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WEALTH FROM OCEANS

Analysis of existing marine assessments in the South West Pacific For the United Nations Regional Regular Process workshop, Brisbane Australia, 25 th to 27th February, 2013.

Piers Dunstan, Karen Evans, Tim Caruthers and Paul Anderson

Wealth From Oceans

CitationDunstan, PK, Evans K, Caruthers T and Anderson P. (2013) . Updated analysis of existing marine assessments in the South West Pacific. CSIRO Wealth from Oceans and the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme.

Important disclaimerCSIRO advises that the information contained in this publication comprises general statements based on scientific research. The reader is advised and needs to be aware that such information may be incomplete or unable to be used in any specific situation. No reliance or actions must therefore be made on that information without seeking prior expert professional, scientific and technical advice. To the extent permitted by law, CSIRO (including its employees and consultants) excludes all liability to any person for any consequences, including but not limited to all losses, damages, costs, expenses and any other compensation, arising directly or indirectly from using this publication (in part or in whole) and any information or material contained in it.

Contents

Acknowledgments............................................................................................................................................4

1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................................5

2 Methodology.......................................................................................................................................6

3 Summary of the Preparatory Report...................................................................................................7

4 Inventory of Assessments..................................................................................................................10

5 Completed Templates from the Workshop Breakout Groups...........................................................47

Acknowledgments

Funding for this work was provided by the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, Australian Government. The participants at the workshop produced the final tables, using a preparatory report as a starting point.

1 Introduction

The Pacific Ocean, covering one-third of the world’s surface, is not only the Earth’s largest ocean but also hosts the greatest marine biodiversity on our planet. As a result of this biological diversity and high productivity, commercial fisheries and other valuable natural resources such as oil, deep sea mineral deposits and pharmaceutical constituents are abundant offshore. Ecosystem services such as coastal protection, artisanal fisheries, aquaculture, and tourism are supported inshore and provide significant income for local communities. These resources are therefore essential to human livelihoods of Pacific island peoples as well as the global community. Contrasted against this, human pressure on the Pacific Ocean and its resources is increasing and there is a need to chart a sustainable future.

Assessing ecosystem condition of the marine and coastal habitats of the southwest Pacific can inform policy setting and decision making for sustainable management of these extensive natural resources, essential for maintaining livelihoods of Pacific island peoples. Pacific island countries have requested this information to support national marine management, as a result this is a key component of the 2011-2015 strategic plan of the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP), and is a component of the Pacific Oceanscape Framework, a visioning document to implement better and more fully integrated management of the Pacific Ocean. The southwest Pacific input within the global marine assessment of the UN Regular Process can provide additional input and support to these regional and national marine management processes.

The report summarizes the available assessments and current knowledge on immediate and long-term concerns and threats to the southwest Pacific coastal and marine ecosystems, providing input to the UN Regular Process (UNRP) and the determination of knowledge gaps requiring specific focus in the future development of the UNRP.

2 Methodology

The preparatory report is based on a survey of literature and assessments undertaken in February 2013 to support the UN regional regular process workshop. When compiling the database of assessments major national and international organisations were identified and the most recent assessments were sourced. The report is focused on recent assessments, particularly those undertaken after the initial Assessment of Assessments. The completed template presented in Annex C.1 will be used as an informative tool to make the first appraisal of progress in the assessment procedures across the southern Pacific and assess current uncertainties and gaps in scientific knowledge.

The method relied on a regional approach to identifying assessments that can meet one or more of the key assessment topics, biophysical, food security and safety, socioeconomic and marine biological diversity. Due to the time available, the initial data base and report focuses on broad scale region and global assessments at the expense of identifying national assessments. Using the initial assessment as a starting point, institutions conducting assessments were identified and recent assessments were sourced. As in the initial assessment, Australia, New Zealand and the United States produce significant reports dealing with biophysical and marine biological aspects. These are National State of the Environment reports, coupled with significant data holdings on the physical state of the current and future oceans. The majority of reports dealing with food security are derived from fisheries and are sourced from the intergovernmental fisheries agencies (eg SPC, FAO and WCPFC). A major source of socioeconomic data is the PRISM database, maintained by SPC and the reports produced by ESCAP. UNEP has also produced reports dealing with pollutants for the Pacific Ocean.

The preparatory report was used by participants at the workshop to begin the process of identifying reports, data and information that can be used in the Assessment of Assessments’. The final report presents the results each of the workshop groups and the suggested reports and contacts for the authors of the Assessment.

The body of this report is broken into four parts, one for each topic of the assessment. The reports, assessments and data relevant to each topic have been identified and listed in a table in each section, grouped into preliminary topics. It should be noted that there is often considerable overlap between topics and the reports listed in each section should be regarded as preliminary only. For example, state of the environment reports tend to cover both biological and physical aspects of the environment and should be considered in both topics. The report does not contain the full list of assessments identified and annex 1 should be consulted when undertaking the final assessment.

3 Summary of the Preparatory Report.

The preparatory report was used as the starting point for the workshop. It listed 182 different reports and data sets that could be used in the Assessment of Assessments. The preparatory report was broken into four sections, corresponding to the working groups for the UNRRP workshop.

A total of 22 assessments were identified in the preliminary work to inform discussion on the biophysical aspects of the South West Pacific. By the nature of biophysical systems, the assessments all deal with region or global scale analyses. Some of these assessments are data portals that provide access to national and regional climatologies such as sea surface temperature and salinity (eg the Australian Ocean Data Network & the NODC ocean archive system). A significant number of assessments deal with climate change, particularly the Pacific Climate change data portal, which houses the assessment for the south Pacific and associated data.

Biophysical

dataSOEClimate Change

A total of 18 assessments dealt with food security and safety aspects. The majority of these reports deal with fisheries. Three reports are focused at a national scale, the United States, Cook Islands and Solomon Islands. Most of the assessments are at a regional scale, dealing with the status of regional migratory species such as Tuna. Data and reports from the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) and the Western Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC) are important indicators of the stocks of status of important food and income sources. A number of technical reports from FAO put the status of Pacific stocks, by catch indicators and mariculture in a global context.

Food Security

ReefresourcesAquacultureClimate ChangeFisheries

A total of 23 of the assessments dealt with the socioeconomic aspects of the south west Pacific Ocean. A number are global analyses that deal with different aspects of pollution and shipping. The reports on pollution are UNEP publications that detail the status of different pollutants in the worlds oceans. Several of the reports are produced by the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific and deal with the state of the environment and the status of economic growth and sustainability. There are also reports for UNEP that include aspects of sustainable growth. Finally, there are the reports that detail the natural resources of the region and specific countries, including population demographics.

Socio-economic

SOEResourcesShippingPollutionSocio-Economic

The largest groups of assessments identified dealt with marine biological diversity aspects. This has the largest number of identified assessments, with a total of 49 identified in the initial summary of assessments. The largest numbers of assessments detail State of the Environment Reports for the region and for individual PICTS. These deal with either the whole of the environment or with specific species or components of ecosystems. There are also a large number of assessments describing the status of reef ecosystems for particular PICTS and the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Networks also produces a global assessment of the status of reefs. There are also reports detailing the status and management of MPA networks,

cetaceans and turtles. Finally, there are significant data collections that have occurred in the region and are available on the internet.

Marine Biodiversity

dataReefSOEClimate ChangeMammals and TurtlesMPAs

The reports were summarised by working group topic and spatial scale. Regional reports were the most common (77 reports) for all topics except biophysical. This is a consequence of the number of global climate reports. There were 47 national reports and 58 global reports.

Global National Regional0

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20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Marine BiologicalSocio-EconomicFood SecurityBioPhysical

4 Inventory of Assessments This inventory of assessments should be read in conjunction with the completed templates from the workshop in section 5 of this report. These templates identify additional information of relevance to the development of a Global Marine Assessment, including further information sources, organisations that may be well positioned to contribute to particular aspects, and observations pertinent to the development of regional input into the Global Marine Assessment.

Biophysical aspectsName of Assessment: Full Reference: Full Text Reports/Output URL: Classification/Type of

Activity:Group Organisation:

Climate change and the Great Barrier Reef: a vulnerability assessment

Johnson JE, Marshall PA (editors) (2007) Climate change and the Great Barrier Reef. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority and Australian Greenhouse Office, Australia

http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/resources-and-publications/publications/climate-change-and-the-great-barrier-reef-a-vulnerability-assessment

within country assessment Climate Change Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority and Australian Greenhouse Office

Pacific climate change data portal

http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/pccsp/ data holding Climate Change Bureau of Meteorology

State of the Climate 2012 CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology (2012) State of the Climate 2012. CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology, Australia

http://www.bom.gov.au/inside/publications.shtml

national assessment Climate Change CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report

Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M. Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL (eds) (2007) Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the Intergivernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.shtml#1

global assessment Climate Change IPCC

National Adaptation Plan of Action

http://unfccc.int/national_reports/napa/items/2719.php

national assessment Climate Change Individual countries with GEF, UNDP and UNFCCC

Implications of expected climate changes in the South Pacific region: an overview

Pernetta JC and Hughes PJ (eds) (1990) Implications of expected climate changes in the South Pacific region: an overview. UNEP Regional Sea Reports and Studies No 128. United Nations Environment Program, Nairobi.

http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/Publications/Reports/RSRS/

regional assessment Climate Change UNEP

Coping with climate change in the Pacific Island region. Sector report: adaptation to climate change related to marine- and land-based natural resources

Chapman L, Künkel N (2010) Coping with climate change in the Pacific Island region. Sector report: adaptation to climate change related to marine- and land-based natural resources. Secretariat of the Pacific Community and Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit GmbH, Suva.

http://www.sprep.org/att/irc/ecopies/pacific_region/671.pdf

Climate Change SPC/GTZ

The Pacific climate change science program climate futures

Clarke JM, Whetton PH, Hennessy KJ (2011) Providing Application-specific Climate Projections Datasets: CSIRO’s Climate Futures Framework. Pages 2683-2690 in F Chan, D Marinova and RS Anderssen (eds.) MODSIM2011, 19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Perth, Western Australia. December 2011. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand.

http://www.pacificclimatefutures.net/main/ web based information tool

Climate Change CSIRO Marine & Atmospheric Research

Vulnerability of tropical Pacific fisheries and aquaculture to climate change

Bell JD, Johnson JE, Hobday AH (eds) (2011) Vulnerability of tropical Pacific fisheries and aquaculture to climate change. Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Noumea.

http://www.spc.int/climate-change/fisheries/assessment/

regional assessment Climate Change Secretariat of the Pacific Community

Marine climate change Poloczanska ES, Hobday AJ, Richardson http://www.oceanclimatechange.org.au national assessment Climate Change Australian

impacts and adaptation report card for Australia 2012

AJ (eds) (2012) Marine climate change impacts and adaptation report card for Australia 2012.

Government Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency

Projected climate change in Australian marine and freshwater environments

Hobday AJ, Lough JM (2011) Projected climate change in Australian marine and freshwater environments. Marine and Freshwater Research 62: 1000-1014.

http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/126.htm journal article Climate Change CSIRO Marine & Atmospheric Research

Climate and oceanic fisheries: recent observations and projections and future needs

Salinger J, Bell J, Evans K, Hobday AJ, Allain V, Brander K, Dexter P, Harrison DE, Hollowed AB, Lee B, Stefanski R (2012). Climate and oceanic fisheries: recent observations and projections and future needs. Climatic Change. Published online December 2012. doi: 10.1007/s10584-012-0652-9.

http://www.springer.com/earth+sciences+and+geography/atmospheric+sciences/journal/10584

journal article Climate Change Stanford University

Pacific Island mangroves in a changing climate and rising sea

Gilman E, Van Lavieren H, Ellison J, Jungblut V, Wilson L, Areki F, Brighouse G, Bungitak J, Dus E, Henry M, Sauni I, Kilman M, Metthews E, Teariki-Ruatu N, Tukia S, Yuknavage K (2006) Pacific Island mangroves in a changing climate and rising sea. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No 179. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi.

http://wpcouncil.org/library.html regional assessment Climate Change UNEP

Sea-level rise and variability. A summary for policy makers

Aarup T, Church JA, Wilson WS, Woodworth PL (eds) (2010) Sea-level rise and variability. A summary for policy makers. UNESCO-IOC, Paris.

http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001893/189369e.pdf

global assessment Climate Change UNESCO-IOC

Ocean acidification - a summary for policymakers from the Second Symposium on the Ocean in a High-CO2 World

Hood M, Broadgate W, Urban E, Gaffley O (2009) Ocean acidification - a summary for policymakers from the Second Symposium on the Ocean in a High-CO2 World. UNESCO-IOC, Paris

http://www.ocean-acidification.net/OAdocs/SPM-lorezv2.pdf

global assessment Climate Change UNESCO-IOC

Pacific Islands Climate Change Cooperative 2010 report

PICC (2011) Pacific Islands Climate Change Cooperative 2010 report. Pacific Islands Climate Change Cooperative Honolulu.

http://www.iucn.org/about/union/secretariat/offices/oceania/oceania_resources_and_publications/?7411/Pacific-Islands-Climate-Change-Cooperative-2010-Annual-Report

regional assessment Climate Change PICCC

Marine and Ocean http://www.bom.gov.au/marine/index.shtml data holding data Bureau of Meteorology

Pacific tropical cyclone data portal

http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracks/

data holding data Bureau of Meteorology

Global mean sea level http://geodata.grid.unep.ch/options.php?selectedID=1933&selectedDatasettype=17

data holding data CSIRO Marine & Atmospheric Research

ETOPO1 bathymetric data Amante C, Eakins BW (2009) ETOP1 1 Arc-Minute Global Relief Model: procedures, data sources and analysis. NOAA Technical Memorandum NESDIS NGDC-24. NGDC Boulder.

http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/global.html

data holding data National Greophysical Data Center, NOAA

NODC Ocean archive system

http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/General/getdata.html

data holding data National Oceanographic Data Center, NOAA

The global ocean observing system - a summary for policy makers

IOC/UNESCO (2009) The Global Ocean Observing System – A Summary for Policy Makers. UNESCO-IOC, Paris.


global assessment data UNESCO-IOC

GESAMP: atmospheric input of trace species to the world oceans

GESAMP (1989) GESAMP: atmospheric input of trace species to the world oceans. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 119. GESAMP Reports and Studies No. 38. United Nations Environment Program, Nairobi.


global assessment SOE UNEP/GESAMP

Ocean fertilisation. A scientific summary for policy makers

Wallace DWR, Law CS, Boyd PW, Collos Y,Croot P,Denman K, Lam PJ, Riebesell U, Takeda S, Williamson P (2010) Ocean fertilisation. A scientific summary for policy makers. UNESCO-IOC, Paris.


global assessment SOE UNESCO-IOC

The management of natural coastal carbon sinks

Laffoley D d’A, Grimsditch G (eds) (2009) The management of natural coastal carbon sinks. IUCN, Gland.

http://www.iucn.org/about/union/secretariat/offices/oceania/oceania_resources_and_publications/?4212/The-Management-of-Natural-Coastal-Carbon-Sinks

global assessment SOE IUCN

Climate change and the new Zealand marine environment

Willis et al (2007). Climate change and the new Zealand marine environment. Prepared for the Department of Conservation. NIWA Client Report: NEL2007-025

http://www.niwa.co.nz/sites/default/files/import/attachments/CC_report_final_Dec-07.pdf

1

Food Security aspectsName of Assessment: Full Reference: Full Text Reports/Output URL: Classification/Type of

Activity:group Organisation:

Integrated mariculture. A global review.

Soto D (ed) (2009) Integrated mariculture. A global review. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No 529. FAO, Rome.

http://www.fao.org/fishery/publications/technical-papers/en

global assessment Aquaculture FAO

Samoa aquaculture management and development plan

Anon (2012) Samoa aquaculture management and development plan 2013-2018. Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Noumea.

http://www.spc.int/fame/en/fame-digital-library

national plan Aquaculture Secretariat of the Pacific Community

The Ecosystem Approach to Coastal Fisheries and Aquaculture in Pacific Island Countries and Territories

Preston GL (2009) The Ecosystem Approach to Coastal Fisheries and Aquaculture in Pacific Island Countries and Territories. Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Noumea.

http://www.spc.int/coastfish/en/publications/digital-library.html

regional assessment Aquaculture Secretariat of the Pacific Community

Climate change implications for fisheries and aquaculture. Overview of current scientific knowledge.

Cochrane K, De Young C, Soto D, Bahri T (eds) (2009) Climate change implications for fisheries and aquaculture: overview of current scientific knowledge. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No 530. FAO, Rome


global assessment Climate Change FAO

Pacific Island bottomfish assessments

Brodziak J, Courtney D, Wagatsuma L, O'Malley J, Lee H-H, Wash W, Andrews A, Humphreys R, DiNardo G (2011) Stock assessment of the main Hawaiian Islands deep7 bottomfish complex through 2010. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-PIFSC-29. US Department of Commerce, Honolulu.

http://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/bottomfish/index.php

national assessment Fisheries NOAA

Aggregated catch and effort data for driftnet, longline, pole and line and purse seine fisheries

http://www.wcpfc.int/science-and-scientific-data-functions/public-domain-data

data holding Fisheries Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission

2011 Tuna Fishery Yearbook

Secretariat of the Pacific Community (2012) Western and Central Fisheries Commission tuna fishery yearbook 2011. Western and Central Fisheries Commission, Pohnpei.

http://www.wcpfc.int/node/1759 regional catch statistics Fisheries Secretariat of the Pacific Community

Regional tuna fisheries databases

http://www.spc.int/OceanFish/en/ofpsection/data-management/spc-members/dd/125-regional-tuna-fisheries-databases

data holding Fisheries Secretariat of the Pacific Community

Bycatch mitigation information system

http://bmis.wcpfc.int/ data/information holding Fisheries Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission

An ecological risk Kirby DS (2006) Ecological risk http://www.wcpfc.int/doc/eb-wp-1/ regional assessment Fisheries Secretariat of the

assessment for species caught in the WCPO longline and purse seine fisheries

assessment for species caught in WCPO tuna fisheries: inherent risk as determined by productivity-susceptability analysis. Paper SC2_EB-WP1 presented to the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission Scientific Committee meeting, Manila 7-18 August 2006

ecological-risk-assessment-species-caught-wcpo-longline-and-purse-seine-fisheries

Pacific Community

Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics 2010

Statistics and Information Service of the Fisheries and Aquaculture Department (2012) FAO yearbook. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics 2010. FAO, Rome.

http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/en data holding Fisheries FAO

The state of world fisheries and aquaculture

FAO Fisheries and Agriculture Department (2012) The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2012. FAO, Rome.

http://www.fao.org/fishery/publications/sofia/en

global assessment Fisheries FAO

Bycatch in small-scale tuna fisheries. A global study

Gillett R (2011) Bycatch in small-sclae tuna fisheries. A global study. FAO Fisheriesand Aquaculture Technical Paper No 560. FAO, Rome



Review of the state of world marine fishery resources

FAO (2011) Review of the state of world marine fishery resources. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 569. FAO, Rome.



Recent developments in the tuna industry. Stocks, fisheries, management, processing, trade and markets

Miyake MP, Guillotreau P, Sun C-H, Ishimura G (2010) Recent developments in the tuna industry. Stocks, fisheries, manegement, processing, trade and markets. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 543. FAO, Rome.



Marine fishery resources of the Pacific Islands

Gillet R (2010) Marine fishery resources of the Pacific Islands. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper 537. FAO, Rome.


regional assessment Fisheries FAO

Abundance of commercially important species of invertebrates,

Tafea H, Bebeu T (2007) Gela tamboo areas monitoring report

http://www.sprep.org/att/IRC/eCOPIES/global/467.pdf http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/science/conserva

within country assessment Fisheries Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources

fish and the status of coral health in community based marine protected areas in Gela, Central Province, Solomon Islands

tion/pdfs/nceas.pdf (MFMR), Foundation of the People of the South Pacific International (FSPI), Government Minsitries, NGOs, Village Demonstration Worker (VDW) for Gela project sites and village communities

Cook Islands Fisheries Resources Profiles

Cook Islands Ministry of Marine Resources (1993) Cook Islands Fisheries Resources Profiles. FFA Report 93/25. Forum Fisheries Agency, Honiara.

http://www.sprep.org/att/irc/ecopies/countries/cook_islands/66.pdf

national assessment Fisheries Forum Fisheries Agaency

Nuie sustainable coastal fisheries pilot project: marine baseline survey

Fisk D (2007) Nuie sustainable coastal fisheries pilot project: marine baseline survey. SPREP, Apia.

http://www.sprep.org/att/publication/000545_IWP_PTR39.pdf

national assessment Fisheries SPREP

Planning the use of fish for food security in the Pacific

Bell JD, Kronen M, Vunisea A, Nash WJ, Keeble G, Demmke A, Pontifex S, Andrefouet S (2009) Planning the use of fish for food security in the Pacific. Marine Policy 33: 64-76.

http://www.journals.elsevier.com/marine-policy/

journal article Fisheries Secretariat of the Pacific Community

Projected changes in the tropical Pacific Ocean of importance to tuna fisheries

Ganachaud A, Sen Gupta A, Brown JN, Evans, K, Maes C, Muir LC, Graham FS (2012) Projected changes in the tropical Pacific Ocean of importance to tuna fisheries. Climatic Change. Published online November 2012. doi: 10.1007/s10584-012-0631-1.

http://www.springer.com/earth+sciences+and+geography/atmospheric+sciences/journal/10584

journal article Fisheries Institut de Recherche pour le Développement

Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission Scientific Committee papers

Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission Scientific Committee papers

http://www.wcpfc.int/meetings/2 RFMO scientific paper depository

Fisheries Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission

Data Submitted to the Interim Secretariat as at 20 Jan 2013

Interim Secretariat (2013) Data submitted to the Interim Secretariat as at 20 Jan 2013. Paper COMM-01-INF-07 submitted to the 1st meeting of the Commission, Auckland, New Zealand 28 Januray - 1 February 2013.

http://www.southpacificrfmo.org/data/ RFMO scientific paper Fisheries South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation

SPC coastal and oceanic fisheries digital library

Magron F (2007) SPC coastal and oceanic fisheries digital library. SPC Fisheries Newsletter 122, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Noumea.


publications database Fisheries Secretariat of the Pacific Community

Strategic plan for fisheries management and sustainable coastal fisheries in Pacific Islands

King M, Fa'asili U, Fakahau S, Vunisea A (2004) Strategic plan for fisheries management and sustainable coastal fisheries in Pacific Islands. Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Noumea.


regional assessment Fisheries Secretariat of the Pacific Community

Coastal shark fisheries in the Pacific: a brief overview of current knowledge

Juncker M (2006) Coastal shark fisheries in the Pacific: a brief overview of current knowledge. Coral Reef Initiatives for the Pacific (CRISP), Noumea.


regional assessment Fisheries CRISP

Pacific Islands regional coastal fisheries management policy and strategic actions (Apia policy) (2008-2013)

Anon. 2008. Pacific islands regional coastal fisheries management policy and strategic actions: (Apia policy) (2008-2013). Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Noumea.


regional action plan Fisheries Secretariat of the Pacific Community

Western Pacific region reef fish trends

Luck D, Dalzell P (2010) Western Pacific region reef fish trends. A compendium of ecological and fishery statistics for reef fishes in American Samoa, Hawai'i and the Mariana Archipelago in support of annual catch limit (ACL) implementation. Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council, Honolulu.

http://wpcouncil.org/library.html regional assessment Fisheries Western Pacifici Regional Fishery Management Council

SPC publications http://www.spc.int/en/featured-publications.html

publications database Fisheries Secretariat of the Pacific Community

Compliance and Minter A (2008) Compliance and http://www.iucn.org/about/union/ national assessment Fisheries IUCN

enforcement for coastal fisheries management in Fiji

enforcement for coastal fisheries management in Fiji. IUCN, Suva.

secretariat/offices/oceania/oceania_resources_and_publications/?6916/Compliance-and-Enforcement-for-Coastal-Fisheries-Management--in-Fiji

Effects of pelagic longline fishing on seamount ecosystems based on interviews with Pacific Island fishers

Passfield K, Gilman E (2010) Effects of pelagiclLongline fishing on seamount ecosystems based on interviews with Pacific Island fishers. IUCN, Suva.

http://www.iucn.org/about/union/secretariat/offices/oceania/oceania_resources_and_publications/?6789/pelagic-fisher-survey

regional assessment Fisheries IUCN

Reef fisheries portal http://www.reefbase.org/reeffisheries/publications.aspx

publications database Reef ReefBase

Pacific Islands Marine Portal

Pacific Islands Marine Portal of the Pacific Islands Marine Resources Information System (PIMRIS)

http://www.pimrisportal.org data/information holding resources University of the South Pacific

MFish Plenary reports: stock status of our commercial fisheries and QMS species

MFish Plenary reports: stock status of our commercial fisheries and QMS species. 4 reports from 2012.

http://fs.fish.govt.nz/Page.aspx?pk=61&tk=212

2

The State of Our Fisheries 2008

The State of our Fisheries 2008 http://www.fish.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/87304079-4450-4025-9B08-37E036C56768/0/thestateofourfisheries2008.pdf

2

Fisheries 2030, the NZ Biodiversity Strategy

like Fisheries 2030, the NZ Biodiversity Strategy (A review: Green & Clarkson 2006.

http://www.doc.govt.nz/publications/conservation/a-review-of-the-first-five-years-of-the-nz-biodiversity-strategy/) , (http://www.doc.govt.nz/publications/conservation/marine-and-coastal/new-zealand-coastal-policy-statement/new-zealand-coastal-policy-statement-2010/; http://www.doc.govt.nz/publications/conservation/marine-and-coastal/new-zealand-coastal-policy-statement/new-zealand-coastal-policy-statement-2010-national-implementation-plan/)

2

Conservation Services Programme (CSP), managed by the

Conservation Services Programme (CSP), managed by the Department of Conservation: •Protected species

http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/marine-and-coastal/commercial-fishing/conservation-services-programme/

2

Department of Conservation: •Protected species bycatch information, mainly from the CSP observer programme, •Information on population parameters relevant to assessing susceptibility of protected species to fisheries related impacts •Information on bycatch mitigation techniques

bycatch information, mainly from the CSP observer programme, •Information on population parameters relevant to assessing susceptibility of protected species to fisheries related impacts •Information on bycatch mitigation techniques

publications/

Initial assessment of risk posed by trawl and longline fisheries to selected seabird taxa breeding in New Zealand waters

Baird, S.J; Gilbert, D.J (2010(Initial assessment of risk posed by trawl and longline fisheries to selected seabird taxa breeding in New Zealand waters.

2

A review of land-based effects on coastal fisheries and supporting biodiversity in New Zealand. New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report

Morrison, MA; Lowe, ML; Parsons, DM, Usmar, MR McLeod IM (2009). A review of land-based effects on coastal fisheries and supporting biodiversity in New Zealand. New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No. 37, 100 p.

2

Invited to expert to HOKI Ecolgivial Risk Assessment.

Pinkerton, MH (2010a). Invited to expert to HOKI Ecolgivial Risk Assessment. Seafood Industry House, 13-14 December 2010. Written submission to Hoki Ecological Risk process. 16 March 2011, Pp 8

2

Disturbance of the marine benthic habitat by commercial fishing; impacts at the scale of the fishery.

Thrush, SF, JE Hewill, VJ Cummings, PK Dayton, M Cryer, SJ Turner, G A. Funnell, RG Budd, CJ Milburn and MR Wilkinson. 1998. Disturbance of the marine benthic habitat by commercial fishing; impacts

2

at the scale of the fishery. Ecological Applications 8:866-879

Ecosystems indicators for New Zealand fisheries.

Tuck, I, Cole, R; Devine, J (2010). Ecosystems indicators for New Zealand fisheries. New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No. 42, Ministry of Fisheries, Wellington, New Zealand. 188p.

2

Socio-economic aspectsName of Assessment: Full Reference: Full Text Reports/Output URL: Classification/Type of

Activity:group Organisation:

Global mercury assessment 2013. Sources, emmissions, releases and environmental transport.

UNEP (2013) Global Mercury Assessment 2013: Sources, Emissions, Releases and Environmental Transport. UNEP Chemicals Branch, Geneva.

http://www.unep.org/publications/contents/pub_details_search.asp?ID=6282

global assessment Pollution UNEP

GESAMP: long-term consequences of low-level marine contamination: an analytical approach

GESAMP (1990) GESAMP: long-term consequences of low-level marine contamination: an analytical approach. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 118. United Nations Environment Program, Nairobi.


subject area assessment Pollution UNEP/GESAMP

GESAMP: pollutant modification of atmospheric and oceanic processes and climate: some aspects of the problem

GESAMP (1990) GESAMP: pollutant modification of atmospheric and oceanic processes and climate: some aspects of the problem. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 117. United Nations Environment Program, Nairobi.


subject area assessment Pollution UNEP/GESAMP

GESAMP: the state of the marine environment

GESAMP (1990) GESAMP: the state of the marine environment. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 115. United Nations Environment Program, Nairobi.


global assessment Pollution UNEP/GESAMP

GESAMP: organosilicons in GESAMP (1986) GESAMP: organosilicons http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/ global assessment Pollution UNEP

the marine environment in the marine environment. UNEP Regional Sea Reports and Studies No. 78. United Nations Environment Program, Nairobi.

Publications/Reports/RSRS/

GESAMP: arsenic, mercury and selenium in the marine environment

GESAMP (1988) GESAMP: arsenic, mercury and selenium in the marine environment. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 92. GESAMP Reports and Studies No. 28. United Nations Environment Programe, Nairobi.



GESAMP: cadmium, lead and tin in the marine environment

GESAMP (1985) GESAMP: cadmium, lead and tin in the marine environment. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 56. GESAMP Reports and Studies No. 22. United Nations Environment Programe, Nairobi.



Marine Pollution risk assessment for the Pacific Islands region

Anderson E, Judson B, Tu'itupou S, Thaman B (2003) Marine pollution risk assessment for the Pacific Islands region. Volume 1: main report. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Apia.

http://www.sprep.org/att/irc/ecopies/pacific_region/384a.pdf

regional assessment Pollution SPREP

Anthropogenic bigeochemical impacts on coral reefs in the Pacific Islands - on overview

Morrison RJ, Denton GRW, Bale Tamata U, Grignon J (2013) Anthropogenic bigeochemical impacts on coral reefs in the Pacific Islands - on overview. Deep Sea Research II published onliune 16 February 2013.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064513000714

regional assessment Pollution University of Wollongong

Proceedings of the GESAMP International workshop on micro-plastic particles as a vector in trnasporting persistent, bio-accumulating and toxis substances in the oceans.

Bowmer T, Kershaw PJ (eds) (2010) Proceedings of the GESAMP International Workshop on plastic particles as a vector in transporting persistent, bio-accumulating and toxic substances in the oceans. GESAMP Reports and StudiesNo. 82. UNESCO-IOC, Paris.


global assessment Pollution UNESCO-IOC

Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of

http://www.gesamp.org/publications publications database Pollution GESAMP

Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP) publicationsShip-generated marine pollution in nine posrts in the Pacific - identification and prevention

Fotu ST (2008) Ship-generated marine pollution in nine posrts in the Pacific - identification and prevention. Doctor of Philiosophy thesis, University of the South Pacific.


regional assessment Pollution University of the South Pacific

Ocean and coastal management in the south Pacific

Ocean and Coastal Management 42 (1999) (special issue)

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/09645691/42/6-7

journal special issue Resources Elsevier Ltd

Enhanced seamount location database

Allain V, Kerandel J-A, Andréfouët S, Magron F, Clark M, Kirby DS, Muller-Karger FE (2008) Enhanced seamount location database for the western and central Pacific Ocean: screening and cross-checking of 20 existing datasets. Deep-Sea Research I 55: 1035-1047

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967063708000824

data holding Resources Secretariat of the Pacific Community

Natural resource data bank for the South Pacific

Hill L, Pernetta J (1988) Natural resource data bank for the South Pacific. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 88. SPREP Reports and Studies No. 30. United Nations Environment Programe, Nairobi.


regional assessment Resources UNEP

The state of marine resources of Helen Reef in the year 2000: results of scientific and community monitoring surveys, April 24 to May 3, 2000.

Brikeland C, Green A, Guilbeaux M, Donaldson T, Emilo D, Kirkendale L, Mangel J, Myers R, Weng K, van Woesik R (2003) The state of marine resources of Helen Reef in the year 2000: results of scientific and community monitoring surveys, April 24 to May 3, 2000. Helen Reef Resource Management Program, Koror.

http://www.sprep.org/att/IRC/eCOPIES/Countries/Palau/32.pdf

within country assessment Resources Helen Reef Resource Management Program

Community consultations on marine and terrestrial resources

Palau Conservation Society (2003) Community consultations on marine and terrestrial resources. Submitted as information for Palau's National

http://www.sprep.org/att/irc/ecopies/countries/palau/63.pdf

national assessment Resources Palau Conservation Society

Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan.Conservation and management of marine resources. Green snail and trochus protection campaign

Minsistry of Fisheries (???) Conservation and management of marine resources. Green snail and trochus campaign. Ministry of Fisheries, Tonga.

http://www.sprep.org/att/IRC/eCOPIES/Countries/tonga/35.pdf

information sheet Resources Ministry of Fsiheries, Tonga

Marine resources of the Tokelau Atolls. Nukunono Marine Resource Management Plan. Background report December 2004

Fisk D, Axford J, Power M (2004) Marine resoucres of the Tokelau Atolls. Nukunono Marine Resource Management Plan December 2004. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Apia.

http://www.sprep.org/att/IRC/eCOPIES/Countries/tokelau/8.pdf

national assessment Resources SPREP

Marine resources assessment for the Marianas operating area

Geo-Marine Inc (2005) Marine resources assessment for the Marianas operating area. Final report prepared for the Department of the Navy Commander, US Pacific Fleet. Geo-Marine Inc, Plano.

http://www.sprep.org/att/IRC/eCOPIES/Countries/Commonwealth_of_Northern_Marianas/14.pdf

regional assessment Resources Geo-Marine Inc

Aquatic Commons http://aquaticcommons.org/ publications database Resources UNESCO/IODCommercial activity - shipping

http://geodata.grid.unep.ch/options.php?selectedID=2167&selectedDatasettype=16

data holding Shipping National Centre for Ecological Analaysis and Synthesis (NCEAS)

Building resilience in SIDS: the environmental vulnerability index

Kaly UL, Pratt C and Mitchell J (2005) Building resilience in SIDS: the environmental vulnerability index. SOPAC and UNEP.

http://www.vulnerabilityindex.net/Files/EVI%20Final%20Report%202005.pdf

regional assessment Socio-Economic South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission

State of the Environment in Asia and the Pacific

State of the environment in Asia and the Pacific 2000. Economic growth and sustainability. United Nationas ESCAP, Bangkok.

http://www.unescap.org/esd/environment/soe/

regional assessment Socio-Economic United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific

State of the Environment in Asia and the Pacific

State of the environment in Asia and the Pacific 2005. Economic growth and sustainability. United Nationas ESCAP,

http://www.unescap.org/esd/environment/soe/

regional assessment Socio-Economic United Nations Economic and Social

Bangkok. Commission for Asia and the Pacific

GESAMP: choosing priority organochlorines for marine hazard assessment

GESAMP (1990) GESAMP: choosing priority organiochlorines for marine hazard assessment. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 120. GESAMP Reports and Studies No. 42. United Nations Environment Program, Nairobi.


subject area assessment Socio-Economic UNEP/GESAMP

Marine and coastal ecosystems and human wellbeing. A synthesis report based on the findings of the Millenium Ecosystem Assessment

UNEP-WCMC (2006) Marine and coastal ecosystems and human wellbeing. A synthesis report based on the findings of the Millenium Ecosystem Assessment. United National Environment Programme, Nairobi.

http://www.sprep.org/att/irc/ecopies/global/300.pdf

global assessment Socio-Economic UNEP

Annotated bibliography on socio-economic and ecological impacts of marine protected areas in Pacific Island countries

Cohen P, Valemei AD, Goven H (2008) nnotated bibliography on socio-economic and ecological impacts of marine protected areas in Pacific Island countries. WorldFish Bibliography No. 1870. The WorldFish Center, Penang.


regional assessment Socio-Economic WorldFish Centre

Economic value of the Pacific Ocean to the Pacific Island coutries and territories

Seidel H, Lal PN (2010) Economic value of the Pacific Ocean to the Pacific Island countries and territories. IUCN, Gland.

http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/economic_value_of_the_pacific_ocean_to_the_pacific_island_countries_and_territories_p.pdf

regional assessment Socio-Economic IUCN

Estimating the total economic value (TEV) of the Navakavu LMMA (Locally Managed Marine Area) in Vitu Levu Island (Fiji)

O'Garra T. 2007. Estimating the total economic value (TEV) of the Navakavu LMMA (Locally Managed Marine Area) in Vitu Levu Island (Fiji). Coral Reef Initiatives for the Pacific (CRISP), Noumea.

http://www.spc.int/fame/en/fame-digital-library

national assessment Socio-Economic CRISP

Importance of household income and expenditure surveys and censuses for management of coastal and freshwater fisheries

Bell J, Bright P, Gillett B, Keeble G, Kronen M, Passfield K, Ryan C (2008) Importance of household income and expenditure surveys and sensuses for management of coastal and freshwater fisheries. SPC Fisheries ewsletter 127:


regional assessment Socio-Economic Secretariat of the Pacific Community

34-39.Building capacity and cooperation for sustainable development of Pacific coastal resources forum. Townsville - Australia 3-7 September 2007.

Clua E. 2007. Building Capacity and Cooperation for Sustainable Development of Pacific Coastal Resources Forum,Townsville-Australia, 3-7 September 2007. Coral Reef Initiatives for the Pacific (CRISP), Noumea.


regional assessment Socio-Economic CRISP

PRISM Online mapping http://www.spc.int/prism/online-mapping web-based information tool

Socio-Economic Secretariat of the Pacific Community

Pacific data catalogue http://www.spc.int/prism/data-catalog web-based information tool

Socio-Economic Secretariat of the Pacific Community

Ecosystems and human well-being: a framework for assessment

Alcamo J et al. (2003) Ecosystems and human well-being: a framework for assessment. A report of the coneptual frameowkr working group of the Millenium Ecosystem Assessment. Island Press Washington DC.

pdf.wri.org/ecosystems_human_wellbeing.pdf

global assessment Socio-Economic UNEP

An approach to environmental impacts assessment for projects affecting the coastal and marine environment

UNEP (1990) An approach to environmental impacts assessment for projects affecting the coastal and marine environment. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 122. United Nations Environment Program, Nairobi.


subject area assessment SOE UNEP

Pacific Ocean synthesis: scientific literature review of coastal and ocean threats, impacts, and solutions

Center for Ocean Solutions (2009) Pacific Ocean synthesis: scientific literature review of coastal and ocean threats, impacts, and solutions. The Woods Center for the Environment, Stanford University. California.

http://www.centerforoceansolutions.org/?q=projects/pacific-ocean-initiative

regional assessment SOE Center for Ocean Solutions

An index to assess the health and benefits of the global ocean

Halpern BS, Longo C, Hardy D, McLeod KL,Samhouri JF, Katona SK, Kleisner K, Lester SE, O’Leary J, Ranelletti M, Rosenberg AA, Scarborough C, Selig ER. Best BD, Brumbaugh DR, Chapin FS,

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v488/n7413/abs/nature11397.html

global assessment SOE University of California

Crowder LB, Daly KL, Doney SC, Elfes C, Fogarty MJ, Gaines SD, Jacobsen K, Karrer LB, Leslie HM, Neeley E, Pauly D, Polasky S, Ris B, St. Martin K, Stone GS, Sumaila UR, Zeller D (2012) An index to assess the health and benefits of the global ocen. Nature 488: 615-620.

Economic of coastal zone management in the Pacific

Ram-Bidesi V, Padma Narsey L, Conner N (2011) Economic of coastal zone management in the Pacific. IUCN, Suva.

http://www.iucn.org/about/union/secretariat/offices/oceania/oceania_resources_and_publications/?11738/Economics-of-coastal-zone-management-in-the-Pacific

regional assessment SOE IUCN

The Coastal Policy statement and implementation plan

The Coastal Policy statement and implementation plan

http://www.doc.govt.nz/publications/conservation/marine-and-coastal/new-zealand-coastal-policy-statement/new-zealand-coastal-policy-statement-2010/; http://www.doc.govt.nz/publications/conservation/marine-and-coastal/new-zealand-coastal-policy-statement/new-zealand-coastal-policy-statement-2010-national-implementation-plan/

3

Expert Risk Assessment of Activities in the New Zealand Exclusive Economic Zone and Extended Continental Shelf.

MacDiarmid, A.et al. (2011) Expert Risk Assessment of Activities in the New Zealand Exclusive Economic Zone and Extended Continental Shelf. WLG2011-39, National Institute of Water and Atmopsheric Research (NIWA), Wellington, New Zealand. 138p. (Published in May 2012 by the Ministry for the Environment. Pub. N. CR124).

http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/oceans/managing-our-oceans/niwa-risk-assessment.pdf

3

CAENZ (2003) Economic opportunities in New Zealand's Oceans. Informing the development of oceans policy.

CAENZ (2003) Economic opportunities in New Zealand's Oceans. Informing the development of oceans policy. Centre for Advance Engineering, Private bag 4800, Christchurch. 32p.

http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/oceans/economic-opportunities-oceans-jun03/economic-opportunities-oceans-jun03.pdf

3

CAENZ (2006) A report on CAENZ (2006) A report on possible http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/oceans 3

possible governement interventions to promote the sustainable development of New Zealand's ocean resources

governement interventions to promote the sustainable development of New Zealand's ocean resources. Prepared for the Ministry for the Environment. Centre for Advanced Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. 55p.

/government-interventions-ocean-resources-may06/government-interventions-ocean-resources-may06.pdf

NZGSDW (1999) New Zealand Guidelines for Sea Disposal of Waste

NZGSDW (1999) New Zealand Guidelines for Sea Disposal of Waste. No. 180-1. Maritime Safety Authority of New Zealand, Wellington. pp. 88.

http://www.maritimenz.govt.nz/Publications-and-forms/Environmental-protection/Sea-disposal-of-waste.pdf

3

The Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf (Environmental Effects) Bill

The Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf (Environmental Effects) Bill. Ministry for the Environement.

http://www.legislation.govt.nz/bill/government/2011/0321/latest/DLM3955428.html

3


Makgill, R.; Dawson, K.; De Wit, N. (2012) The Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf (Environmental Effects) Bill. Resource Management Journal, (April 2012).

3


Makgill, R.; Logan, A. (2012) The Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf (Environmental Effects) Bill. Lawtalk, 789 (17 (February 2012)).

3

A Global Map of Coastal Recreation Values: Results from a Spatially Explicit Meta-Analysis

Ghermandi, Andrea, and Paulo Nunes. "A Global Map of Coastal Recreation Values: Results from a Spatially Explicit Meta-Analysis." In press.

http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1904842

3

Recreational water quality in NZ

Environmental reporting by Ministry of Environment: Recreational water quality in NZ

http://www.mfe.govt.nz/environmental-reporting/report-cards/water-quality/2012/index.html

3

New Zealand Threat Classification System

New Zealand Threat Classification System

http://www.doc.govt.nz/publications/conservation/nz-threat-classification-system/

3

Treasures of the Sea - extra amendments

Treasures of the Sea - extra amendments

3

Market research study: a Daw, J; Mulawin, R; Trotman, A (2008). 3

review of the Environment New Zealand 2007 report

Market research study: a review of the Environment New Zealand 2007 report. Prepared for the Environment by Peter Glenn Research, 35p

Biodiversity aspectsName of Assessment: Full Reference: Full Text Reports/Output URL: Classification/Type of

Activity:Biodiversity Category. 1 =coastal, 2=shelf, 3=deep sea, 4=pelagic,5 = all

Organisation:

Global open oceans and deep seabed (GOODS) biogeographic classification

Vierros M, Cresswell I, Escobar Briones E, Rice J, Ardron J (eds) (2009) Global open oceans and deep seabed (GOODS) biogeographic classification. UNESCO Technical Series 84. UNESCO-IOC, Paris.

unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001824/182451e.pdf

global assessment 3,4 UNESCO-IOC

International Whaling Commission catch data

http://data.marinemammals.gov.au/portal/catch.cfm

web based information tool

2,3,4 Australian Government Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities and the International Whaling Commission

The distribution of protected corals in New Zealand Waters.

S.J. Baird, D. Tracey, S. Mormede, M. Clark. (2012) The distribution of protected corals in New Zealand Waters. Prepared for DOC. NIWA Client Report No: WLG2012-43

http://www.doc.govt.nz/Documents/conservation/marine-and-coastal/marine-conservation-services/pop-2011-06-protected-coral-distribution-draft-final-report.pdf

2,3

Marine Environment Classification optimised for demersal fish

Marine Environment Classification optimised for demersal fish Leithwick, J., Dey, K., Julian, K. (2006). Development of a marine environmental classification optimised for demersal fish. Prepared for Department of Conservation. NIWA Project: DOC06213 - Leithwick, J., Dey, K., Julian, K. (2006). Development of a demersal fish community map for New Zealand’s Exclusive Economic Zone. Prepared for Department of Conservation. NIWA Client Report: HAM2006-062

http://www.doc.govt.nz/Documents/conservation/marine-and-coastal/marine-protected-areas/MCU1.pdf

2,3

A Benthic-optimised Marine Environment Classification (BOMEC) for New Zealand waters.

A Benthic-optimised Marine Environment Classification (BOMEC) for New Zealand waters. Leathwick et al (2012). A Benthic-optimised Marine Environment Classification (BOMEC) for New Zealand waters. New Zealand Aquatic and Environment and Biodiversity Report No. 88, 54 p.

http://fs.fish.govt.nz/Doc/23073/AEBR_88.pdf.ashx

2,3

Patterns of Deep-Sea Genetic Connectivity in the New Zealand Region: Implications for Management of Benthic Ecosystems

Bors EK, Rowden AA, Maas EW, Clark MR, Shank TM (2012) Patterns of Deep-Sea Genetic Connectivity in the New Zealand Region: Implications for Management of Benthic Ecosystems. PLoS ONE 7(11): e49474. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049474

http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0049474

2,3

Habitat-forming cold-water corals show affinity for seamounts in the New Zealand region

Habitat-forming cold-water corals show affinity for seamounts in the New Zealand region Dianne M. Tracey1,*, Ashley A. Rowden1, Kevin A. Mackay1, Tanya Compton2 1National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand, 2National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Hamilton, New Zealand

http://www.int-res.com/ 2,3

Variation in demersal fish species richness in the oceans surrounding New Zealand: an analysis using boosted regression trees

Variation in demersal fish species richness in the oceans surrounding New Zealand: an analysis using boosted regression trees J. R. Leathwick1,*, J. Elith2, M. P. Francis3, T. Hastie4, P. Taylor1 1National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, PO Box 11115, Hamilton, New Zealand 2School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia 3National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Private Bag 14901, Wellington, New Zealand 4Sequoia Hall, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4065, USA

http://www.int-res.com/ 2,3

Development of a demersal fish community map for New Zealand's Exclusive Economic Zone.

Leathwick, JR; Francis, M; Julian, K (2006). Development of a demersal fish community map for New Zealand's Exclusive Economic Zone. NIWA Client Report: HAM2006-062, 21pp

2,3

Development of a benthic-optimised marine environment classification for waters within the New Zealand EEZ.

Leathwick, JR; Rowden, A; Nodder, S; Gorman, R; Bardeley, S; Pinkerton, Baird, SJ; Hadfield, M. Currie, GOH, A (2009). Development of a benthic-optimised marine environment classification for waters within the New Zealand EEZ. Final Report prepared as part completion of Objective 5 of BEN200601 for Ministy of Fisheries. 52p

2,3

Great Barrier Reef Outlook Report 2009

GBRMPA (2009) Great Barrier Reef outlook report 2009. Great Barrier Reef Maarine Park Authority, Townsville.

http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/corp_site/info_services/publications

within country assessment 1,2,3 Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority

Marine protected areas. Review of FGEFs cofinanced project experiences

Gabrié C, Clément T, Mercier JR, You H (2010) Marine protected areas. Review of FGEF's cofinanced project experiences. French Global Environment Facility

http://www.sprep.org/att/irc/ecopies/global/448.pdf http://www.ffem.fr/jahia/webdav/site/ffem/users/admiffem/public/Publications/Executive%20Summary.pdf

global assessment 1,2 French Global Environment Facility

Reefbase global database http://www.reefbase.org/global_database/default.aspx

publications database 1,2 ReefBase

ReefBase Online Geographic Information System (ReefGIS)

http://www.reefbase.org/gis_maps/default.aspx

web-based information tool

1,2 Reefbase

International Coral Reef Symposium (ICRS) Proceedings

http://www.reefbase.org/resource_center/publication/icrs.aspx

publications database 1,2 Reefbase

Marine environment survey: proposed Aleipata Islands National Park, western Samoa

Andrews GJ, Holthus PF (1989) Marine environment survey: porposed Aleipata Islands National Park, western Samoa

http://www.sprep.org/att/irc/ecopies/countries/samoa/135.pdf

within country assessment 1,2 SPC

Ecological assessment and community monitoring plan for marine protected areas in Yap State, FSM

Palau International Coral Reef Centre (2007) Ecological assessment and community monitoring plan for marine protected areas in Yap State, FSM. SPREP, Apia.

http://www.sprep.org/att/publication/000550_IWP_PTR42.pdf

national assessment 1,2 SPREP

State of the coral reefs of Papua New Guinea. Coral Triangle marine resources: their status, economies and management

National CTI Coordinating Committee of Papua New Guinea (2012) State of the coral reefs of Papua New Guinea. Coral Triangle marine resources: their status, economies and management. National CTI Coordinating Committee of Papua New Guinea.

http://www.coraltriangleinitiative.net/programs-and-projects/adb-reta-7307/the-state-of-the-coral-triangle-report-sctr

national assessment 1,2 National CTI Coordinating Committee of Papua New Guinea

State of the coral reefs of Solomon Islands. Coral Triangle marine resources: their status, economies and management

Sulu R, Boso DN, Vave-Karamui A, Mauli S, Wini-Simeon L (2012) State of the coral reefs of Solomon Islands. Coral Triangle marine resources: their status, economies and management. Solomon Islands National Coordinating Committee

http://www.coraltriangleinitiative.net/programs-and-projects/adb-reta-7307/the-state-of-the-coral-triangle-report-sctr

national assessment 1,2 National CTI Coordinating Committee of Solomon Islands

Marine biodiversity of the Federated States of Micronesia

Edward A (2002) Marine biodiversity of the Federated States of Micronesia. Report prepared for the FSM National Strategy and Action Plan Project. FSM Department of Economic Affairs.

http://www.sprep.org/att/IRC/eCOPIES/Countries/FSM/42.pdf

national assessment 1,2 FSM Department of Economic Affairs

Mediated Modelling of van den Belt, M, McCallion, A., Wairepo, 1,2

Coastal Ecosystem Services: A case study of Te Awanui Tauranga Harbour, Manaaki Taho Moana project

S., Hardy, D., Hale, L. and Berry, M.2012, Mediated Modelling of Coastal Ecosystem Services: A case study of Te Awanui Tauranga Harbour, Manaaki Taho Moana project, ISSN 2230-3340

Predictive models of small fish presence and abundance in northern New Zealand harbours

Francis MP, Morrison MA, Leathwick J, Walsh C, Middleton C. Predictive models of small fish presence and abundance in northern New Zealand harbours. Estuarine coastal and Shelf Science 2005; 64 (2-3); 419-435

1,2

Conservation, management and development of coral reefs in the Pacific - building on the results of six years of research, collaboration and education

Gabrie C (2011) Conservation, management and development of coral reefs in the Pacific - building on the results of six years of research, collaboration and educatio. Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Noumea.

www.spc.int/.../ENG_2011_Conservation_management_developmen...

regional assessment 1,2 CRISP/SPC

Status of the Coral Reefs of the World

Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (2008) Status of the Coral Reefs of the World: 2008. Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network and Reef and Rainforest Research Center, Townsville

http://www.gcrmn.org/publications.aspx regional assessment 1,2 Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network

Status and potential of locally-managed marine areas in the south Pacific: meeting nature conservation and sustainable livelihood targets through wide-spread implementation of LMMAs

Govan H (2009) Status and potential of locally-managed marine areas in the south Pacific: meeting nature conservation and sustainable livelihood targets through wide-spread implementation of LMMAs. SPREP/WWF/WorlFish-ReefBase/CRISP.

http://www.sprep.org/att/publication/000646_LMMA_Report.pdf

regional assessment 1,2 CRISP

Marine biodiversity law in Fiji, Solomon and Vanuatu Islands

Beurier J-P, Guilloux B, Zakovska K (2009) Marine biodiversity law in Fiji, Solomon and Vanuatu Islands. University of Nantes, Nantes.

http://www.sprep.org/att/irc/ecopies/pacific_region/513.pdf http://www.crisponline.net/Portals/1/PDF/0904_C2A_TVE_Navakavu.pdf

regional assessment 1,2 University of Nantes

A global map of human Halpern BS, Walbridge S, Selkoe KA, http://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/globalmarine global assessment 5 National

impacts to marine ecosystems

Kappel CV, Micheli F, D'Agrosa C, Bruno JF, Casey KS, Ebert C, Fox HE, Fujita R, Heinemann D, Lenihan HS, Madin EMP, Perry MT, Selig ER, Spalding M, Steneck R, Watson R (2008) A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems. Science 319: 948-952.

Centre for Ecological Analaysis and Synthesis (NCEAS)

Global ocean protection: present status and future possibilities

Toropova C, Meliane I, Laffoley D, Metthews E, Spalding M (eds) (2010) Global ocean protection: presetn status and future posibilities. IUCN, Gland.

http://www.iucn.org/about/union/secretariat/offices/oceania/oceania_resources_and_publications/?7040/global-ocean-protection

global assessment 5 IUCN

Global Environment Outlook 5

UNEP (2012) Globval Environment Outlook 5. Environment for the future we want. United Nations Environment Program, Nairobi.

http://www.unep.org/geo/geo5.asp global assessment 5 UNEP

Guidelines for the rapid ecological assessment of biodiversity in inland water, coastal and marine areas

Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2006) Guidelines for the rapid ecological assessment of biodiversity in inland water, coastal and marine areas. CBD Technical Series No 22. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal.

http://www.sprep.org/att/irc/ecopies/global/226.pdf

global assessment 5 Secretariat of the Convention of Biological Diversity

Global Biodiversity Outlook 3

Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2010) Global Biodiversity Outlook 3. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal.

http://www.cbd.int/gbo3/ global assessment 5 Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity

OceanDocs http://www.oceandocs.net/ publications database 5 UNESCO/IODOcean Biogeographic Information System

http://www.iobis.org/ web based information tool

5 UNESCO-IOC

Census of Marine Life bibliographic database

http://db.coml.org/comlrefbase/ publications database 5 Census of Marine Life

Census of Marine Life Secretariat Reports and other docs

http://www.comlsecretariat.org/reports-other-documents/

publications database 5 Census of Marine Life

CephBase Wood JW, Dau CL, Lee P, O'Dor RK (2000) CephBase: testing ideas for

www.cephbase.dal.ca data holding 5 Dalhousie University

cephalopod and other species-level databases. Oceanography 13: 14-20.

Marine mammals plan of action: evaluation of its development and achievements

UNEP (1988) Marine mammals plan of action: evaluation of its development and achievements. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 102. United Nations Environment Program, Nairobi.


global assessment 5 UNEP

International Tropical Marine Ecosystems Management Symposium

http://www.reefbase.org/resource_center/publication/itmems.aspx

publications database 5 Reefbase

Global International Waters Assessment

UNEP (2006) Challenges to International Waters - Regional Assessments in a Global Perspective. United Nations Environment Program, Nairobi

http://www.unep.org/dewa/giwa/ global assessment 5 UNEP

Global sysnthesis. A report from the regional seas conventions and action plans for the marine biodiversity assessment and outlook series

UNEP (2010) Global sysnthesis. A report from the regional seas conventions and action plans for the marine biodiversity assessment and outlook series. UNEP, Nairobi.

http://www.sprep.org/att/irc/ecopies/global/490.pdf http://marinebiodiversityseries.org/reports/2-global-synthesis-report.html

global assessment 5 UNEP

The status of marine resources and coral reefs of Nauru

Jacob P (2002) The status of marine resources and coral reefs of Nauru. Pages 207 - 214 in ??? (eds). Coral reefs in the Pacific: status and monitoring, resources and management. ????

http://www.sprep.org/att/IRC/eCOPIES/Countries/Nauru/3.pdf

national assessment 5 ???

State of the Environment Report

http://www.sprep.org/Pacific-Environment-Information-Network/country-profiles-directory

national assessment 5 Individual countries with SPREP

http://www.cbd.int/kb/Results?q=fiji 5 Review of marine turtle legislation in Tuvalu

Tekinene M (2010) Review of marine turtle legislation in Tuvalu. South Pacific Regional Environment Program, Apia.

http://www.sprep.org/att/publication/000936_Tuvalu_turtle_legislation_review.pdf

within country assessment 5 SPREP

Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) marine turtle legislation review

Kabua EN, Edwards F (2010) Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) marine turtle legislation review. South Pacific Regional Environment Program, Apia.

http://www.sprep.org/att/publication/000935_RMI_turtle_legislation_review.pdf


Review of marine turtles Masolo T, Ramohia P (2010) Review of http://www.sprep.org/att/publication/ within country assessment 5 SPREP

legislation in Solomon Islands

marine turtles legislation in Solomon Islands. South Pacific Regional Environment Program, Apia.

000934_Solomon_turtle_legislation_review.pdf

Review of marine turtles legislation in Fiji

Nasome E, Takaduadua E, Batibasaga A (2010) Review of marine turtles legislation in Fiji. South Pacific Regional Environment Program, Apia.

http://www.sprep.org/att/publication/000933_Fiji_turtle_legislation_review.pdf


Review of marine turtle legislation in Samoa

Bell LAJ, Peteru C, Momoemausu M, Ward J (2010) Review of marine turtle legislation in Samoa. South Pacific Regional Environment Program, Apia.

http://www.sprep.org/att/publication/000871_Samoa_turtle_Legislation_review_samoa.pdf


(2002) Oceans Policy Stocktake

Willis, G.; Gunn, J.; Hill, D. (2002) Oceans Policy Stocktake . Part 1 – Legislation and Policy Review Prepared for the Oceans Policy Secretariat Ministry for the Environment, Wellington, New Zealand. 115p.

http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/oceans/stocktake-report-dec02/report.pdf

5

Scoping analysis of matters to consider when reporting on the state of marine environment

Scoping analysis of matters to consider when reporting on the state of marine environment - Prepared for Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment. Alison MacDiarmid, David Thompson, Matt Pinkerton, Terry Hume

5

Environmental indicators for National State of the Environment reporting: estuaries and the sea

Ward T, Butler E, Hill B (1998) Environmental indicators for national state of the environment reporting – Estuaries and the Sea. Environment Australia, Canberra

http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/publications/indicators/estuaries.html

national assessment 5 Environment Australia

National Environment Management Strategy


national assessment 5 SPREP

Introduced marine species in Pago Pago Harbour, Fagatele Bay and the National Park coast, American Samoa

Coles SL, Reath PR, Skelton PA, Bonito V, DeFelice RC, Basch L (2003) Introduced marine species in Pago Pago Harbour, Fagetele Bay and the National Park coast, American Samoa. Final report prepared for the US Fish and Wildlife

http://www.sprep.org/att/IRC/eCOPIES/Countries/american_samoa/17.pdf

national assessment 5 Bishop Museum

Service, Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary, National Park of Amercian Samoa and American Samoa Department of Marine and Natural Resources.Bishop Museum Technical Report No 26, Bishop Museum, Honolulu.

National Marine Mammal Data Portal

http://data.marinemammals.gov.au/ data holding 5 Australian Asntarctic Division

New Caledonia country report

Joannot P, Devink F, Giraudon C, Garrigue C, Siapo P, Dauzon J-L, Henriot K, Eschenbrener L, Farman R, Carrier M (2002) New Caledonia country report. Pages 215 - 231 in ??? (eds). Coral reefs in the Pacific: status and monitoring, resoources and management. ????



The status of marine resources and coral reefs of Samoa

Skelton PA, Bell LJ, Mulipola A, Trevor A (2002) The status of marine resources and coral reefs of Samoa. Pages 233 - 261 in ??? (eds). Coal reefs in the Pacific: status and monitoring, resources and management. ???



The status of Solomon Islands coral reefs

Sulu R, Hay C, Ramohia P, Lam M (2002) The status of Solomon Islands coral reefs. Pages 263 - 316 in ???? (eds). Coral reefs in the Pacific: status and monitoring, resources and management. ???



National coral reef status report Tonga

Lovell ER, Palaki A (2002) National coral reef status report Tonga. Pages 317 - 343 in ???? (eds). Coral reefs in the Pacific: status and monitoring, resources and management. ???

http://www.sprep.org/att/IRC/eCOPIES/Countries/Tonga/5.pdf

5

The status of coral reef and reef fish resources in Vanuatu

Naviti W, Aston J (2002). The ststus of coral reef and reef fish resouces in Vanuatu. Pages 365 - 381 in ??? (eds).

http://www.sprep.org/att/IRC/eCOPIES/Countries/Vanuatu/35.pdf


Coral reefs in the Pacific: status and monitoring, resources and management. ???

The status of the reefs of Tuvalu

Sauni S (2002) The status of the reefs of Tuvalu. Pages 345 - 363 in ???? (eds). Coral reefs in the Pacific: status and monitoring, resources and management. ???



Wallis et Futuna status report

Vanai P (2002) Wallis et Futuna status report. Pages 383 - 410 in ???? (eds). Coral reefs in the Pacific: status and monitoring, resources and management. ???



Assessment of anthropogenic threats to New Zealand marine habitats.

Assessment of anthropogenic threats to New Zealand marine habitats. New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No. 93. 255 p

5

Ecosystem Services of Marine Protected Areas, Department of Conservation

van den Belt, M. and Cole, A.. In review 2013. Ecosystem Services of Marine Protected Areas, Department of Conservation, Wellington, NZ

5

Assessment of anthropogenic threats to New Zealand marine habitats

MacDiarmid, A.; McKenzie, A.; Sturman, J.; Beaumont, J.; Mikaloff-Fletcher, S.; Dunne, J. (2012). Assessment of anthropogenic threats to New Zealand marine habitats. New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No. 93.255 p

http://fs.fish.govt.nz/Doc/22981/AEBR_93.pdf.ashx

5

Marine Environment Classification (MEC)

Marine Environment Classification (MEC) Snelder, T., et al. "The New Zealand marine environment classification." NIWA Client Report CHC2004 71 (2004): 86.

Report: http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/ser/marine-environment-classification-jun05/marine-environment-classification-jun05.pdf Data: http://koordinates.com/layer/3821-marine-environment-classification-eez-20-classes/

5

Marine Biodiversity of Aotearoa New Zealand

Marine Biodiversity of Aotearoa New Zealand - Dennis P. Gordon*, Jennifer

5

Beaumont, Alison MacDiarmid, Donald A. Robertson, Shane T. Ahyong -National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Kilbirnie, Wellington, New Zealand

Assessment of anthropogenic threats to New Zealand marine habitats

5

New Zealand inventory of biodiversity: Volume one; Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia.

Gordon, DP (2009). New Zealand inventory of biodiversity: Volume one; Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch, New Zealand

5

New Zealand inventory of biodiversity: Volume two: Kingdom Animalia: Chaetognatha, Ecydysozoa, Ichnofollisls

Gordon, DP (2010). New Zealand inventory of biodiversity: Volume two: Kingdom Animalia: Chaetognatha, Ecydysozoa, Ichnofollisls. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch, New Zealand

5

New Zealand inventory of biodiversity: Volume three: Kingdos Bacteria, Protozoa, Chromisistae, Fungi.

Gordon, DP (2010). New Zealand inventory of biodiversity: Volume three: Kingdos Bacteria, Protozoa, Chromisistae, Fungi. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch, New Zealand

5

The Treasures of the Sea: Nga Taonga a Tangaroa.

MacDiarmid, A (ed) (2007) The Treasures of the Sea: Nga Taonga a Tangaroa. A Summary of the Biodiversity in the New Zealand Marine Ecoregion. WWF-New Zealand. 193 p.

5

Marine Habitat Assessment Decision Support (MarHADS) Tool-Background and Operating Instructions

MacDiarmid, AB, Taylor P, Carbines M, Hewitt J, Bolton-Ritchie L, Maharadz-Smith A, Townsend M, Thrush S, Walker J (2011a). Marine Habitat Assessment Decision Support (MarHADS) Tool-

5

Background and Operating Instructions. Produced for the NZ Regional Council Coastal Special Interest Group, Envirolink Contract NIWX0803, 25 p.

Expert risk assessment of activities in the New Zealand Exclusive Economic Zone and Extended Continental Shelf

MacDiarmid, AB, Beaumont, J, Bostock, H, Bowden, D, Clark, M, Hadfield, M, Heath, P, Lamarche, L, Nodder, S, Orpin, A, Stevens, C, Thompson, D, Torres, L and Wyscoczanski R (2011b). Expert risk assessment of activities in the New Zealand Exclusive Economic Zone and Extended Continental Shelf NIWA Client Report No: WLG2011-39, 145

5

Large, Isolated, late-settled islands; potential tests of human impacts on marine ecosystems

MacDiarmid, AB (in press). Large, Isolated, late-settled islands; potential tests of human impacts on marine ecosystems. Final Reseach report, Project ZBD200505, MS31 Part A, to the Ministry of Fisheries. NIWA, Wellington, New Zealand, 13 p.

5

A strategy to access trends in the ecological integrity of New Zealand's marine ecosystems.

Thrush, SF; Hewitt, JE Lundquist, C; Townsend, M; Lohrer AM (2011). A strategy to access trends in the ecological integrity of New Zealand's marine ecosystems. NIWA Client Report HAM2011-140, 58 pp.

5

Ecosystem functioning, goods and services in the coastal enviroment.

Townsend, M; Thrush, S (2010). Ecosystem functioning, goods and services in the coastal enviroment. Prepared by the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research for Auckland Regaional Council Technical Report 2010/033.

5

MFish Annual review of Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity

MFish Annual review of Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity

http://fs.fish.govt.nz/Page.aspx?pk=61&tk=212

5

Marine Protected Areas Environmental reporting by Ministry of http://www.mfe.govt.nz/environmental- 5

Environment: Marine Protected Areas reporting/report-cards/marine-reserves/2012/index.html

ftp://ftp.nodc.noaa.gov/pub/data.nodc/coris/library/NOAA/CRCP/project/20367/biogeographic_assessment_samoa.pdf

5

http://www.aires-marines.fr/

Documentation/AER-Polynesie-francaise 5

State of the marine environment in the South Pacific region

Brodie JE, Arnould C, Eldredge L, Hammond L, Holthus P, Mowbray D, Tortell P (1990) State of the marine environment in the South Pacific region. UNEP regional seas reports and studies No. 127. SPREP Topic Review No. 40. United Nations Environment Program, Nairobi.


regional assessment 5 UNEP/SPREP

http://www.spc.int/DigitalLibrary/FAME/Collection/PROCFish_C

5

Report of the Western South Pacific Regional Workshop to Facilitate the Description of Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas. UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/16/INF/6

http://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/mar/rwebsa-wspac-01/official/rwebsa-wspac-01-sbstta-16-inf-06-en.pdf

5

Pacific environment and climate change outlook

SPREP (2012) Pacific environment and climate change outlook. Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Program, Apia.

http://www.sprep.org/library-information-resource-center/publications

regional assessment 5 SPREP

global assessment Cochrane K, De Young C, Soto D, Bahri T (eds) (2009) Climate change implications for fisheries and aquaculture: overview of current scientific knowledge. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No 530. FAO, Rome

?

5

cc

Review of critical marine habitats and species in the Pacific islands region

Bleakley C (2004) Review of critical marine habitats and species in the Pacific islands region. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Apia.

http://www.sprep.org/att/publication/000365_Bleakly_Report.pdf


Pacific Environment McIntyre M (2004) Pacific Environment http://www.unep.org/geo/GEO_Regions.asp regional assessment 5 UNEP

Outlook Outlook. United National Environment Program, Nairobi

Status of policy and target development and implementation for marine protected areas/marine managed areas in the Pacific Islands region - a preliminary assessment and future directions

Benzaken D, Miller-Taei S, Wood L (2007) Status of policy and target development and implementation for marine protected areas/marine managed areas in the Pacific Islands region - a preliminary assessment and future directions, South Pacific Regional Environment Program and Conservation International.


regional assessment 5 SPREP/CI

Pacific Ocean Library http://www.centerforoceansolutions.org/research-libraries/pacific-ocean-library

publications database 5 Center for Ocean Solutions

Pacific Islands Environment Outlook

UNEP (2005) Pacific Islands Environment Outlook. United National Environment Program, Nairobi.

http://www.unep.org/geo/GEO_Regions.asp regional assessment 5 UNEP

Bismark Solomon Sea Ecoregion: a cradle of marine biodiversity

Afzal D, Golder B, Hitipeuw C, Kassem K, Llewellyn G, Manele B, McCall D, Owen S, Rindorindo R, Smauel R and Wilson L (2003) Bismarck Solomon Seas Ecoregion: A cradle of marine biodiversity. WWF South Pacific Programme, Suva

www.wwfpacific.org.fj regional assessment 5 WWF

The Pacific Environment Information Network

http://www.sprep.org/virtual-library web-based information tool

5 SPREP

Horizon Pleins textes http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-php/cadcgp.php?CMD=CHERCHE&query=1&MODELE=vues/horizon/accueil.html

publications database 5 Instiut de recherche pour le developpement (IRD)

Pacific Islands GIWA assessment

South GR, Skelton P, Veitayaki J, Resture A, Carpenter C, Pratt C, Lawedrau A (2004) Global International Waters Assessment, Pacific Islands, GIWA Regional assessment 62. University of Kalmar, Kalmar.

http://www.unep.org/dewa/giwa/publications/r62.asp

regional assessment 5 UNEP

AIMS data centre http://data.aims.gov.au/metadataviewer/faces/search.xhtml

data holding 5 Australian Institute of Marine Science

Divisional data centre http://www.marine.csiro.au/datacentre/ data holding 5 CSIRO Marine & Atmospheric Research

Australian Ocean Data Network

http://portal.aodn.org.au/webportal/ data holding 5 Integrated Marine Observing System

Large Marine Ecosystem Portal

Sherman K, Hempel G (editors) (2009) The UNEP large marine ecosystem report. A perspective on changing conditions in LME's of the worlds regional seas. UNEP regional seas report and studies No. 182. United National Environment Program, Nairobi.

http://www.lme.noaa.gov/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=41

regional assessment 5 UNEP

Data to inform the CBD western South Pacific regional workshop to facilitate the description of ecologically or biologically significant marine areas

Dunstan P, Fuller M (2011) Data to inform the CBS western South Pacific regional workshop to facilitate the description of ecologically or biologically significant marine areas. CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Reserarch, Hobart.

http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=RWEBSA-WSPAC-01

regional assessment 5 CSIRO Marine & Atmospheric Research

State of the Cetacean Environment Report

Stachowitsch M, Parsons ECM, Rose NA (eds) (2004). State of the Cetacean Environment Report (SOCER) 2004. Paper SC/56/E29 presented to the International Whaling Commission Scientific Committee.

http://iwc.int/socer regional assessment 5 International Whaling Commission

State of the Cetacean Environment Report

Stachowitsch M, Rose NA, Parsons ECM (eds) (2009). State of the Cetacean Environment Report (SOCER) 2009. Paper SC/61/E1-DRAFT presented to the International Whaling Commission Scientific Committee.

http://iwc.int/socer regional assessment 5 International Whaling Commission

Pacific Islands regional marine species programme 2008-2012

SPREP (2008) Pacific Islands regional marine species programme 2008 - 2012. Secretariat of the Pacific Rregional Environment Programme, Apia



Pacific Islands regional marine species programme 2013-2017

SPREP (2013) Pacific Islands regional marine species programme 2013 - 2017. Secretariat of the Pacific Rregional Environment Programme, Apia



The Coral Triangle Atlas http://ctatlas.reefbase.org/ web-based information tool

5 ReefBase

Ensemble analysis of the future distribution of large pelagic fishes off Australia

Hobday AJ (2010) Ensemble analysis of the future distribution of large pelagic fishes off Australia. Progress in Oceanography 86: 291-301.

www.elsevier.com/locate/pocean journal article 4 CSIRO Marine & Atmospheric Research

The deepest ocean on earth: a scientific case for establishing the Mariana Trench Marine National Monument

Kelsey E (2008) The deepest ocean on earth: a scientific case for establishing the Mariana Trench National Monument. Global Ocean Lagacy

http://www.sprep.org/att/IRC/eCOPIES/Countries/Commonwealth_of_Northern_Marianas/9.pdf http://www.globaloceanlegacy.org/resources/deepest_ocean.pdf

regional assessment 3 Global Ocean Legacy

Coral reef status report http://www.reefbase.org/resource_center/publication/statusreport.aspx

publications database 2 Reefbase

Reefs at risk revisited Burke L, Reytar K, Spalding M, Perry A (2011) Reefs at risk revisited. World Resources Institute, Washington DC.

http://www.wri.org/publication/reefs-at-risk-revisited

global assessment 1 World Resources Institute

World network of biosphere reserves 2010: sites for sustainable development

UNESCO MAB (2011) World network of biosphere reserves 2010: sites for sustainable development. UNESCO MAB, Paris.

http://unesdoc.unesco.org/Ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=207049&gp=1&lin=1&ll=1

global assessment 1 UNESCO-MAB

Ecosystemes de lagons de la Polynesie francais

Intes MA (1991) Ecosystemes de lagons de la Polynesie francais. PNUE Rapports et etudes des mers regionales No 137. SPREP rapports et etides No 51. Programme des Nationas Unies pour l'environment, Nairobi.


national assessment 1 UNEP

Case study: the Funafuti Conservation Area,

Berdach JT (2003) Case study: the Funafuti Conservation Area, Funafuti

http://www.sprep.org/att/irc/ecopies/countries/tuvalu/58.pdf

within country assessment 1 James T Berdach

Funafuti Atoll, Tuvalu. Drawing lessons for future marine conservation planning and management

Atoll, Tuvalu. Drawing lessons for future marine conservation planning and management. James T Berdach Consulting Services, Hawaii.

http://www.adb.org/Projects/PRES/pres_case_funafuti.pdf

Consulting Services

Conserving the marine biodiversity of Marovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands: development of environmental management initiatives that will conserve the marine biodiversity and productivity of Marovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands.

The University of Queensland (2007) Conserving the marine biodiversity of Marovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands: development of environmental management initiatives that will conserve the marine biodiversity and productivity of Marovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands. The University of Queensland, Brisbane.

http://www.sprep.org/att/IRC/eCOPIES/Countries/Solomon_Islands/38.pdf

project proposal 1 The University of Queensland

Demographic baseline report of US territories and countries adjacent to coral reef habitats

Crosset KM, Clement CG, Rohmann SO (2008) Demographic baseline report of US territories and countries adjacent to coral reef habitats. NOAA, National Ocean Service, Silver Spring.


national assessment 1 NOAA

A controlling factor approach to estuary classification.

Hume, T; Snelder, T Waetherhead, M Liefting, P (2007). A controlling factor approach to estuary classification. Journal of Ocean and Coastal Management Volume 50, Issues 11-12, Pages 905-929.

1

A new approach to claddifying New Zealand's estuaries

Hume, T; Snelder, T Waetherhead, M Liefting, P, R Shankar, U; Hicks, M (2003). A new approach to claddifying New Zealand's estuaries. Paper No. 66 in Kench P. and Hume T (eds) Proceedings of Coasts and Ports Australasian Conference 203, Auckland, New Zealand. 9p CDRom ISBN 0-473-09832-6

1

Water quality studies on selected South Pacific lagoons

Naidu S, Aalbersberg WGL, Brodie JE, Fuavao VA, Maata M, Naqasima M, Whippy P, Morrison RJ (1991) Water



quality studies on selected South Pacific lagoons. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 136. SPREP Reports and Studies No. 49. United Nations Environment Program, Nairobi.

Lessons from biosphere reserves in the Asia-Pacific region and a way forward - a regional review of biosphere reserves in Asia and the Pacific to achieve sustainable development

UNESCO (2010) Lessons from biosphere reserves in the Asia-Pacific region and a way forward - a regional review of biosphere reserves in Asia and the Pacific to achieve sustainable development. UNESCO, Paris.


regional assessment 1 UNESCO-MAB

National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan

http://www.cbd.int/nbsap/ national assessment 0 Individual countries

Ministry for Environment (2007)

Ministry for Environment (2007) Environment New Zealand 2007

http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/ser/enz07-dec07/

0

The ecosystems of small islands in the Southwest Pacific (the sixth expedition of the SS "Callisto")

Pernetta JC and Manner HI (eds) (1994) The ecosystems of small islands in the Southwest Pacific (the sixth expedition of the SS "Callisto"). UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 151. SPREP Reports and Studies No. 63. United Nations Environment Program, Nairobi.



Australian Marine Mammal Centre Projects

http://data.marinemammals.gov.au/various/grants/

funded project database 0 Australian Government Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities

ATTA

5 Completed Templates from the Workshop Breakout Groups

Group1 Biophysical aspects.Overall Points Related to Completing the Table and the Biophysical Aspects Part of the South West Pacific Assessment

Topics (e.g. Oceans’ roles in hydrological cycle) and Sub-Topics (e.g. Freshwater flexes…) to Include in the SW Pacific Assessment

Task: review and add any new topics or sub-topics

Relevant Studies, Documents, Reports and Other Sources of Information (refer to the Inventory list)

Task: identify relevant sources of information, including but not limited to the Inventory list

Priority Individuals & Institutions to Engage (email; who suggested)

Task: list key individuals and institutions, including participants, who are important to engage in writing this topic (note: the authors will contact them regarding becoming part of the Global Pool of Experts and then contributors)

Information Gaps

Task: note sub-topics lacking information

Comments

Oceans’ roles in hydrological cycle (Chapter 4)

Freshwater fluxes into the ocean, sea ice, sea level

Socioeconomic implications of ocean warming, sea

Broad studies of the SW Pacific Region and associated regions-contributes to all chapters

1. The Marine Climate Change - Impacts and Adaptation Report Card for 2012http://www.oceanclimatechange.org.au/content/index.php/2012/home/

2. Climate Change Vulnerability of Fisheries in Tropical Ocean http://www.spc.int/climate-change/fisheries/assessment/e-book/files/mobile/index.html#1

3. Climate change and the Great Barrier Reef: a vulnerability assessment,

1. Bureau of Meteorology (BOM), Australia

2. James Cook University (JCU), Australia

3. Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC)

4. Institut de Recherche pour le

River discharges both freshwater volume and nutrient inputs.

Biogeochemical understanding of ocean system in region (capacity building needed).

Science products and

Capacity building Bio-physical modelling.

http://www.spc.int/climate-change/fisheries/assessment/e-book/files/mobile/index.html#1


http://www.oceanclimatechange.org.au/content/index.php/2012/home/

level change, and freshwater fluxes

Changes in chemical composition of seawater – salinity and nutrients – and their socioeconomic implications

Ocean heat transport, ocean circulation, and patterns – El Nino – and their socioeconomic implications

Johnson JE, Marshall PA (editors) (2007) Climate change and the Great Barrier Reef. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority and Australian Greenhouse Office, Australia, http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/resources-and-publications/publications/climate-change-and-the-great-barrier-reef-a-vulnerability-assessment

4. Pacific Climate Change Science Projecthttp://www.cawcr.gov.au/projects/PCCSP/

5. Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M. Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL (eds) (2007) Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

6. Southwest Pacific Ocean Circulation and Climate Experiment (SPICE) | CLIVAR http://www.clivar.org/organization/resources/southwest-pacific-ocean-circulation-and-climate-experiment-spice

Sea Level Rise

GLOSS Database (rise in sea level network) http://www.gloss-sealevel.org/

Pacific Climate Change Science Project (PCCSP) http://www.cawcr.gov.au/projects/PCCSP/ http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/pccsp/

Cazenave, A. and R.S. Nerem. (2004). “Present-day sea level change: observations and causes”. Reviews of Geophysics, 42, RG3001.

Hay, J. et al. (2003). “Climate Variability and Change and Sea-level Rise in the Pacific Islands Region: A Resource Book for Policy and Decision Makers, Educators and Other Stakeholders”. Apia, South Pacific Regional Environment Programme.

Développement5. (IRD) , Noumea6. Hawaiian Institute

of Geophysics 7. National Oceanic

and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

8. Japan Agency for Marine –Earth Science and Technology (Jamstec)

9. Pacific Islands Ocean Observing System (PacIOOS) Hawaii

10. Pacific Islands Global Ocean Observing System (PIGOOS) SPREP

11. Secretariat of the Pacific Community Applied Geoscience and Technology Division (SOPAC) for chapters 4 and 5

12. The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australia

13. LEGOS www.legos.obs-mip.fr

14. Flinders University, Australia

synthesis from global science studies in region to enable assessments and impacts to be identified.

Social economic impacts freshwater fluxes, sea level and El Nino, changes in ocean circulation.

http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/pccsp/

http://www.cawcr.gov.au/projects/PCCSP/

http://www.gloss-sealevel.org/

http://www.clivar.org/organization/resources/southwest-pacific-ocean-circulation-and-climate-experiment-spice


http://www.cawcr.gov.au/projects/PCCSP/



Freshwater Fluxes

Durack, Wijffels, J. Climate, 23, 4342-63, 2010

Climate change and the Great Barrier Reef: a vulnerability assessment, Johnson JE, Marshall PA (editors) (2007) Climate change and the Great Barrier Reef. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority and Australian Greenhouse Office, Australia, http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/resources-and-publications/publications/climate-change-and-the-great-barrier-reef-a-vulnerability-assessment

OzCoasts http://www.ozcoasts.gov.au

Socioeconomic implications

Major vulnerability report http://www.spc.int/climate-change/fisheries/assessment/e-book/files/mobile/index.html#1

Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M. Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL (eds) (2007) Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Changes in chemical composition of seawater

DATA: IOC –related IOCCP – global program http://www.ioccp.org/DataProds.html

SCRIPPS Institute of Oceanography, University of San Diego

Impacts of atmospheric anthropogenic nitrogen on the open oceanRA Duce, J LaRoche, K Altieri, KR Arrigo, AR Baker… - science, 2008 - sciencemag.orgsciencemag.org

Pre-industrial and contemporary fluxes of nitrogen through rivers: a global assessment based on typologyPA Green, CJ Vörösmarty, M Meybeck, JN Galloway… - Biogeochemistry,

15. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA)

16. University of the South Pacific (USP)

17. University of Tasmania (UTAS), Australia

18. The Australian Institute of Marine Sciences (AIMS)

19. International Seabed Authority

20. University of Wollongong (sea level)

http://www.ioccp.org/DataProds.html



http://www.ozcoasts.gov.au/



2004 – Springer

Riverine nitrogen export from the continents to the coastsEW Boyer, RW Howarth, JN Galloway… - Global Biogeochemical …, 2006 - agu.orgagu.org

Current nitrogen inputs to world regionsEW Boyer, RW Howarth, JN Galloway… - … and the nitrogen …, 2004 - books.google.com

Goship datahttp://www.go-ship.org/About.html (will have nutrient data available)

Ocean Heat Transport

ARGO program (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA))

Southwest Pacific Ocean Circulation and Climate Experiment (SPICE) | CLIVAR http://www.clivar.org/organization/resources/southwest-pacific-ocean-circulation-and-climate-experiment-spice

Stern, N. (2007). “How Climate Change Will Affect People Around the World.” The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. : 65-103.

Sea/air interaction (Chapter 5)

Atmospheric fluxes, oxygen production, carbon dioxide sequestration

Hurricanes and typhoons,

International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project – global program www.ioccp.org.

Pacific Climate Change Science Program (PCCSP) http://www.pacificclimatefutures.net/

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC) Assessment

State of the Climate 2012,

1. Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP)

2. Bureau of Meteorology (BOM)JCOMM

3. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric

Ocean chemistry observations (pCO2, nutrients)

Socioeconomic impacts

Meteorological phenomena and ocean acidification

http://www.ioccp.org/



http://www.go-ship.org/About.html

monsoon, trade winds

Trends in meteorological phenomena and their socioeconomic implications

Ocean acidification and the socioeconomic implications

http://www.bom.gov.au/inside/publications.shtml , CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology (2012) State of the Climate 2012. CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology, Australia

EM-DAT Database – www.emdat.be


Impacts of atmospheric anthropogenic nitrogen on the open oceanRA Duce, J LaRoche, K Altieri, KR Arrigo, AR Baker… - science, 2008 - sciencemag.org

Trends in meteorological

UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC

Joint Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM)

Mimura, N., Nurse L., McLean, R.F., Agard, J., Briguglio L., Lefale, P., Payet, R. and Sem, G., (2007). “Small Islands”. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. O. F. C. M.L. Parry, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. 687-716.

Ocean Acidification European Project on Ocean Acidification (EPOCA)

www.epoca-project.eu

Research (NIWA, Ocean Acidification, carbon sequestration)

4. New Zealand Metservice

5. Geoscience Australia (GA)

6. The Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)

7. University of Tasmania (UTAS), Australia

8. Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP)

9. University of the South Pacific

10. Fiji Meteorological Centre

11. Bureau of Meteorology

12. University of Waikato

13. Secretariat of the Pacific Community Applied Geoscience and Technology Division (SOPAC) - socioeconomic

Effects of multiple stresses

Expertise gaps

Socioeconomic – anthropology, economics, social science

Meteorological Ocean acidification Monsoon Trade winds and

hurricanes

Primary production, cycling

IOC – UNESCO Harmful Algal Bloom Program http://ioc-unesco.org/hab/

1. National Institute of Water and

Science products and synthesis from global

Large data and socioeconomic

http://ioc-unesco.org/hab/

http://www.emdat.be/

of nutrients, surface layer and plankton (Chapter 6)

Primary production distribution

Surface layer and plankton, factors influencing the surface layer and species variation

Socioeconomic implications of primary production trends and other factors affecting food webs

Repeat Hydrography (nutrients) www.cchdo.ucsd.edu/maps/pac_aust.html

Secretariat of the Pacific Community Applied Geoscience and Technology Division (SOPAC) – STAR 2012, Kuchinke M and Lenton A “Ocean acidification and ENSO: Decadal trends in the western equatorial Pacific sea surface aragonite saturation state” http://www.sopac.org/sopac/star/STAR%20Abstracts%20vol2012_16Oct2012.pdf

Atmospheric Research (NIWA)

2. The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)

3. University of Queensland (UQ)

4. University of Tasmania (UTAS)

5. CSIRO Plankton specialists

6. University of New South Wales (UNSW Zooplankton)

science studies in region to enable assessments and impacts to be identified.

Lack of understanding of open ocean ecosystem function.

Finer scale coastal areas (biological processes/ecosystems)

Socioeconomic implications of primary production trends and other factors affecting food webs (knowledge and expertise).

gaps

Ocean-sourced carbonate production (Chapter 7)

Role of ocean-sourced carbonate production in the formation of atolls and beaches and potential impacts of

Fiji Ministry of Tourism (2006). “Adaptation to Climate Change in the Tourism Sector in the Fiji Islands: Summary Report of the Initial Stakeholder Workshop.” Fiji Ministry of Tourism with the United Nations World Tourism Organisation and the United Nations Environment Programme, Suva, Fiji.


1. Secretariat of the Pacific Community Applied Geoscience and Technology Division (SOPAC)

2. University of Victoria, Australia

3. University of Wollongong, Australia

4. Australian Defence Force Academy

5. University of the South Pacific (USP)

Understanding of impacts of multiple stresses on carbonate production rates.

Socioeconomic impacts/consequences. Interference and cost to society – loss of tourism, coastal protection, amenity, population pressures (gaps in knowledge and expertise).

Carbonate production – longevity of islands. This has not had a lot of focus to date.

http://www.sopac.org/sopac/star/STAR%20Abstracts%20vol2012_16Oct2012.pdf

http://www.sopac.org/sopac/star/STAR%20Abstracts%20vol2012_16Oct2012.pdf

http://www.cchdo.ucsd.edu/maps/pac_aust.html

ocean acidification

6. James Cook University (JCU), Australia

7. The Australian Institute of Marine Sciences (AIMS)

8. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

9. Marsay University10. University of Sydney

Group2 Food security and safety aspectsOverall Points Related to Completing the Table and the Food Security and Food Safety Part of the SW Pacific region Assessment

Topics Relevant Sources of Information


Information Gaps Comments

Capture fisheries (Chapter 11)

Commercial fish and shellfish stocks status and factors affecting large-scale industrial, artisanal, and recreational sectors and their socioeconomic implications1. Large scale tuna fisheries

large scale, including bycatch and discards

2. Tropical tuna fisheries small scale fisheries, including bycatch and discards

3. Deep sea non-migratory4. Subtropical oceanic

migratory5. Temperate fisheries6. Invertebrate fisheries7. Coastal lagoon8. Other

Other fish and shellfish stocks status and factors affecting artisanal and recreational sectors and their socioeconomic implications

Effects of pollution and the socioeconomic implications

Scale, location and impact on fish stocks of illegal,

As per the preliminary inventory

Sub-tropical & Tropical oceanic fisheries, migratory, large scale small scale-fisheriesOrganisations – Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA), Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) , Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP), Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WFPFC) , Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center (SEAFDEC), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Fish & Wildlife, Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council (WPRFMC) , The Parties to the Nauru Agreement (PNA) , University of the South Pacific (USP), The Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security (ANCORS), The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), James Cook University (JCU, Australia), The Australian National University (ANU), University of British Columbia, University of Hawaii, South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation (SPRFMO), TRAFFIC, World Wildlife Fund (WWF), International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), PEW, Greenpeace, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), International Seafood Sustainability Foundation (ISSF), Australian Bureau of

Common consensus on baselines

Data on artisanal & coastal fisheries (PICTs)

Data on recreational fisheries (Australia, New Zealand)

Limited knowledge available of large scale fisheries and their ecosystem impacts

Patchy data, need to qualify results when using/analysing the data

Climate Change considerations. Offshore fisheries and coastal fisheries separated. Offshore fisheries has much more data available.

What baseline are we using?

Number of databases available but only when an assessment, such as the WCPFC year book, is prepared should these be included

Priorities:

Livelihoods and coastal fisheries, assessing it, it is significant scale of national dependence, important source of protein

food security and its significance for protein, key species.

Gender. Role of women in livelihoods and markets in fisheries

Consistent with increased trends to ebm, there are growing assessments on bring in ecosystems components and tropic interactions

Contribution of wcpo fisheries to food security (role of this region in providing high value species to the globe, not limited to feeding just the region) markets, trade, market trades, profitability, cost of fisheries (fuel, labour, trends of where crews and labour come from).

Tuna as development aspiration, utilising these resources for SID development.

Flow of benefits and conservation burden issues.

unreported and unregulated fishing

Projections of status of fish and shellfish over the next decade

Other social and economic aspects of fisheries and sea-based food (Chapter 15)

Health benefits and contamination risks

Employment and injuries Socioeconomic implications of

fisheries in social structure Implementation of

international fisheries agreementsLong-distance transport of landed fish and shellfish

Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES), Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), Australian Fisheries Management Authority (AFMA), Birdlife International

Coastal/lagoon

Organisations – Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) , Worldfish, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), University of the South Pacific (USP), Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP), The Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security (ANCORS), James Cook University (JCU, Australia), The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), the council, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), World Wildlife Fund (WWF), Conservation International (CI), The Nature Conservancy (TNC), The Australian Institute of Marine Sciences (AIMS), Arafura and Timor Seas Ecosystem Action Program (ATSEA), The Australian National University (ANU), CDU, The Australian Institute of Marine Sciences (AIMS), University of Hawaii

Temperate fisheries, other, deep seas, SBT

Organisations - South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation (SPRFMO), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Fisheries Management Authority (AFMA), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), The Australian National Centre for Ocean

Assessment of trends in access revenue and percentage of landed value.

Heavily impacted by climate change.

Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing activities.

Assessment includes the implementation of international fisheries agreements that reflects the institutional instruments and social/cultural concerns, and an assessment of these consequences.

Assess status of management against the targets.

Trends of level of fisheries under management, and the range of measures.

Increased interest in WCPO and therefore increased effort.

Development, technical changes in fleet structure, techniques, capacities, subsidies.

Management responses to social concerns regarding food security

Needs on recreational fisheries/charter fisheries/fisheries related tourism

Impacts of land based pollution, varies by island.

Reclamation and urbanisation/infrastructure impacts on capture fisheries, waste impacts

Ciguatera, access, food safety issues, and food safety matters.

Information requirements/institutional requirements to meet food safety, heavy metals(a gap) and other export requirements (i.e. competent authorities)

Institutional capacity to rest international fisheries agreement and reporting requirements

Resources and Security (ANCORS), The Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS) , Fisheries Research and Development Corporation (FRDC), Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES), Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT), Deepsea conservation coalition, World Wildlife Fund (WWF), Deep water group/NZ industry, Birdlife International, University of Massey, University of Queensland (UQ, Australia), University of Auckland, Centre of Oceans Solutions

Social licence and certification for capture fisheries

Employment in both oceans and coastal ports, infrastructures, observers, processing, crews.

Air transport

Employment benefits and costs (i.e. injuries, deaths, processing etc)

Processing dependents, shore based activities.

Economics of transhipment,

Marine ornamentals

Aquaculture & mariculture (Chapter 12)

Economic magnitude, location and species of aquaculture activities and their ecosystem and socioeconomic impacts

Impacts of chemical pollution and contamination of wild fisheries

Projections of aquaculture activities over the next decade


Organisations – Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC), University of the South Pacific (USP), Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), James Cook University (JCU), The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Worldfish, World Wildlife Fund (WWF), The Nature Conservancy (TNC), Conservation International (CI), French Research Institute for Exploration of the Sea (IFREMER), Cawthorn Inst., The National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Fisheries Research and Development Corporation (FRDC), Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES), The Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

Pearls & shrimp significant particularly for cook islands (just pearls), French Polynesia & New Caledonia

Aus/nz – sbt, lobster, salmon, oysters etc

Many PI states have aquaculture/mariculture activities of small levels, some are local significance, but many with weak technical, weak infrastructure, and high costs

Lack of business developed and donor proponent support for business

Future scenarios – alteration of the pearl market – food security as growing driver for aquaculture/mariculture to part fill looming gap in capture fisheries food security - development of smaller finfish operation – beche de mere farming - research trials underway - development in boutique aquaculture mariculture operations – partnerships (PPS) and government

Fish stock propagation (Chapter 13)

Rebuilding depleted stocks Ecosystems and


Fish stock propagation – giant clam, trochus, grouper, mangrove, coral, beche de mere, sea horse

socioeconomic impacts of artificial propagation on natural ecosystems

Seaweeds and other sea-based food (Chapter 14)

Economic magnitude and location of food other than fish and shellfish and their ecosystem and socioeconomic impacts


Farmed seaweeds, wild seaweeds, invasive seaweeds,

Invasive seaweeds originating from commercial operation

Some operations throughout the region, locally significant (tonga,Fiji, xx) but not very significant regionally

Blue carbon opportunity

Oceans and seas as sources of food (Chapter 10)


See above See above See above

Group3 Socioeconomic aspectsOverall Points Related to Completing the Table and the Food Security and Food Safety Part of the SW Pacific region Assessment

Topics Relevant Studies, Documents, Reports and Other Sources of Information (refer to the Inventory list)


Information Gaps Comments

Scientific understanding of ecosystem services (Chapter 3)

Shoreline protection

Carbon storage Natural products

(i.e. ornamental fish, shells…)

Jobs & livelihoods

Other suggested topics: Carbon and heat absorption; as well as other services as identified in Costanza et al.

Costanza et al., “The Value of the World’s Ecosystem Services” - this document identified 17 ecosystem services.

“Ecosystem Goods and Services in Marine Protected Areas” (New Zealand, still under review)

Great Barrier Reef Water Quality Protection Plan

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and UNEP, and GRID Arendal studies on Blue Carbon

World Bank WAVES Group studies

Earth Economics – EVT Toolkit

TEEB (for oceans is in progress)

UNEP GRIP Arendal –Green Economy in a Blue World, SIDS study under preparation

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Blue Carbon Working Groups

World Bank

Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) – Secretariat of the Pacific Community Applied Geoscience and Technology Division (SOPAC) - shoreline protection

Ecosystem Services Partnership – Oceania Chapter (meeting in Bali in November 2013)

Marine Ecoservices Partnership, Duke University

United Nations System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA)

Ecosystem service assessment and modelling for the south-west Pacific region

Participants considered this to be an important topic for the Regular Process. It was felt that it would be useful if the Regular Process report highlighted ecosystem services as a framework concept.

Aesthetic, cultural, religious and spiritual ecosystem services derived from the sea (Chapter 8)

Human interactions with the oceans on aesthetic, cultural, religious and

Patterson and Glavovic., “Ecological Economics and Oceans, Coasts,” (chapter on cultural issues by Charlotte Sunde)

UNESCO WHC – reports and assessments for relevant World Heritage sites in the region

Management planning documents based on co-management or incorporation of traditional knowledge and customary use – e.g. in New Zealand, Australia, LMMAs.

National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) (work on traditional knowledge in relation to the role of marine and coastal environments, and how this is taken into account regarding decision making etc)

University of Auckland

Reports capturing traditional knowledge and cultural uses of oceans in the region.

The breakout group felt that this might be an important topic for the region.

spiritual levels, including burials at sea, and ways in which these interactions may be affected by other changes.

Other suggested topics:

Traditional knowledge?

University of Sydney

United Nations University Centre for Traditional Knowledge

UNESCO World Heritage Centre

World Indigenous Network, including May 2013 Conference

American Museum of Natural History, New York

Shipping (Chapter 17)

Economic significance of shipping and trend over the next decade

Harmful impacts from pollution, acoustics, disasters, transport of invasive species and hazardous, noxious substances

Shipping-related industries and commerce

Other suggested sub-topics:

PSSAs

Piracy

Safety of life at sea, and occupational health and

Waigaini Convention reporting

Pacific Islands Marine Contingency Plan (PACPlan) associated reports

Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP), Shipping Movement Report for the Pacific

New Zealand Rena response related studies

Particularly sensitive Sea Area (PSSA) reports, Great Barrier Reef (GBR) 1990 , Torres Strait 2005

UNDP, Glo-ballast study on ballast water and invasive species

Fiji work on invasive species - Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP)

Toxicity of Tributyltin (TBT) study for the GBR, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA)

Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WFPFC) , monitoring and surveillance efforts and achievements, especially VMS, plus state cooperation (e.g. The Parties to the Nauru Agreement (PNA) , and Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA))

International Maritime Organisation(IMO)

Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP)

South Pacific Tourism Organisation (SPTO), regarding cruise shipping

Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) reports on Australian shipping incidents, and Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA) for the Great Barrier Reef (GBR)

World Ocean Council

Reporting under the Waigaini Convention

Hydrographic work (surveys etc.) and the impact on socio-economic issues to be included under Chapter 17 potentially, identification of this as a cross cutting issue

The Breakout group believes that shipping is likely to increase, and associated issues may intensify, however the Breakout group is not aware of relevant studies

Need to clarify how vessels other than “ships” are addressed (eg fishing vessels, yachts)

safety/working conditions (for all vessels, including smaller vessels)

Ports (Chapter 18)

Economic significance of ports and trend over the next decade

Ports development and maintenance and socioeconomic implications

Reports on ports along the Queensland coast

Australian Government white paper on port development

International Maritime Organisation(IMO)

Port management authorities

Pacific Island Forum Secretariat (PIFS), regarding the role of ports and shipping/boating in trans national crime and regional security

Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC)

World Association for Waterborne Transport and Infrastructure (PIANC)

Ports was thought to be a topic of interest for Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Tahiti, New Caledonia, Guam, Hawaii, Australia New Zealand

Nuclear free shipping (and access to ports) identified as a possible subtopic of interest

As with shipping, expected growth issue for the region driven by tourism (cruise ships), and mineral exports

Submarine cables and pipelines (Chapter 19)

Economic magnitude and location of cables and pipelines and socioeconomic implications

Pollution


Socio-economic impacts of interactions with cables and pipelines (e.g. fisheries interactions, leading to

Carter et al., 2009 - UNEP WCMC report on cables and pipelines

United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP WCMC)

ISCPC (International Cable Protection Committee)

Understanding of international standards and state of compliance

Vulnerability of cables and pipelines in the region (e.g. what is the risk exposure)

See contacts for offshore hydrocarbon (regarding pipelines)

Links to food security – impacts on inshore fisheries and other livelihoods

loss of communication)

Absence of bandwidth in internet cabling to SIDS and associated development implications

Coastal, riverine and atmospheric inputs from land (Chapter 20)

Source of pollution, including municipal wastes, industrial wastes, and agricultural runoff

Eutrophication Desalinization


Salt water intrusion into freshwater aquifers

United Nations Environment Programme Global - Programme of (UNEP GPA)

Sick Water http://www.unep.org/pdf/SickWater_screen.pdf

UNEP - Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) Program

Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) - POPs and PICs Program

Global Environment Facility (GEF), Global International Waters Assessment (GIWA) Report

Denton report on heavy metals

Australian estuaries database assessment reports

Great Barrier Reef Water Quality Plan studies, especially synthesis reports by Brodie et al

OS 2020 Bay of Islands http://www.os2020.org.nz/bay-of-islands-coastal-survey-project/

Secretariat of the Pacific Community Applied Geoscience and Technology Division (SOPAC) Freshwater Resources Database

Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) Regional Waste Management Strategy

United Nations Environment Programme Global - Programme of (UNEP GPA)


Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) /Secretariat of the Pacific Community Applied Geoscience and Technology Division (SOPAC)

Dispersal modelling (river outflows)

Implications for coastal fisheries and other coastal livelihoods (identified as a priority issue, noting several examples of negative events (e.g. dead zones) this in the region)

Offshore hydrocarbon industries (Chapter 21)

Scale and significance and

Yannick Beaudoin ed. - global assessment of gas hydrates, UNEP, GRID Andreal

International Energy Assessment (IEA) and British Petroleum (BP), assessments of hydrocarbon resources

Geoscience Australia

The National Offshore Petroleum Safety and Environmental Management Authority

info on the issue of distributive fairness, such as taxation, royalty, regulation etc.

Gas hydrate considered to be a key emerging issue for the region, especially for New

http://www.os2020.org.nz/bay-of-islands-coastal-survey-project/

http://www.os2020.org.nz/bay-of-islands-coastal-survey-project/

http://www.unep.org/pdf/SickWater_screen.pdf

socioeconomic implications

Impacts from exploration

Disasters


Carbon capture and storage (CCS)

Impacts throughout the life cycle (exploration, production etc.)

Gas hydrate exploitation (potential)

An Options Analysis for the Commercial and Economic Development of Offshore Methane Hydrates as a Future Energy Option For New Zealand, http://www.med.govt.nz/sectors-industries/natural-resources/oil-and-gas/petroleum-expert-reports/Extract-CAENZ-report-pdf

MacDiarmid, A., et al. Expert Risk Assessment of Activities in the New Zealand Exclusive Economic Zone and Extended Continental Shelf. Ministry for the Environment, Wellington,


Australian Energy Resource Assessments

Secretariat of the Pacific Community Applied Geoscience and Technology Division (SOPAC), CCOP and ESCAP - studies on minerals and petroleum potential in south-west Pacific region

McDermot et al., New Zealand Ministry for Environment (assessment study of impacts of hydrocarbon activities)

(NOPSEMA), National Offshore Petroleum Titles Administrator (NOPTA), Australian Government and equivalent New Zealand agencies, including on the issue of best practice

Australian Government Defence Science and Technology Organisation(DSTO), regarding underwater noise

The Australian Institute of Marine Sciences (AIMS)

APPEA (Australian industry association)

Australian CO2CRC, regarding CCS

Papua New Guinea information

Current information on petroleum potential beyond Australia, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea

Zealand

Large amounts of relevant data and studies are held by private companies, and are not available in the public domain

Relevant primarily only to Australia, New Zealand, and Papua New Guinea

Other marine-based energy industries (Chapter 22)

Scale of wind, wave, ocean thermal and tidal power generation

Environmental benefits and impacts

Expected economic performance

Significant socioeconomic aspects

International Energy Agency (IEA)

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)

Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC)

Secretariat of the Pacific Community Applied Geoscience and Technology Division (SOPAC)

Oceanor

The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research

Understanding of ocean energy potential in the region, (as well as globally?)

OTEC is a potential emerging issue for the region – already trialled in Hawaii



http://www.med.govt.nz/sectors-industries/natural-resources/oil-and-gas/petroleum-expert-reports/Extract-CAENZ-report-pdf




OTEC

Organisation (CSIRO) Energy Transformed Flagship

opics and Sub-Topics Relevant Sources of Info Priority Individuals & Inst. Information Gaps Comments

Offshore mining industries (Chapter 23)

Sand and gravel mining and socioeconomic implications

Status of non sand/gravel mining activities

Secretariat of the Pacific Community Applied Geoscience and Technology Division (SOPAC), studies on aggregate mining

Secretariat of the Pacific Community Applied Geoscience and Technology Division (SOPAC), study Review of Pacific Marine Minerals (in progress)

New Zealand, assessment of offshore hydrocarbon activities

Link for irons and other marine minerals in New Zealand,http://www.nzpam.govt.nz/cms/minerals/facts-and-figures

The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) and Geoscience Australia (GA), map of Australian mineral resources, as well as the New Zealand equivalent

Papua New Guinea Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

Secretariat of the Pacific Community Applied Geoscience and Technology Division (SOPAC)

New Zealand Ministry of Economic Development, regarding offshore mining potential

International Seabed Authority (ISA)

Cultural impacts of offshore mining

Contamination of aggregate by salt, leading to building and infrastructure deterioration

Comprehensive assessments of resource potential, particularly non-sand and gravel

Need to capture excavation of sand and gravel, and extraction of minerals from sand

Understanding cultural impacts may be a priority issue

Solid waste disposal (Chapter 24)

Types and amounts dumped into the sea and trend over the next decade

Additional topic covered in discussion:

World War II ship wrecks and UXO

Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP), WWII Wrecks Database (location and tonnage information provided, useful for potential loss of oil)

Brewer et al., Impacts of gold mine waste disposal on tropical pelagic ecosystems

London Convention, International Assessment of Marine and riverine mine tailing disposal

Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP), report on nuclear testing impacts

Pacific Island Forum Secretariat (PIFS), study on

Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP), WWII shipwrecks

London Convention Secretariat and Craig Vogt, regarding LC/LP studies

Mineral Policy Institute

Secretariat of the Pacific Community Applied Geoscience and Technology Division (SOPAC),

Knowledge of pollution risks associated with WWII wrecks risks is still limited

UXO studies are limited regarding scope and depth

Identified by the Breakout group as a priority topic for discussion

Waste disposal is largely a land based issue, however there may be oceans impacts related to this that are covered elsewhere

Fishing industry waste disposal at sea should be picked up in fishery

http://www.nzpam.govt.nz/cms/minerals/facts-and-figures

http://www.nzpam.govt.nz/cms/minerals/facts-and-figures

Mining tailings disposal

Domestic waste disposal

Industrial waste disposal

Nuclear testing impacts and nuclear waste disposal

Unexploded ordnance (UXO)

Great Barrier Reef studies on dredge spoil dumping

regarding mine tailings

PIFS, regarding UXO


related chapters of the report

Marine Debris (Chapter 25)

Causes Approaches to

combating marine debris


Micro plastics (identified as a particular priority)

UNEP GPA Studies

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Studies

UNEP/Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Report on ghost fishing

The United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea (UNICPOLOS) Report on marine debris

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), Report on costs of marine debris in the Asia Pacific region

The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) ghost net studies

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

International Maritime Organisation (IMO)


Regional responses to this issue are critical, and the south-west Pacific can provide a global example of how to do this

Derelict fishing gear should be captured here and/or in fisheries related chapters

Land/sea physical interaction (Chapter 26)

Magnitude and location of land reclamations and habitat modifications

Erosion of land by the sea and socioeconomic implications

Sedimentation

Webb and Kentch study, 2010

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Economics of Coastal Zone Management in the Pacific

Australian sea level rise mapping

USA, Source to Sink Program (sediment deliveries)

Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) – NETA

International Geosphere and Biosphere Program

Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone (LOICZ)

National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA)

Regional specific information

changes and trend over the next decade


Extreme weather events and impacts

Sea level rise

Group4 Marine biological diversity aspectsThe participants identified the need for need regular, national, coordinated SOE reporting, greater university trained graduates able to contribute/fill positions, mechanism in-country to capture all the data collected. The region needs resources in the form of sustainable long-term funding and infrastructure in the form of research boats, centralised data structure system at national and international level and equipment (sampling etc).

Topics (e.g. Coastal sediment habitats) and Sub-Topics (e.g. Overall status of major groups…) to Include in the SW pacific region Assessment

Task: review and add any new topics or sub-topics

Relevant Studies, Documents, Reports and Other Sources of Information (refer to the Inventory list)

Task: identify relevant sources of information, including but not limited to the Inventory list


Task: list key individuals and institutions, including participants, who are important to engage in writing this topic (note: the authors will contact them regarding becoming part of the Global Pool of Experts and then contributors)

Information Gaps

Task: note sub-topics lacking information

Comments

Coastal (0 – 50 m depths) sediment habitats (across Chapters 34-43)

Overall status of major groups of species and habitats within this regime

Status and trends of, and threats to, marine ecosystems, species and habitats that are threatened, declining or otherwise in need of attention

Significant socioeconomic aspects in relation to the conservation of marine species and habitat

Seagrasses – seagrasswatch.org whole list of publications across Asia and Pacific – status reports

Assessment of seagrasses – ifrecor – Hily, V et al 2010

Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) - Coastal Ecosystems

2008, Atlas des mangroves de nouvelle-caledonie, Virly. S.

IUCN Mangrove Ecosystems for Climate Change Adaptation & Livelihoods (MESCAL) Project

MESCAL Project - sub-regional mangrove project

Compendium of Marine Species from New Caledonia – Second Edition, January 2007, Payri Clause E. (ED)

Tropical Fisheries, Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) – Vulnerability of Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture of the Pacific to Climate Change

CRISP Report – Analyse Ecoregionale Marine de la Nouvelle – Caledonia, December

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Report 2012

James Cook University (reefs, segrass)

University of Perpignan Via Domitia – Coastal

University of the South Pacific (USP)

Bird Life Pacific

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) - Coral Reefs

Resilience to changing impacts, terrestrial, over-fishing, climate change, national disaster

Status and trend in seagrass distribution and trends

Mangroves – lack of status and trend – could not accurately say if increasing or decreasing – incomplete

Non-commercial fish species – lack of data, on status and trend

Animals in the coastal environment – insufficient status, trend and threat data

World Heritage Listed Marine Area – 2006, Les Lagons de Nouvelle – Caledonie : Diversite Recuifale et Ecosystems Assoicies

State of the Environment Report 2011, Marine Chapter

http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2011/report/marine-environment/

www.pifsc.noaa.gov/cred/

and marine mammal information

In-shore water quality – gap

Lack of information on ecosystem functioning and connectivity – we don’t have any information to make a decision on this.

http://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/cred/



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