (a) and (b).

Explosives disposal container. A small container into which small quantities of explosives may be placed to contain their blast pressures and fragments if the explosive detonates.

F

Facial recognition. A biometric technology that is based on features of the human face.facilities, or associated activities or to detect or respond to nuclear security events.fallout: Radioactive particles that are carried into the atmosphere after a nuclear explosion or

accident and gradually fall back as dust or in precipitation.

false alarm. An alarm found by subsequent assessment not to have been caused by the presence of nuclear or radioactive material.

Federal Coordinating Officer (FCO). The person appointed by the FEMA Director to coordinate federal assistance in a presidential-declared emergency or major disaster.

Federal On-scene Commander. The FBI official designated upon JOC activation to ensure appropriate coordination of the overall U.S. government response with federal, state, and local authorities, until such time as the attorney general transfers the LFA role to FEMA.

Federal Response Plan (FRP). The FRP establishes a process and structure for the systematic, coordinated, and effective delivery of federal assistance to address the consequences of any major disaster or emergency.

Fence protection. An intrusion detection technology that detects a person crossing a fence by various methods, such as climbing, crawling, cutting, etc.

Fence sensor. An exterior intrusion detection sensor that detects aggressors as they attempt to climb over, cut through, or otherwise disturb a fence.

Fiber optics. A method of data transfer by passing bursts of light through a strand of glass or clear plastic.

Field Assessment Team (FAsT). A small team of pre-identified technical experts that conducts an assessment of response needs (not a PDA) immediately following a disaster.

Field of view. The visible area in a video picture.First responder. Local police, fire, and emergency medical personnel who first arrive on the scene

of an incident and take action to save lives, protect property, and meet basic human needs.

fissile: A material that is capable of sustaining a nuclear fission chain reaction.

fission products: The atomic fragments left after a large atomic nucleus fissions.

fission: The action of dividing or splitting something into two or more parts.

fissionable: Capable of undergoing nuclear fission.

Page | 19

Fixed, installed monitors: Equipment usually installed at border crossing points, in airports or port areas, but can also be found at the exit/entrance points to other facilities such as nuclear power plants or scrap metal yards. The equipment operates as a static portal to monitor vehicles or individuals passing through the portal.

Flash flood. Follows a situation in which rainfall is so intense and severe and runoff so rapid that it precludes recording and relating it to stream stages and other information in time to forecast a flood condition.

Flood. A general and temporary condition of partial or complete inundation of normally dry land areas from overflow of inland or tidal waters, unusual or rapid accumulation or runoff of surface waters, or mudslides/mudflows caused by accumulation of water.

foodborne: Of disease, carried or contracted by eating contaminated food.

Forced entry. Entry to a denied area achieved through force to create an opening in fence, walls, doors, etc., or to overpower guards.

forecast: A prediction or estimate of future events.

Fragment retention film (FRF). A thin, optically clear film applied to glass to minimize the spread of glass fragments when the glass is shattered.

Frame rate. In digital video, a measurement of the rate of change in a series of pictures, often measured in frames per second (fps).

Frangible construction. Building components that are designed to fail to vent blast pressures from an enclosure in a controlled manner and direction.

fungi: (singular: fungus) A large group of multi-cellular organisms that include yeasts, molds, and mushrooms. Some fungi can produce toxins, such as the tricothecene (T-2) mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species.

fungi: Plural form of fungus; any member of a large group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms

GGamma ray. A high-energy photon emitted from the nucleus of atoms; similar to an X-ray. It can

penetrate deeply into body tissue and many materials. Cobalt-60 and Cesium-137 are both strong gamma-emitters. Shielding against gamma radiation requires thick layers of dense materials, such as lead. Gamma rays are potentially lethal to humans.

gamma ray: Penetrating electromagnetic radiation of a kind arising from the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei.

gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: An analytical method that identifies different chemicals in a sample.

gastro-intestinal (GI): Of or relating to the stomach and the intestines.

gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestine as a functional unit.

Geneva Protocol of 1925: A multilateral treaty that prohibits the use in war of chemical or biological weapons. It does not prohibit their development or possession. It currently has 130 State Parties.

Page | 20

genocide: The systematic destruction of all or part of a racial, ethnic, religious or national group by killing, harming, and/or inflicting conditions of life to bring about its physical destruction.

GICNT Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism

Glare security lighting. Illumination projected from a secure perimeter into the surrounding area, making it possible to see potential intruders at a considerable distance while making it difficult to observe activities within the secure perimeter.

Glass-break detector. An intrusion detection sensor that is designed to detect breaking glass either through vibration or acoustics.

Glazing. A material installed in a sash, ventilator, or panes (e.g., glass, plastic, etc., including material, such as thin granite installed in a curtain wall).

Governor’s Authorized Representative (GAR). The person empowered by the governor to execute, on behalf of the state, all necessary documents for disaster assistance.

GP G8 Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction

Graded approach: The application of nuclear security measures proportional to the potential consequences of a malicious act.

granulocyte: Are a category of white blood cells characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm.

gray (Gy): The absorption of one joule of radiation energy by one kilogram of matter.

Grid wire sensor. An intrusion detection sensor that uses a grid of wires to cover a wall or fence. An alarm is sounded if the wires are cut.

guesstimate: An estimate based on a mixture of guesswork and calculation.

gun-type nuclear weapon: Are fission-based nuclear weapons whose design assembles their fissile material into a supercritical mass by the use of the “gun” method: shooting one piece of sub-critical material into another.

HHalf-life. The amount of time needed for half of the atoms of a radioactive material to decay.half-life: The time taken for the radioactivity of a specified isotope to fall to half its original value.

hallucination: Imagined perception of stimuli, whether visual, auditory, sensory or other mode of perception.

Hand geometry. A biometric technology that is based on characteristics of the human hand.Hand-held survey meters: Portable instruments that can be used to determine radiation and

contamination levels.

harmonize: Bring into consonance or agreement.

hazard control area. A designated geographical area, representing the maximum extent of all hazards within a radiological crime scene, into which, within and from which access is controlled.

Page | 21

Hazard mitigation. Any action taken to reduce or eliminate the long-term risk to human life and property from hazards. The term is sometimes used in a stricter sense to mean cost-effective measures to reduce the potential for damage to a facility or facilities from a disaster event.

Hazard. A source of potential danger or adverse condition.Hazardous material (HazMat). Any substance or material that, when involved in an accident and

released in sufficient quantities, poses a risk to people’s health, safety, and/or property. These substances and materials include explosives, radioactive materials, flammable liquids or solids, combustible liquids or solids, poisons, oxidizers, toxins, and corrosive materials.

heavy-water plant: A nuclear power plant that uses heavy water as opposed to graphite to slow down the fast neutrons so that they can react with the fuel in the reactor.

hemolytic: Relating to or involving the rupture or destruction of red blood cells.

hemorrhagic fever: Disease with high fever and hemorrhage of internal organs and into the skin. It is caused by several kinds of virus, of which Ebola, dengue, and yellow fever are the best known.

HEPA filtration: High-efficiency particulate air (or HEPA) is a type of air filter.

herbicide: A chemical designed to kill plants; also known as a defoliant.

HEU highly enriched uranium

High-hazard areas. Geographic locations that, for planning purposes, have been determined through historical experience and vulnerability analysis to be likely to experience the effects of a specific hazard (e.g., hurricane, earthquake, hazardous materials accident, etc.), resulting in vast property damage and loss of life.

Highly enriched uranium (HEU). Uranium that is enriched to above 20 percent. Uranium-235 (U-235). Weapons-grade HEU is enriched to above 90 percent in U-235.

High-risk target. Any material resource or facility that, because of mission sensitivity, ease of access, isolation, and symbolic value, may be an especially attractive or accessible terrorist target.

hoax: A fake or fraud

host: An organism that harbors or nourishes another organism.

Human-caused hazard. Human-caused hazards are technological hazards and terrorism. They are distinct from natural hazards primarily in that they originate from human activity. Within the military services, the term “threat” is typically used for human-caused hazard. See definitions of technological hazards and terrorism for further information.

Hurricane. A tropical cyclone, formed in the atmosphere over warm ocean areas, in which wind speeds reach seventy-four miles per hour or more and blow in a large spiral around a relatively calm center or “eye.” Circulation is counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.

hydrogen cyanide: A blood agent that disrupts the body’s ability to utilize oxygen. It is too volatile for military use but ideal for assassinations. Hydrogen cyanide is a colorless gas that smells like bitter almonds.

Page | 22

IIAEA International Atomic Energy Agency

ICSANT International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism

ID50: Infectious Dose 50. ID50 is a measure of how many bacterial cells or virus particles are needed to cause infection in 50% of exposed individuals.

ideological: Used to describe groups that are motivated by their own ideals; groups may seek to affect legislation and policy in a way that protects and promotes their ideals, sometimes by violent means.

Illicit trafficking: Any intentional unauthorized movement or trade (particularly international) of radioactive materials (including nuclear materials) with criminal intent.

illicit: Forbidden by law, rules, or custom.

immediate dose: Radiation dose occuring in the present moment as opposed to the long-term accumulated dose.

Immediate Response Zone (IRZ): A circular zone ranging from ten to fifteen kilometers (six to nine miles) from the potential chemical event source, depending on the stockpile location on-post. Emergency response plans developed for the IRZ must provide for the most rapid and effective protective actions possible, because the IRZ will have the highest concentration of agent and the least amount of warning time.

Impact analysis. A management-level analysis that identifies the impacts of losing the entity’s resources. The analysis measures the effect of resource loss and escalating losses over time in order to provide the entity with reliable data upon which to base decisions on hazard mitigation and continuity planning.

implosion: The act of imploding; a bursting inward.

Improvised nuclear device (IND). A device incorporating radioactive material designed to result in the formation of a nuclear yield reaction. Such devices may be fabricated in a completely improvised manner or may be an improvised modification to a nuclear weapon.

improvised nuclear device (IND): A weapon that uses a simple, untested design to attempt to create a nuclear explosion.

improvised nuclear device. A device incorporating radioactive materials designed to result in the formation of a nuclear-yield reaction. Such devices may be fabricated in a completely improvised manner or may be an improvised modification to a nuclear weapon.

Inadvertent movement: Any unintentional unauthorized receipt, possession, use or transfer of radioactive, including nuclear, materials.

Inadvertent movement: Any unintentional unauthorized receipt, possession, use or transfer of radioactive, including nuclear, materials.

incapacitant: A chemical that causes temporary physiological or psychological effects to the point where victims cannot carry out their duties or planned actions.

incapacitate: to deprive of capacity or natural power; to disable

Page | 23

Incident Command System (ICS). A standardized organizational structure used to command, control, and coordinate the use of resources and personnel that have responded to the scene of an emergency. The concepts and principles for ICS include common terminology, modular organization, integrated communication, unified command structure, consolidated action plan, manageable span of control, designated incident facilities, and comprehensive resource management.

Incident commander: The individual in charge of deployment and direction of resources during a tactical response to inadvertent movement or inadvertent movement or illicit trafficking of radioactive materials.

Incident investigation officer: The individual responsible for all investigative processes associated with an incident, including evidence gathering, and preparation for any future criminal prosecution, judicial inquiry, death inquest or other statutory investigation.

incubate: To maintain (as eggs, embryos of animals, or bacteria) under prescribed and usually controlled conditions favorable for hatching or development especially in an incubator

incubator: an apparatus used to hatch eggs or grow microorganisms under controlled conditions.

IND improvised nuclear device

indigenous: An indigenous capability refers to a nation being able to utilize its own human resources and materiel to supply the scientific and technical services required for its population’s wellbeing and security.

infectious diseases: Any disease caused by the entrance, growth, and multiplication of microorganisms in the body.

influenza: A highly contagious viral infection of the respiratory passages causing fever, severe aching, excessive discharge or buildup of mucus in the nose or throat, and often occurring in epidemics.

Information alert. Time sensitive reporting that could indicate a nuclear security event, requiring assessment, and may come from a variety of sources, including operational information, medical surveillance, accounting and consigner/consignee discrepancies and border monitoring.

information alert. Time sensitive reporting that could indicate a nuclear security event requiring assessment, and may come from a variety of sources, including operational information, medical surveillance, accounting and consigner/consignee discrepancies, border monitoring, etc.

Infrastructure: The basic organization, legal systems, technical resources, management and related factors that are put in place by a national authority to protect against ionization radiation and to ensure the safety of radioactive materials in their production, use, transport and disposal.

Ingestion Pathway (fifty-mile EPZ): A circular geographic zone (with a fifty-mile radius centered at the nuclear power plant) for which plans are developed to protect the public from the ingestion of water or food contaminated as a result of a nuclear power plant accident. In

Page | 24

the Chemical Stockpile Emergency Pre-paredness Program (CSEPP), the EPZ is divided into three concentric circular zones:

inhalation: (verb: to inhale): The action of breathing air as well as aerosol particles into the lungs.

Initial assessment. The process of analysing systematically and evaluating an information alert or an instrument alarm to determine whether a nuclear security event has occurred.

Initial entry. The first controlled entry made into a crime scene, conducted for the purpose of gathering data regarding the nature and extent of on-scene hazards.

innate immune response: A subsystem of the overall immune system that comprises the cells and mechanisms that defend the host from infection by other organisms in a non-specific manner. Unlike the adaptive immune system (which is found only in vertebrates), it does not confer long-lasting or protective immunity to the host.

Inner cordon: The immediate cordon control area to isolate the radioactive source, and which delineates the area of potential hazard.

Innocent alarm. An alarm found by subsequent assessment to have been caused by nuclear or other radioactive material under regulatory control or exempt or excluded from regulatory control.

Innocent alarm. An alarm found by subsequent assessment to have been caused by nuclear or other radioactive material under regulatory control or exempt or excluded from regulatory control.

Innocent radioactive source: Radioactive materials that are not deemed to be illicit, such as naturally occurring radioactive material and those used in medical circumstances or legal shipments.

inoculate: To treat (a person or animal) with a vaccine to produce immunity against a disease.

INSEN: International Nuclear Security Education NetworkInsider compromise. A person, authorized access to a facility (an insider), compromises assets by

taking advantage of that accessibility.Insider: One or more individuals with authorized access to nuclear facilities or nuclear material in

transport who could attempt unauthorized removal or sabotage, or who could aid an external adversary to do so.

inspections: A process conducted by a group of impartial chemical experts representing an international organization such as the OPCW or the UN, seeking to verify that commitments are being properly adhered to, or, alternatively, investigating whether violations of the CWC have occurred.

INSSP: Integrated Nuclear Security Support Plan.Instrument alarm. A signal from a detection instrument or set of such instruments that could

indicate a nuclear security event requiring assessment. An instrument alarm may come from devices that are portable or deployed at fixed locations and operated to augment normal commerce protocols and/or in a law enforcement operation.

Instrument alarm. A signal from instruments that could indicate a nuclear security event requiring assessment. An instrument alarm may come from devices that are portable or deployed at

Page | 25

fixed locations and operated to augment normal commerce protocols or law enforcement operation.

intangible technology: A legal term meaning technology that takes a non-physical form such as patents, Computer software, or trade secrets.

integument: A tough outer protective layer, especially that of an animal or plant.

Intercom door/gate station. Part of an intercom system where communication is typically initiated, usually located at a door or gate.

Intercom master station. Part of an intercom system that monitors one or more intercom door/gate stations; typically, where initial communication is received.

Intercom switcher. Part of an intercom system that controls the flow of communications between various stations.

Intercom System. An electronic system that allows simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex audio communications.

interdiction: The act of delaying, disrupting, or destroying an illegal technology transfer en route to the end user.

intermediary: A negotiator who acts as a link between parties.

International terrorism. Violent acts or acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or any state, or that would be a criminal violation if committed within the jurisdiction of the United States or any state. These acts appear to be intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population, influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion, or affect the conduct of a government by assassination or kidnapping. International terrorist acts occur outside the United States, or transcend national boundaries in terms of the means by which they are accomplished, the persons they appear intended to coerce or intimidate, or the locale in which their perpetrators operate or seek asylum.

intoxication: The state of being poisoned by a chemical.

Intrusion Detection Sensor. A device that initiates alarm signals by sensing the stimulus, change, or condition for which it was designed.

Intrusion Detection System (IDS). The combination of components, including sensors, control units, transmission lines, and monitor units, integrated to operate in a specified manner.

ion: An atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.

Ionize. To split off one or more electrons from an atom, thus leaving it with a positive electric charge. The electrons usually attach to one of the atoms or molecules, giving them a negative charge.

ionize: To convert (an atom, molecule, or substance) into an ion or ions, typically by removing one or more electrons.

ionizing radiation: Radiation consisting of particles, X-rays, or gamma rays with sufficient energy to cause ionization in the medium through which it passes.

IPPAS International Physical Protection Advisory Service

Page | 26

Iridium-192. A gamma ray emitting radioisotope used for gamma radiography. Its half-life is 73.83 days.

irradiator: A device used to expose a wide range of samples to gamma radiation. Frequently used to sterilize food.

Irregularity: An unusual observable condition which might result from unauthorized removal of nuclear material, or which restricts the ability of the facility operator to draw the conclusion that unauthorized removal has not occurred.

Isolated fenced perimeters. Fenced perimeters with a hundred feet or more of space outside the fence that is clear of obstruction, making approach obvious.

Isotope. A specific element always has the same number of protons in the nucleus. That same element may, however, appear in forms that have different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus. These different forms are referred to as “isotopes” of the element; for example, deuterium (2H) and tritium (3H) are isotopes of ordinary hydrogen (H).

isotope: Each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties; in particular, a radioactive form of an element.

ITDB Illicit Trafficking Data Base

JJersey barrier. A protective concrete barrier initially and still used as a highway divider that now

also functions as an expedient method for traffic speed control at entrance gates and to keep vehicles away from buildings.

Joint Information Center (JIC). A central point of contact for all news media near the scene of a large-scale disaster. News media representatives are kept informed of activities and events by Public Information Officers who represent all participating federal, state, and local agencies that are collocated at the JIC.

Joint Information System (JIS). Under the FRP, connection of public affairs personnel, decision makers, and news centers by electronic mail, fax, and telephone when a single federal-state-local JIC is not a viable option.

Joint Interagency Intelligence Support Element (JIISE). An interagency intelligence component designed to fuse intelligence information from the various agencies participating in a response to a WMD threat or incident within an FBI JOC. The JIISE is an expanded version of the investigative/intelligence component that is part of the standardized FBI command post structure. The JIISE manages five functions, including security, collections management, current intelligence, exploitation, and dissemination.

Joint Operations Center (JOC). Established by the LFA under the operational control of the federal OSC, as the focal point for management and direction of on-site activities, coordination/establishment of state requirements/priorities, and coordination of the overall federal response.

Jurisdiction. Typically counties and cities within a state, but states may elect to define differently in order to facilitate their assessment process.

jurisdiction: The geographic area over which authority extends.

K

Page | 27

Llaboratory analysis: The process of considering something carefully or using statistical methods in

order to understand it or explain it; the identification and measurement of the chemical constituents of a substance or specimen.

Laminated glass. A flat lite of uniform thickness consisting of two monolithic glass plies bonded together with an interlayer material as defined in Specification C1172.

Landscaping. The use of plantings (shrubs and trees), with or without landforms and/or large boulders, to act as a perimeter barrier against defined threats.

Laser card. A card technology that uses a laser reflected off of a card for uniquely identifying the card.

Layers of protection. A traditional approach in security engineering using concentric circles extending out from an area to be protected as demarcation points for different security strategies.

Lead Agency. The federal department or agency assigned lead responsibility under U.S. law to manage and coordinate the federal response in a specific functional area.

Lead Federal Agency (LFA). The agency designated by the president to lead and coordinate the overall federal response is referred to as the LFA and is determined by the type of emergency. In general, an LFA establishes operational structures and procedures to assemble and work with agencies providing direct support to the LFA in order to provide an initial assessment of the situation, develop an action plan, monitor and update operational priorities, and ensure each agency exercises its concurrent and distinct authorities under U.S. law and supports the LFA in carrying out the president’s relevant policy. Specific responsibilities of an LFA vary, according to the agency’s unique statutory authorities.

Lethal dose (50/30). The dose of radiation expected to cause death within 30 days to 50 percent of those exposed without medical treatment. The generally accepted range is from 400–500 rem received over a short period of time.

lethal dose (LD): A measurement of the lethality or deadliness of an agent. It is typically expressed as LD50, or the amount of an agent required to cause death in 50% of an exposed population.

LEU low enriched uranium

Level of protection (LOP). The degree to which an asset is protected against injury or damage from an attack.

Liaison. An agency official sent to another agency to facilitate interagency communications and coordination.

License: An authorization granted by the Regulatory Authority on the basis of a safety assessment and accompanied by specific requirements and conditions to be completed by the licensee.

Limited area. A restricted area within close proximity of a security interest. Uncontrolled movement may permit access to the item. Escorts and other internal restrictions may prevent access to the item. See controlled area and exclusion area.

Line of sight (LOS). Direct observation between two points with the naked eye or hand-held optics.

Page | 28

line source: A moving source of a CW agent. For example, an aircraft, cruise missile, or land vehicle that releases a CW agent as it travels perpendicular to the prevailing wind is a line source.

Line supervision. A data integrity strategy that monitors the communications link for connectivity and tampering. In Intrusion Detection System sensors, line supervision is often referred to as two-state, three-state, or four-state in respect to the number of conditions monitored. The frequency of sampling the link also plays a big part in the supervision of the line.

Line-of-sight sensor. A pair of devices used as an intrusion detection sensor that monitor any movement through the field between the sensors.

liquid suspension: A mixture in which small particles of a substance are dispersed throughout a gas or liquid.

Local government. Any county, city, village, town, district, or political subdivision of any state, and Indian tribe or authorized tribal organization, or Alaska Native village or organization, including any rural community or unincorporated town or village or any other public entity.

Mmacrophage: A large phagocytic cell found in stationary form in the tissues or as a mobile white

blood cell, especially at sites of infection.

maculopapular: A type of rash characterized by a flat, red area on the skin that is covered with small confluent bumps.

Magnetic lock. An electromagnetic lock that unlocks a door when power is removed.Magnetic stripe. A card technology that uses a magnetic stripe on the card to encode data used for

unique identification of the card.Mail-bomb delivery. Bombs or incendiary devices delivered to the target in letters or packages.major public event. A high profile event that a State has determined to be a potential target.Management: means all activities, administrative and operational, that are involved in the

manufacture, supply, receipt, storage, use, transfer, import, export, transport, maintenance or disposal of radioactive sources.

mandate: The authority to carry out a policy or course of action.

Man-trap. An access-control strategy that uses a pair of interlocking doors to prevent tailgating. Only one door can be unlocked at a time. Many different interlayer materials are used in laminated glass.

Mass care. The actions that are taken to protect evacuees and other disaster victims from the effects of the disaster. Activities include providing temporary shelter, food, medical care, clothing, and other essential life support needs to those people who have been displaced from their homes because of a disaster or threatened disaster.

Mass notification. Capability to provide real-time information to all building occupants or personnel in the immediate vicinity of a building during emergency situations.

Material Balance Area (MBA): An MBA is an area in a nuclear facility designated such that: (a) the quantity of nuclear material in each movement into or out of each MBA can be determined; and (b) the physical inventory of nuclear material in each MBA can be determined when necessary, in accordance with specified procedures, in order that the material balance can be established.

Page | 29

medical countermeasures: Treatments including medicine and supportive care that can help to counter the effects and alleviate the symptoms caused by chemical agents.

medical imaging: The technique, process and art of creating visual representations of the interior of a body for clinical analysis and medical intervention.

metabolism: The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.

microbe: A microorganism, especially a bacterium causing disease or fermentation.

Microwave motion sensor. An intrusion detection sensor that uses microwave energy to sense movement within the sensor’s field of view. These sensors work similar to radar by using the Doppler effect to measure a shift in frequency.

middlemen: A person who arranges business or political deals between other people.

Military installations. Army, Navy, Air Force and Marine Corps bases, posts, stations and annexes (both contractor- and government-operated), hospitals, terminals, and other special mission facilities, as well as those used primarily for military purposes.

Minimum essential infrastructure resource elements. The broad categories of resources, all or portions of which constitute the minimal essential infrastructure necessary for a department, agency or organization to conduct its core mission(s).

Minimum measures. Protective measures that can be applied to all buildings regardless of the identified threat. These measures offer defense or detection opportunities for minimal cost, facilitate future upgrades, and may deter acts of aggression.

mitigate: To make less severe or painful

Mitigation. Those actions taken to reduce the exposure to and impact of an attack or disaster.Mobile Survey equipment: Equipment normally carried in a vehicle, which is used to determine

radiation and contamination levels. In addition some mobile survey equipment can identify and quantify radioactive materials.

molecule: A group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction.

Monitoring: The measurement of dose or contamination for reasons related to the assessment or control of exposure to radiation or radioactive substances, and the interpretation of the results. For example, a check for radiation or contamination

morbidity: A diseased state or symptom.

mortality: The state of being subject to death.

Motion detector. An intrusion detection sensor that changes state based on movement in the sensor’s field of view.

Movement: Movement is a general term that includes all terms related to movements, like transfer shipment etc.

Moving vehicle bomb. An explosive-laden car or truck driven into or near a building and detonated.mucous membranes: Mucous-secreting tissues lining passages in the body, such as the nose and the

esophagus, that are exposed to air and the external environment.

Page | 30

multi-dimensional: Of or involving several dimensions or aspects.

munition: A weapon that carries a CW agent payload to a target.

munition: Military weapons, ammunition, equipment, and stores.

mustard gas: A blister agent that is easily absorbed by the skin and clothing and is highly persistent. It is typically dispersed as a mist comprised of minute drops. It is relatively easy to produce and was acquired by several countries during the twentieth century.

Mutual Aid Agreement. A prearranged agreement developed between two or more entities to render assistance to the parties of the agreement.

NNatural hazard. Naturally occurring events, such as floods, earthquakes, tornadoes, tsunami, coastal

storms, landslides, and wildfires, that strike populated areas. A natural event is a hazard when it has the potential to harm people or property (FEMA 386–2, Understanding Your Risks). The risks of natural hazards may be increased or decreased as a result of human activity; however, they are not inherently human induced.

Natural protective barriers. Natural protective barriers are mountains and deserts, cliffs and ditches, water obstacles, or other terrain features that are difficult to traverse.

natural uranium: Uranium with the same isotopic ratio as found in nature. It contains 0.7% uranium-235, 99.3% uranium-238, and a trace of uranium-234.

nerve agent: A chemical that attacks the nervous system and disrupts the process by which nerves transfer messages to organs. This disruption is caused by deactivating the enzyme acetylcholinesterase and results in a buildup of acetylcholine that is responsible for the orderly transmission of nerve impulses. Symptoms of nerve agent exposure include a loss of muscle control and secretion by glands, leading to difficulty in breathing, drooling, excessive sweating, pinpoint pupils, twitching, convulsions, vomiting, incontinence, and asphyxiation. Tabun, sarin, soman, and VX are examples of nerve agents.

neurotoxin:

neutralize: To render something ineffective or harmless.

neutron: A subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom which carries no electric charge.

non-compliance: failure or refusal to comply, as with a law, regulation, or term of a contract.

nondiscriminatory: Fair and unbiased; not discriminating.

Non-exclusive zone. An area around an asset that has controlled entry, but shared or\ less-restrictive access than an exclusive zone.

Non-persistent agent. An agent that, upon release, loses its ability to cause casualties after ten to fifteen minutes. It has a high evaporation rate, is lighter than air, and will disperse rapidly. It is considered to be a short-term hazard; however, in small, unventilated areas, the agent will be more persistent.

Page | 31

Non-proliferation: A broad term used in international agreements in relation to limiting the availability of nuclear material and thus reducing the capability for production of nuclear weapons.

non-state actor or group: Entities that participate or act in international relations with sufficient power to influence and cause a change even though they do not belong to any established institution of a state. Could be a peaceful NGO (non-governmental organization) or a violent terrorist group with no affiliation to a particular nation or state.

non-state actors: An individual or organization that has significant political influence but is not allied to any particular country or state. Frequently used to discuss terrorist groups.

Notification: A document submitted to the Regulatory Authority by the legal person to notify an intention to carry out a practice or any other action described in the General Obligations of the BSS (Basic Safety Standards).

NPT Treaty on the Non Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

NSF Nuclear Security Fund

NSG Nuclear Suppliers Group

NSP Nuclear Security Plan

NSS Nuclear Security Summit

NSSC: Nuclear Security Support CentersNuclear detonation. An explosion resulting from fission and/or fusion reactions in nuclear material,

such as that from a nuclear weapon.Nuclear facility: A facility (including associated buildings and equipment) in which nuclear

material is produced, processed, used, handled, stored or disposed of and for which a specific licence is required.

Nuclear material. Nuclear material is defined to be any material that is either special fissionable material or source material as defined in Article XX of the IAEA Statute.

Nuclear material: Any material that is either special fissionable material or source material as defined in Article XX of the IAEA Statute“1. The term “special fissionable material” means plutonium-239; uranium- 233; uranium enriched in the isotopes 235 or 233; any material containing one or more of the foregoing; and such other fissionable material as the Board of Governors shall from time to time determine; but the term “special fissionable material” does not include source material.“2. The term “uranium enriched in the isotopes 235 or 233” means uranium containing the isotopes 235 or 233 or both in an amount such that the abundance ratio of the sum of these isotopes to the isotope 238 is greater than the ratio of the isotope 235 to the isotope 238 occurring in nature .“3. The term “source material” means uranium containing the mixture of isotopes occurring in nature; uranium depleted in the isotope 235; thorium; any of the foregoing in the form of metal, alloy, chemical compound, or concentrate; any other material containing one or more of the foregoing in such concentration as the Board of Governors shall from time to time determine; and such other material as the Board of Governors shall from time to time determine.”

Page | 32

Nuclear material: Plutonium except that with isotopic concentration exceeding 80% in plutonium-238; uranium-233; uranium enriched in the isotope 235 or 233; uranium containing the mixture of isotopes as occurring in nature other than in the form of ore or ore-residue; any material containing one or more of the foregoing.

Nuclear reactor. A device in which a controlled, self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction can be maintained with the use of cooling to remove generated heat.

Nuclear security event. An event that has potential or actual implications for nuclear security that must be addressed.

nuclear security event. An event that has the potential or actual implications for nuclear security that must be addressed.

nuclear security measure. A measure intended to prevent a nuclear security threat from completing criminal or intentional unauthorized acts involving or directed at nuclear material, other radioactive material, associated

nuclear security system. An integrated set of nuclear security measures.Nuclear, biological, or chemical weapons. Also called Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD).

Weapons that are characterized by their capability to produce mass casualties.Oof federal response and recovery activities located at the FEMA Regional Office (or Federal Regional

Center) and led by the FEMA regional director or deputy director until the DFO becomes operational. After the ERT-A is deployed, the ROC performs a support role for federal staff at the disaster scene.

On-Scene Coordinator (OSC). The federal official pre-designated by the EPA and U.S. Coast Guard to coordinate and direct response and removals under the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan.

open source: Information that is universally accessible to the public for open collaboration.

Open systems architecture. A term borrowed from the IT industry to claim that systems are capable of interfacing with other systems from any vendor, which also uses open system architecture. The opposite would be a proprietary system.

opened for signature: The time period during which states may become a party to a multilateral treaty.

operational control area. A designated geographical area, representing the maximum extent of the area needed to support the management of a radiological crime scene, into and from which access is controlled.

Operator interface. The part of a security management system that provides that user interface to humans.

Operator: Any person, organization or government entity licensed or authorized to undertake the operation of a nuclear facility.

Organizational areas of control. Controls consist of the policies, procedures, practices, and organization structures designed to provide reasonable assurance that business objectives will be achieved and that undesired events will be prevented or detected and corrected.

organophosphorous pesticides: Chemicals containing the element phosphorus designed to kill insects with the aim of increasing agricultural production. They are structurally similar to nerve agents, although pesticides are 100-1,000 times less potent. Nerve agents were

Page | 33

discovered by German scientists conducting organophosphorus pesticide research in the 1930s.

Orphan source: A source which poses sufficient radiological hazard to warrant regulatory control, but which is not under regulatory control because it has never been so, or because it has been abandoned, lost, misplaced, stolen or otherwise transferred without proper authorization.

orphaned sources: A self-contained radioactive source that is no longer under proper regulatory control.

Outer cordon: A cordon controlled area surrounding the inner cordon, which provides a safe and secure working area for response field personnel.

Ppandemic: A disease prevalent throughout an entire country, continent, or the whole world

parasite: An organism that lives in or on another organism (its host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the host’s expense.

part of the main wind-force resisting system.Passive infrared motion sensor. A device that detects a change in the thermal energy pattern caused

by a moving intruder and initiates an alarm when the change in energy satisfies the detector’s alarm-criteria.

Passive vehicle barrier. A vehicle barrier that is permanently deployed and does not require response to be effective.

Patch panel. A concentrated termination point that separates backbone cabling from devices cabling for easy maintenance and troubleshooting.

pathogen: A specific causative agent (as a bacterium or virus) of disease

pathogenic: Capable of causing disease.

payload: Payload is a measurement of carrying capacity, or can also refer to the specific item carried by a delivery device.

payload: The material carried by a plane, missile, bomb, or other projectile. In chemical weapons, the toxic chemical is the payload.

PCR: (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a laboratory technique used to make multiple copies of a segment of DNA.

Perimeter barrier. A fence, wall, vehicle barrier, landform, or line of vegetation applied along an exterior perimeter used to obscure vision, hinder personnel access, or hinder or prevent vehicle access.

persistence: The length of time that a chemical remains in an environment and contaminates an area. Depending on the ambient temperature, highly persistent agents such as mustard or VX may volatilize slowly and last in the environment for days or weeks, all the while continuing to present a hazard.

Page | 34

Persistent agent. An agent that, upon release, retains its casualty-producing effects for an extended period of time, usually anywhere from thirty minutes to several days. A persistent agent usually has a low evaporation rate and its vapor is heavier than air; therefore, its vapor cloud tends to hug the ground. It is considered to be a long-term hazard. Although inhalation hazards are still a concern, extreme caution should be taken to avoid skin contact as well.

Personal dosimeters: Small devices usually clipped onto an individual’s clothing, which measure the personal dose of an individual. In addition some electronic dosimeters can measure the dose rate with an audible alarm function.

personal protection equipment: Protective clothing or equipment designed to protect the body from and reduce exposure to hazards such as chemicals and airborne particles.

personnel: People employed in an organization or engaged in an organized undertaking such as military service.

petri dish: A shallow, circular, transparent dish with a flat lid, used for the culture of microorganisms.

phosgene: A gaseous choking agent used in World War I that disrupts the body’s ability to absorb oxygen and smells of freshly cut grass.

Physical inventory: The sum of all the measured or derived estimates of batch quantities of nuclear material physically present at a given time within a material balance area, obtained by a facility operator in accordance with specified procedures.

Physical protection: Measures for the protection of nuclear material or authorized facilities designed to prevent unauthorized access or removal of fissile material or sabotage with regard to safeguards, as, for example, in the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material.

Physical security. The part of security concerned with measures/concepts designed to safeguard personnel; to prevent unauthorized access to equipment, installations, materiel, and documents; and to safeguard them against espionage, sabotage, damage, and theft.

physical security: Measures necessary to protect a facility against the effects of unauthorized access, theft, fire, malicious destructions, loss, or other intentional crime or damage.

Planter barrier. A passive vehicle barrier, usually constructed of concrete and filled with dirt (and flowers for aesthetics). Planters, along with bollards, are the usual street furniture used to keep vehicles away from existing buildings. Overall size and the depth of installation below grade determine the vehicle stopping capability of the individual planter.

Plume Exposure Pathway (ten-mile EPZ): A circular geographic zone (with a ten-mile radius centered at the nuclear power plant) for which plans are developed to protect the public against exposure to radiation emanating from a radioactive plume caused as a result of an accident at the nuclear power plant.

Plume. Airborne material spreading from a particular source; the dispersal of particles, gases, vapors, and aerosols into the atmosphere.

Plutonium-239 (Pu-239). A metallic element used for nuclear weapons. Its half-life is 24,110 years.

Page | 35

point of entry and/or exit (POE). An officially designated place on the land border between two States, seaport, international airport or other point where travellers, means of transport and/or goods are inspected. Often, customs and immigration facilities are provided at these POEs. An undesignated POE is any air, land or water crossing point that is not officially designated for travellers and/or goods by the State, such as green borders, sea-shores and local airports.

point source: A single identifiable source of a CW agent. For example, a rocket, artillery shell, or bomb that disperses a CW agent upon impact with the ground is a point source. A chemical released from a stationary sprayer or tank is also a point source.

Polycarbonate glazing. A plastic glazing material with enhanced resistance to ballistics or blast effects.

potency: (adjective: potent) The strength of a chemical agent, or the capacity of a dose of an agent to produce desired effects. The more potent a substance, the less of it is needed to cause harm.

power reactor: Device designed to maintain a nuclear chain reaction producing a steady flow of neutrons generated by the fission of heavy nuclei.

Practice: Any human activity that introduces additional sources of exposure or exposure pathways or extends exposure to additional people or modifies the network of exposure pathways from existing sources, so as to increase the exposure or the likelihood of exposure of people or the number of people exposed.

pralidoxime chloride: (2-PAM-chloride) A medicine that cures nerve agent poisoning by counteracting the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and allowing it to function and helping to restore normal nerve function. As such, it reverses the seizure-like symptoms and paralysis caused by nerve agents.

Precautionary Zone (PZ). The outermost portion of the EPZ for CSEPP, extending from the PAZ outer boundary to a distance where the risk of adverse impacts to humans is negligible. Because of the increased warning and response time available for implementation of response actions in the PZ, detailed local emergency planning is not required, although Consequence Management planning may be appropriate.

precursor: A chemical element or compound that takes part at any stage in the production of a toxic chemical.

Predetonation screen. A fence that causes an anti-tank round to detonate or prevents it from arming before it reaches its target.

Preliminary Damage Assessment (PDA). A mechanism used to determine the impact and magnitude of damage and the resulting unmet needs of individuals, businesses, the public sector, and the community as a whole. Information collected is used by the state as a basis for the governor’s request for a presidential declaration, and by FEMA to document the recommendation made to the president in response to the governor’s request. PDAs are made by at least one state and one federal representative. A local government representative familiar with the extent and location of damage in the community often participates; other state and federal agencies and voluntary relief organizations also may be asked to participate, as needed.

Page | 36

Preparedness. Establishing the plans, training, exercises, and resources necessary to enhance mitigation of and achieve readiness for response to, and recovery from, all hazards, disasters, and emergencies, including WMD incidents.

Pressure mat. A mat that generates an alarm when pressure is applied to any part of the mat’s surface, such as when someone steps on the mat. Pressure mats can be used to detect an intruder approaching a protected object, or they can be placed by doors and windows to detect entry.

Primary asset. An asset that is the ultimate target for compromise by an aggressor.Primary gathering building. Inhabited buildings routinely occupied by fifty or more personnel.

This designation applies to the entire portion of a building that meets the population density requirements for an inhabited building.

Probability of detection (POD). A measure of an intrusion detection sensor’s performance in detecting an intruder within its detection zone.

Probability of intercept. The probability that an act of aggression will be detected and that a response force will intercept the aggressor before the asset can be compromised.

probability: The likeliness of something happening.

procurement network: A network which uses illicit or fraudulent means (such as front companies or false declarations) to obtain prohibited technologies.

Progressive collapse. A chain-reaction failure of building members to an extent disproportionate to the original localized damage; such damage may result in upper floors of a building collapsing onto lower floors.

projectile: An object propelled through space with great force, such as a bullet or an artillery shell.

proliferant state: A country seeking and actively pursuing capabilities to develop and produce one or more weapons of mass destruction (WMD).

proliferate: To spread weaponry, material, and weapons-applicable technology and information from “supplier” nations to states not already in possession of these items and information. Horizontal proliferation: from possessor states to non-possessor states. Vertical proliferation: the increase of weaponry in quantity and quality within one nation.

proliferation-sensitive: Equipment, materials, or technology that can aid in the production of weapons of mass destruction.

Protective Action Zone (PAZ): An area that extends beyond the IRZ to approximately sixteen to fifty kilometers (ten to thirty miles) from the stockpile location. The PAZ is that area where public protective actions may still be necessary in case of an accidental release of chemical agent, but where the available warning and response time is such that most people could evacuate. However, other responses (e.g., sheltering) may be appropriate for institutions and special populations that could not evacuate within the available time.

Protective barriers. Define the physical limits of a site, activity, or area by restricting, channeling, or impeding access and forming a continuous obstacle around the object.

Protective measures. Elements of a protective system that protect an asset against a threat; protective measures are divided into defensive and detection measures.

Protective system. An integration of all of the protective measures required to protect an asset against the range of threats applicable to the asset.

Page | 37

protein synthesis: A process that occurs within cells and is necessary for the function and production of new cells.

proton: A subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom which carries a positive electric charge.

Proximity sensor. An intrusion detection sensor that changes state based on the close distance or contact of a human to the sensor; these sensors often measure the change in capacitance as a human body enters the measured field.

psychological effects: A condition caused by an incapacitating agent, whereby a person may be unable to think clearly and act normally.

Public Information Officer (PIO). A federal, state, or local government official responsible for preparing and coordinating the dissemination of emergency public information.

purity: The degree to which a chemical is undiluted or unmixed with other material.

pustular: A small blister or pimple on the skin containing pus.

Q

qualitative: Measured by the quality of something rather than its quantity.

quantitative: Relating to, measuring, or measured by the quantity of something rather than its quality.

RRad. A unit of absorbed dose of radiation defined as deposition of 100 ergs of energy per gram of

tissue. A rad amounts to approximately one ionization per cubic micron.rad: A standard unit of absorbed dose of radiation

radiation exposure device (RED). A device with radioactive material designed to intentionally expose members of the public to radiation.

radiation exposure device. A device with radioactive material designed to intentionally expose members of the public to radiation.

Radiation generator: Device capable of generating radiation, such as X rays, neutrons, electrons or other charged particles, which may be for scientific, industrial or medical purposes.

radiation search. The set of activities to detect and identify suspicious nuclear or other radioactive material out of regulatory control and to determine its location.

Radiation sickness. Symptoms resulting from excessive exposure to radiation of the body.Radiation sickness. The symptoms characterizing the sickness known as radiation injury, resulting

from excessive exposure of the whole body to ionizing radiation.radiation survey. Activities to map the radiation background of natural and human-made radioactive

material in an area or to facilitate later search activities.Radiation. High-energy alpha or beta particles or gamma rays that are emitted by an atom as the

substance undergoes radioactive decay.Radiation. High-energy particles or gamma rays that are emitted by an atom as the substance

undergoes radioactive decay. Particles can be either charged alpha or beta particles or neutral neutron or gamma rays.

Page | 38

radiation: the emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or as moving subatomic particles, especially high-energy particles that cause ionization.

radioactive decay: The process by which a nucleus of an unstable atom loses energy by emitting ionizing radiation.

radioactive material. Any material designated in national law, regulation or by a regulatory body as being subject to regulatory control because of its radioactivity.

Radioactive materials: Material designated in national law or by a regulatory body as being subject to regulatory control because of its radioactivity.

Radioactive waste. Disposable, radioactive materials resulting from nuclear operations. Wastes are generally classified into two categories, high-level and low-level.

Radioactive waste: Material, whatever its physical form, remaining from practices or interventions and for which no further use is foreseen (i) that contains or is contaminated with radioactive substances and has an activity or activity concentration higher than the level from regulatory requirements, and (ii) exposure to which is not excluded from the Standards.

radioisotopes: A radioactive isotope, usually artificially produced; frequently used in physical and biological research, therapeutics, etc.

Radiological advisor: The individual responsible for radiation surveys, contamination control and radiation protection support to the public and response personnel and the public during an incident.

radiological assessor. A person who, at a radiological crime scene, assists by performing radiation surveys, performing dose assessments, assisting with the control of radionuclide contamination, ensuring the radiation protection of crime scene personnel, and formulating recommendations on protective actions.

radiological crime scene. A crime scene in which a criminal act or intentional unauthorized act involving nuclear or other radioactive material has taken place or is suspected.

Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD). A device (weapon or equipment), other than a nuclear explosive device, designed to disseminate radioactive material in order to cause destruction, damage, or injury by means of the radiation produced by the decay of such material.

radiological dispersal device (RDD). A device to spread radioactive material using conventional explosives or other means

radiological dispersal device. A device to spread radioactive material using conventional explosives or other means.

Radiological monitoring. The process of locating and measuring radiation by means of survey instruments that can detect and measure (as exposure rates) ionizing radiation.

Radiological safety officer: An individual who works under the direction of the radiological advisor to provide safety support to response personnel.

Radioluminescence. The luminescence produced by particles emitted during radio - active decay.radionuclides: An unstable form of a chemical element that radioactively decays, resulting in the

emission of nuclear radiation.

Page | 39

radius: A straight line from the center to the circumference of a circle or sphere.

ratify: To make a treaty or agreement official by signing or voting for it.

RDD radiological dispersal device

Receipt: Receipt’ refers to an incoming movement of nuclear material from one facility to another facility.

receive data.receptor: A region of tissue, or a molecule in a cell membrane, that responds specifically to a

particular neurotransmitter, hormone, antigen, or other substance.

Recovery. The long-term activities beyond the initial crisis period and emergency response phase of disaster operations that focus on returning all systems in the community to a normal status or to reconstitute these systems to a new condition that is less vulnerable.

RED radiological emission device

regime: A system or planned way of doing things, especially one imposed from above.

Regional Operations Center (ROC). The temporary operations facility for the coordinationRegistration: A form of authorization for practices of low or moderate risks whereby the legal

person responsible for the practice has, as appropriate, prepared and submitted a safety assessment of the facility and equipment to the Regulatory Authority. The practice of use is authorized with conditions or limitations as appropriate. The requirements for safety assessment and the conditions or limitations applied to the practice should be less severe than those for licensing.

Regulatory authority: An authority or authorities designated or otherwise recognized by a government for regulatory purposes in connection with protection and safety. A single regulatory authority is referred to in this publication but this does not exclude there being more than one.

Regulatory authority: An authority or authorities designated or otherwise recognized by a government for regulatory purposes in connection with protection and safety.

regulatory control. Any form of institutional control applied to nuclear material or other radioactive material, associated facilities, or associated activities by any competent authority as required by the legislative and regulatory provisions related to safety, security, or safeguards. Explanation: The phrase ‘out of regulatory control’ is used to describe a situation where nuclear or other radioactive material is present in sufficient quantity that it should be under regulatory control, but control is absent, either because controls have failed for some reason, or they never existed.

regulatory control. Any form of institutional control applied to nuclear material or other radioactive material, associated facilities or associated activities by any competent authority as required by the legislative and regulatory provisions related to safety, security and safeguards.— Explanation: The phrase ‘out of regulatory control’ is used to describe a situation where nuclear material or other radioactive material is present in sufficient quantity that it should be under regulatory control, but control is absent, either because controls have failed for some reason or they never existed.

Page | 40

regulatory: Restricting according to rules or principles.

Relocation: Relocation refers to movement within an MBA.

rem: A unit of radiation dosage applied to humans.

Report printers. A separate, dedicated printer attached to the Electronic Security Systems used for generating reports utilizing information stored by the central computer.

reportable disease: Reportable diseases are diseases considered to be of great public health importance. Local, state, and national agencies require that these diseases be reported when they are diagnosed by doctors or laboratories.

repository: A place in which something, especially a natural resource, has accumulated or where it is found in significant quantities.

Request-to-exit device. Passive infrared motion sensors or push buttons that are used to signal an Electronic Entry Control System that egress is imminent or to unlock a door.

research reactor: Research reactors are nuclear reactors that serve primarily as a neutron source. They are also called non-power reactors.

resistance: The ability of bacteria and other microorganisms to resist the effects of an antibiotic to which they were once sensitive.

Resolution. The level to which video details can be determined in a CCTV scene is referred to as resolving ability or resolution.

Resource Management. Those actions taken by a government to identify sources and obtain resources needed to support disaster response activities; coordinate the supply, allocation, distribution, and delivery of resources so that they arrive where and when most needed; and maintain accountability for the resources used.

respiratory failure: The state of not being able to absorb a sufficient supply of oxygen into the blood from the lungs; the inability to breathe.

respiratory tract: The system responsible for breathing and absorbing oxygen, known as respiration, which includes the nasal-pharyngeal tract, trachea, and lungs.

Response force. The people who respond to an act of aggression; depending on the nature of the threat, the response force could consist of guards, special reaction teams, military or civilian police, an explosives ordnance disposal team, or a fire department.

Response manager: The individual responsible for overall management of a radiological hazardous major incident and co-ordination of all responding agencies.

response measure. A measure intended to assess an alarm/alert and to respond to a nuclear security event.

response measure. A measure intended to assess an alarm/alert and to respond to a nuclear security event.

response system. An integrated set of response measures including capabilities and resources necessary for assessing the alarms/alerts and response to a nuclear security event.

Page | 41

response system. An integrated set of response measures including capabilities and resources for assessing the alarms/alerts and response to a nuclear security event.

Response time. The length of time from the instant an attack is detected to the instant a security force arrives on site.

response. All of the activities by a State that involve assessing and responding to a nuclear security event.

Response. Executing the plan and resources identified to perform those duties and services to preserve and protect life and property, as well as provide services to the surviving population.

Restricted area. Any area with access controls that is subject to these special restrictions or controls for security reasons. See controlled area, limited area, exclusion area, and exclusion zone.

resuscitate: Reviving someone from unconsciousness or apparent death.

Retinal pattern. A biometric technology that is based on features of the human eye.RF data transmission. A communications link using radio frequency to send orricin: A toxin derived from the seeds of the castor oil plant (Ricinus communis) for which there is no

antidote.

RID radiological incendiary device

Risk. The potential for loss of, or damage to, an asset; it is measured based upon the value of the asset in relation to the threats and vulnerabilities associated with it.

RNA: Ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid present in all living cells. Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins, although in some viruses RNA rather than DNA carries the genetic information.

Roentgen Equivalent Man (REM or rem). A unit of absorbed dose that takes into account the relative effectiveness of radiation that harms human health.

Rotating drum or rotating plate vehicle barrier. An active vehicle barrier used at vehicle entrances to controlled areas based on a drum or plate rotating into the path of the vehicle when signaled.

Routinely occupied. For the purposes of these standards, an established or predictable pattern of activity within a building that terrorists could recognize and exploit.

RS-232 data. IEEE Recommended Standard 232; a point-to-point serial data protocol with a maximum effective distance of fifty feet.

RS-422 data. IEEE Recommended Standard 422; a point-to-point serial data protocol with a maximum effective distance of four thousand feet.

RS-485 data. IEEE Recommended Standard 485; a multi-drop serial data protocol with a maximum effective distance of four thousand feet.

Ssabotage: To deliberately destroy, damage, or obstruct (something), especially for political or

military advantage.

Sacrificial roof or wall. Roofs or walls that can be lost in a blast without damage to the primary asset.

Safe haven. Secure areas within the interior of the facility. A safe haven should be designed such that it requires more time to penetrate by aggressors than it takes for the response force to

Page | 42

reach the protected area to rescue the occupants. It may be a haven from a physical attack or air-isolated haven from CBR contamination.

Safeguards: A verification system within the framework of international non-proliferation policy, applied to the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and intended to maintain stringent control over nuclear material.

safeguards: Measures taken to protect someone or something or to prevent something undesirable.

Safety: Means measures intended to minimize the likelihood of accidents with radiation sources and, should such an accident occur, to mitigate its consequences.

saline: A solution of salt in water.

sanctions: Punishment directed at one state by another state or organization, typically in the form of economic penalties.

saturation: The act or result of supplying so much of something that no more is wanted; a limit.

scenario: A postulated sequence or development of events.

Schedule 1: Chemicals: chemicals that have few or no other uses than as chemical weapons or to make chemical weapons.

Schedule 2: Chemicals: chemicals that could be used as chemical weapons or to make chemical weapons, but also have legitimate small-scale uses.

Schedule 3: Chemicals: chemicals that could be used as chemical weapons or to make chemical weapons, but also have large scale legitimate uses other than chemical weapons.

schedules: A three-tiered system that classifies chemicals based on if they have legitimate industrial uses or if they can be used for weapons purposes or are precursors for CW agents.

Scramble keypad. A keypad that uses keys on which the numbers change pattern with each use to enhance security by preventing eavesdropping observation of the entered numbers.

Sealed source: Radioactive material that is permanently sealed in a capsule or is closely bonded and in a solid form. The capsule or material of a sealed source shall be strong enough to maintain leak-tightness under the conditions of use and wear for which the source was designed, also under foreseeable mishaps.

Secondary asset. An asset that supports a primary asset and whose compromise would indirectly affect the operation of the primary asset.

secondary exposure: The process of coming into contact with and being affected by a chemical as a result of material contamination. For example, some chemical agents can stick to skin or clothing, creating a source of toxic vapors that can affect people in their close proximity.

Secondary hazard. A threat whose potential would be realized as the result of a triggering event that of itself would constitute an emergency (e.g., dam failure might be a secondary hazard associated with earthquakes).

secretory gland: An externally secreting gland, such as a salivary gland or sweat gland that releases its secretions directly or through a duct.

Page | 43

Secure/access mode. The state of an area monitored by an intrusion detection system in regards to how alarm conditions are reported.

Security analysis. The method of studying the nature of and the relationship between assets, threats, and vulnerabilities.

Security console. Specialized furniture, racking, and related apparatus used to house the security equipment required in a control center.

Security engineering design process. The process through which assets requiring protection are identified, the threat to and vulnerability of those assets is determined, and a protective system is designed to protect the assets.

Security engineering. The process of identifying practical, risk-managed, short- and long-term solutions to reduce and/or mitigate dynamic manmade hazards by integrating multiple factors, including construction, equipment, manpower, and procedures.

Security Management System database. In a Security Management System, a database that is transferred to various nodes or panels throughout the system for faster data processing and protection against communications link downtime.

Security Management System distributed processing. In a Security Management System, a method of data processing at various nodes or panels throughout the system for faster data processing and protection against communications links downtime.

Security: Means measures to prevent unauthorized access to, and loss, theft and unauthorized transfer of, radioactive sources, and measures to protect facilities in which radioactive sources are managed.

Segregation of duties. Policies, procedures, and an organizational structure established so that one individual cannot control key aspects of physical and/or computer related operations and thereby conduct unauthorized actions or gain unauthorized access to minimum essential infrastructure resource elements.

self-sustaining: A characteristic of a system that perpetuates itself without the need for external input of material or energy.

Semi-isolated fenced perimeters. Fence lines where approach areas are clear of obstruction for sixty to a hundred feet outside of the fence and where the general public or other personnel seldom have reason to be in the area.

Senior FEMA Official (SFO). The official appointed by the director of FEMA, or his representative, that is responsible for deploying to the JOC to serve as the senior interagency consequence management representative on the Command Group, and to manage and coordinate activities taken by the Consequence Management Group.

sensitive information. Information, in whatever form, including software, the unauthorized disclosure, modification, alteration, destruction or denial of use of which could compromise nuclear security.

Serial interface. An integration strategy for data transfer where components are connected in series.shell company: A company which serves as a vehicle for business transactions without itself having

any significant assets or operations

Shielded wire. Wire with a conductive wrap used to mitigate electromagnetic emanations.Shielding. Materials (lead, concrete, etc.) used to block or attenuate radiation for protection of

equipment, materials, or people.Shipment: Shipment refers to an outgoing movement of nuclear material from one facility to

another facility.

Page | 44

sievert (Sv): It is a derived unit of ionizing radiation dose in the International System of Units (SI), a measure of the health effect of low levels of ionizing radiation on the human body.

Situational crime prevention. A crime prevention strategy based on reducing the opportunities for crime by increasing the effort required to commit a crime, increasing the risks associated with committing the crime, and reducing the target appeal or vulnerability (whether property or person). This opportunity reduction is achieved by management and use policies, such as procedures and training, as well as physical approaches, such as alteration of the built environment.

Smart card. A newer card technology that allows data to be written, stored, and read on a card typically used for identification and/or access.

SMAUG: An acronym describing the key factors in a risk prioritization system: Seriousness, Manageability, Acceptability, Urgency, and Growth.

smuggling: To move goods illegally into or out of a country.

social cohesion: The willingness of members of a society to cooperate with each other in order to survive and prosper.

Software level integration. An integration strategy that uses software to interface systems. An example of this would be digital video displayed in the same computer application window and linked to events of a security management system.

sovereignty: The authority of a state to govern itself or another state.

Special Nuclear Material (SNM). Plutonium and uranium enriched in the isotopes Uranium-233 or Uranium-235.

specific dose: The damage per unit mass for different isotopes.

Specific threat. Known or postulated aggressor activity focused on targeting a particular asset.spectrum: Used to classify something, or suggest that it can be classified, in terms of its position on

a scale between two extreme or opposite points

spore: A minute, typically one-celled, reproductive unit capable of giving rise to a new individual without sexual fusion, characteristic of lower plants, fungi, and protozoans.

sputum: A mixture of saliva and mucus coughed up from the respiratory tract, typically as a result of infection or other disease and often examined microscopically to aid medical diagnosis.

Standard operating procedure: A detailed and specific directive on the procedures to be adopted in the event of predetermined circumstances.

standard protocol: A mandated, fixed procedure for completing a task.

Standoff distance. A distance maintained between a building or portion thereof and the potential location for an explosive detonation or other threat.

Standoff weapons. Weapons, such as anti-tank weapons and mortars, that are launched from a distance at a target.

State Coordinating Officer (SCO). The person appointed by the governor to coordinate state, commonwealth, or territorial response and recovery activities with FRP related activities of the federal government, in cooperation with the FCO.

Page | 45

State Liaison. A FEMA official, assigned to a particular state, who handles initial\ coordination with the state in the early stages of an emergency.

States Parties: Countries that have signed and ratified a treaty and therefore are legally bound by its provisions.

Stationary vehicle bomb. An explosive-laden car or truck stopped or parked near a building.stochastic: Random.

stockpile: Storage location for weapons and weapons materials.

Storm surge. A dome of seawater created by the strong winds and low barometric pressure in a hurricane that causes severe coastal flooding as the hurricane strikes land.

Strain sensitive cable. Strain sensitive cables are transducers that are uniformly sensitive along their entire length and generate an analog voltage when subjected to mechanical distortions or stress resulting from fence motion. They are typically attached to a chain-link fence about halfway between the bottom and top of the fence fabric with plastic ties.

strategic location. A location of high security interest in the State which is a potential target for terrorist attacks using nuclear material or other radioactive material, or a location at which nuclear material or other radioactive material that is out of regulatory control is located.

Structural protective barriers. Man-made devices (e.g., fences, walls, floors, roofs, grills, bars, roadblocks, signs, or other construction) used to restrict, channel, or impede access.

Superstructure. The supporting elements of a building above the foundation.Supplies-bomb delivery. Bombs or incendiary devices concealed and delivered to supply or material

handling points, such as loading docks.Surveillance: The collection of information through devices or direct observation to detect

unauthorized movements of nuclear material, tampering with containment of nuclear material or falsification of information related to location and quantities of nuclear material.

symptom: Something that indicates the presence of a physical disorder.

synthesis: A type of chemical reaction that produces a compound such as a CW agent from chemical precursors.

syringe: A tube with a nozzle and piston or bulb for sucking in and ejecting liquid in a thin stream, used for cleaning wounds or body cavities, or fitted with a hollow needle for injecting or withdrawing fluids

System events. Events that occur normally in the operation of a security management system. Examples include access-control operations and changes of state in intrusion detection sensors.

System for nuclear material accounting and control: An integrated set of measures designed to provide information on, control of and assurance of the presence of nuclear material, including those systems necessary to establish and track nuclear material inventories, control access to and detect loss or diversion of nuclear material, and ensure the integrity of those systems and measures.

Page | 46

System software. Controls that limit and monitor access to the powerful programs and sensitive files that control the computer hardware and secure applications supported by the system.

TTactics. The specific methods of achieving the aggressor’s goals to injure personnel, destroy assets,

or steal materiel or information.

Tamper switch. Intrusion detection sensor that monitors an equipment enclosure for breach.Tangle-foot wire. Barbed wire or tape suspended on short metal or wooden pickets outside a

perimeter fence to create an obstacle to approach.target. Nuclear material, other radioactive material, associated facilities, associated activities, or

other locations or objects of potential exploitation by a nuclear security threat, including major public events, strategic locations, sensitive information and sensitive information assets.

Taut wire sensor. An intrusion detection sensor utilizing a column of uniformly spaced horizontal wires, securely anchored at each end and stretched taut. Each wire is attached to a sensor to indicate movement of the wire.

Technical assistance. The provisioning of direct assistance to states and local jurisdictions to improve capabilities for program development, planning, and operational performances related to responses to WMD terrorist incidents.

Technological hazards. Incidents that can arise from human activities, such as manufacture, transportation, storage, and use of hazardous materials. For the sake of simplicity, it is assumed that technological emergencies are accidental and that their consequences are unintended.

tele therapy: A radiation therapy that is administered at a distance from the body.

TEMPEST. An unclassified short name referring to investigations and studies of compromising emanations. It is sometimes used synonymously for the term “compromising emanations” (e.g., TEMPEST tests, TEMPEST inspections).

Terrorism. The unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.

The definitions given below may not necessarily conform to definitions adopted elsewhere for international use. Examples have been added to some definitions in order to assist the reader in understanding the definition. When examples are given, they are not intended to be exhaustive, or to limit the definition in any manner.

The Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW): The implementing body for the CWC with the mandate to achieve the object and purpose of the Convention, to insure the implementation of its provisions, including those for international verification of compliance with it, and to provide a forum for consultation and cooperation among States Parties.

thermal: Of or relating to heat.

Thermally tempered glass (TTG). Glass that is heat-treated to have a higher-tensile strength and resistance to blast pressures, although with a greater susceptibility to airborne debris.

Threat analysis. A continual process of compiling and examining all available information concerning potential threats and human-caused hazards. A common method to evaluate

Page | 47

terrorist groups is to review the factors of existence, capability, intentions, history, and targeting.

threat matrix: A graphical depiction of risk probabilities used as a planning tool.

Threat. Any indication, circumstance, or event with the potential to cause loss of or damage to an asset.

Time/date stamp. Data inserted into a CCTV video signal with the time and date of the video as it was created.

TNT equivalent weight. The weight of TNT (trinitrotoluene) that has an equivalent energetic output to that of a different weight of another explosive compound.

to aggregate: To form a whole by combining several (typically disparate) elements.

to breach: An act of breaking or failing to observe a law, agreement, or code of conduct.

to derail: To obstruct the progress of.

to divert: To cause (someone or something) to change course or destination.

to present: To show or manifest (as in symptoms of a disease).

tolerance: An allowable amount of variation of a specified quantity.

Tornado. A local atmospheric storm, generally of short duration, formed by winds rotating at very high speeds, usually in a counter-clockwise direction. The vortex, up to several hundred yards wide, is visible to the observer as a whirlpool-like column of winds rotating about a hollow cavity or funnel. Winds may reach three hundred miles per hour or higher.

Toxic-free area. An area within a facility in which the air supply is free of toxic chemical or biological agents.

Toxicity. A measure of the harmful effects produced by a given amount of a toxin on a living organism.

toxicity: The degree to which a chemical can damage an organism. The level of toxicity determines how much of an agent is needed to cause harm to an organism (the higher the toxicity, the lower the quantity of agent).

toxin: (toxic = adjective form) A poisonous chemical produced by a living being, including: bacteria, fungi, plants, insects, and animals. Most toxins can be extremely deadly, and for many there are no antidotes. Toxins have characteristics of both biological and chemical weapons, and are prohibited by both the 1972 Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention and the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention, though the second has precedence.

trans-boundary transmission: those epidemic diseases which are highly contagious or transmissible and have the potential for very rapid spread, irrespective of national borders.

Transfer: Transfer refers to nuclear material movement within a facility between MBAs.

transshipment: The shipment of goods or containers to an intermediate destination, then to yet another destination.

Triage: Process adopted by medical personnel to determine the priority for dealing with casualties at the scene of an incident.

Page | 48

Triple-standard concertina (TSC) wire. This type of fence uses three rolls of stacked concertina. One roll will be stacked on top of two other rolls that run parallel to each other while resting on the ground, forming a pyramid.

Tsunami. Sea waves produced by an undersea earthquake; such sea waves can reach a height of eighty feet and can devastate coastal cities and low-lying coastal areas.

Twisted pair wire. Wire that uses pairs of wires twisted together to mitigate electromagnetic interference.

Two person rule: A procedure that requires at least two authorized and knowledgeable persons to be present to verify that activities involving nuclear material and nuclear facilities are authorized in order to detect access or actions that are unauthorized.

Two-person rule. A security strategy that requires two people to be present in or gain access to a secured area to prevent unobserved access by any individual.

UUN United Nations

Unauthorized removal: The theft or other unlawful taking of nuclear material.

Unobstructed space. Space around an inhabited building without obstruction large enough to conceal explosive devices 150 mm (6 inches) or greater in height.

Unshielded wire. Wire that does not have a conductive wrap.Uranium 235 (U-235). Naturally occurring U-235 is found at 0.72 percent enrichment. U-235 is

used as a reactor fuel or for weapons; however, weapons typically use U-235 enriched to 90 percent. Its half-life is 7.04x108 years.

Vvaccine: A substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide immunity against

one or several diseases.

vapor: The gaseous state of a substance that originally was a liquid or a solid. For example, when sarin vaporizes, it turns from a liquid into a vapor that dissipates in the air.

Vault. A reinforced room for securing items.vector: A carrier, especially the animal (usually an arthropod) that transfers an infective agent from

one host to another.

verification: A policy function related to the process of judging compliance to an arms control treaty.

Vertical rod. Typical door hardware often used with a crash bar to lock a door by inserting rods vertically from the door into the doorframe.

Vibration sensor. An intrusion detection sensor that changes state when vibration is present.Video intercom system. An intercom system that also incorporates a small CCTV system for

verification.Video motion detection. Motion detection technology that looks for changes in the pixels of a video

image.Video multiplexer. A device used to connect multiple video signals to a single location for viewing

and/or recording.viral: Of the nature of, caused by, or relating to a virus or viruses.

Page | 49

virulence: The relative capacity of a pathogen to overcome body defenses

virulent: (of a disease or poison) extremely severe or harmful in its effects.

virus: An infective agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat, is too small to be seen by light microscopy, and is able to multiply only within the living cells of a host.

viscous: Having a thick, sticky consistency between solid and liquid.

Visual displays. A display or monitor used to inform the operator visually of the status of the electronic security system.

Visual surveillance. The aggressor uses ocular and photographic devices (such as binoculars and cameras with telephoto lenses) to monitor facility or installation operations or to see assets.

Voice recognition. A biometric technology that is based on nuances of the human voice.volatility: The rate at which a chemical evaporates and dissipates into the air, creating a gas that

disperses and eventually becomes so diluted that it no longer is damaging or detectable.

Volumetric motion sensor. An interior intrusion detection sensor that is designed to sense aggressor motion within a protected space.

Vulnerability. Any weakness that can be exploited by an aggressor or, in a non-terrorist threat environment, make an asset susceptible to hazard damage.

WWarning. The alerting of emergency response personnel and the public to the threat of extraordinary

danger and the related effects that specific hazards may cause.Watch. Indication in a defined area that conditions are favorable for the specified type of severe

weather (e.g., flash flood watch, severe thunderstorm watch, tornado watch, tropical storm watch).

Waterborne contamination. Chemical, biological, or radiological agent introduced into and fouling a water supply.

Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD). Any device, material, or substance used in a manner, in a quantity or type, or under circumstances showing intent to cause death or serious injury to persons, or significant damage to property. An explosive, incendiary, or poison gas, bomb, grenade, rocket having a propellant charge of more than four ounces, or a missile having an explosive incendiary charge of more than 0.25 ounce, or mine or device similar to the above; poison gas; weapon involving a disease organism; or weapon that is designed to release radiation or radioactivity at a level dangerous to human life.

Weapons-grade material. Nuclear material considered most suitable for a nuclear weapon. It usually connotes uranium enriched to above 90 percent uranium-235 or plutonium with greater than about 90 percent plutonium-239.

Weigand protocol. A security industry standard data protocol for card readers.WMD weapons of mass destruction

worried well: Users of medical or psychiatric services who are not suffering from any diagnosable disease.

X

Page | 50

X-ray. An invisible, highly penetrating electromagnetic radiation of much shorter wavelength (higher frequency) than visible light. Very similar to gamma rays.

Y

yield: A nuclear weapon’s explosive power.

ZZoom. The ability of a CCTV camera to close and focus or open and widen the field of view.Zoonoses: A disease that can be transmitted to humans from animals.

Page | 51