Class X- Economics

Ch 1- Development

Development - it is a process of bringing a qualitative and quantitave improvement for an individual, society or a nation.

Development Goals - These are aspirations what a person desires to achieve in life.

Development golas can be different for different people

They can be conflicting and non conflicting.

Development Goals- Two types- Monetary and Non monetary Goals

Monetary- these are the goals that are measurable in terms of money.

Non Monetary Goals- these are the goals that are not measurable in terms of money like love, sense of security, equality etc.

INCOME AND OTHER GOALS

Development is a mix of goals, that is, people in their life look for both monetary and the non monetary goals.

Besides, wanting for more money, People also want things like equal treatment, freedom, security and respect of others for a good quality of life.

Money cannot buy everything to lead a happy life.

National Development:

Since different people have different development goals, therefore their notions for national development will also be different.

A nation would develop when the development would benefit a large number of people and when it is fair and just for all

Comparison between countries or states

To compare the development between the countries, we need certain indicators.

MONETARY INDICATORS

1. Total Income- it is the income earned by all the residents of the country. Higher total income means more developed a country is.

Limitations-

It does not take into account the population of a country

It does not take into account the non monetary indicators on which quality of life depends.

2. Per Capita Income- It is the total income divided by the population of the country. It tells us the average income per person in a country.

Limitations:

It does not tell us how is the income distributed.

It does not take into account the non monetary indicators on which quality of life depends.

NON INCOME/NON MONETARY INDICATORS

1. Infant Mortality rate- it indicates the number of children per thousand that die before the age of one year.

Higher IMR indicates poor health facilities indicates . Therefore less development.

2. Literacy rate- measures the proportion of literate population in the age group 7 yrs and above.

Higher Literacy rate indicates better education facilities which indicates higher development

3. New Attendance ratio- total number of children of age group 6-10 yrs attending school as a percentage of total children in the same age group.

Higher NAR means higher development

4. Life Expectancy- the average no. of years a person is expected to live.

Higher Life expectancy indicates better health facilities which indicates higher development.

CRITERIA USED BY WORLD BANK

1) World Bank uses Per Capita Income to compare countries.

2) It classifies the countries into high income, middle income and low income countries on the basis of Per Capita Income

High Income Countries- countries with PCI of $12616 per annum and above.

Middle Income Countries- with PCI between @$12616 and $1035 per annum

Low Income Countries- with PCI of per annum $1035 and less

Human Development Index

The United Nations used the criteria of Human Development Index to compare countries.

HDI compares the countries based on the educational levels of people, their health status and per capita income.

The indicators used under HDI

Life Expectancy- it is a health indicator

Literacy Rate- it is an education indicator

Gross enrollment Ratio- it is an education indicator

Per capita income- it measures the standard of living

Sustainable Development

It is the development of the present without compromising on the needs of future generations and without harming the environment

Why is it needed?

It is needed because:

Resources are limited and should be used judiciously.

Resources have to be saved for the future generation.

Ways to ensure sustainable development:

By judiciously using the limited resources

By using alternate sources of energy like wind energy, solar energy etc.

QUESTIONS

Q. 1 What is Per Capita Income?

Ans. It is obtained by diving national income by the population of a country

i.e. Per Capita Income = National Income / Population

Q. 2 What is meant by ‘economic development’? Write the two basis of measuring economic development of a country?

Ans. Economic development is an increase in per Capita income that promotes economic welfare by reducing poverty, unemployment & inequalities in distribution of Income.

Two basis of measuring economic development are National Income & per Capita Income.

Q. 3 “What may be development for one may not be development for the other.” Explain with a suitable example.

Ans. The Development goals for different people depend upon their life situations, their aspirations and needs. What may be development for one may be destructive for other.

Eg- The establishment of a dam leads to infrastructural development but many people have shifted out of the village, hence it may not be development for them. (give more examples)

This shows that the development goals of the two are conflicting.

Q. 4 Why is the total income/national income of countries not used to make comparisons between them?

Ans. The total income of the countries is not used to make comparisons between them because the population of different countries is different.

Q. 5 Why do you think average income is an important criterion for development? Explain.

Ans. Average income is the income per head. It is obtained by dividing the Total income by the total population.

It is an important criterion because it gives what average is a person likely to earn and also some idea about the rising standard of living.

This per capita income also takes into account the population of the country.

Q. 6 Besides the size of per capita income, which other property of income is important in comparing two or more societies?

Ans. Per capita income is an important but not the only criterion for development. Along with average income, equitable distribution of income in a country should also be considered.

Q. 7 Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?

Ans. Development does not only mean securing a better present, but it also means securing a better future for the generations to come.

Sustainable development is the development which can be sustained for many years without overusing our resources. Hence, sustainability is an important aspect of development.

Sustainability is important for development because it results in:

( i ) Judicious use of limited resources

( ii ) conserving the environment which is necessary for development.

Q. 8 What is human development index HDI?

Ans. HDI is a composite index prepared by the United Nations Development Program that compares the countries on the basis of health, education and standard of living. It uses indicators like Life expectancy, Literacy rate for 15 + population and Per capita Income.

Q. 9 Among Maharashtra, Kerala & Bihar, which one has the lowest infant mortality rate?

Ans. Kerela has lowest infant mortality rate.

Q.10 How can development be sustained in an economy? Give an example with reference to use of resources.

Ans. Development can be sustained in any economy by using renewable resources such as ground water, wind energy & solar energy.

Q. 11 Why is per capita income of different countries calculated in dollars & not in their own currencies by the World Bank?

Ans. It is done in order to make comparisons of per capita income of different countries possible.

Q. 12 Kerela, with low per capita has a better human development ranking than Maharashtra. Hence per capita income is not useful criterion at all & should not be used to compare states. Do you agree?

Ans. It is true that per capita income is not the only criterion behind human development. Factors like infant mortality rate, literacy rate & not attendance ratio are also very crucial for overall human development. In these factors Kerela is better than Punjab.

However if we are interested only in comparing two or more states in terms of production and income generated then per capita income is an important criteria. But if we have to look at the human development then both monetary and non monetary indicators should be taken in consideration.

Q. 13 In what respects is the criterion used by UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank?

Ans. World Bank

Uses the criterion of per capita income to classify different countries as high income or low income countries.

Countries with per capita income of $12616 per annum & above are rich countries & countries which have per capita income of $1035 per annum or less are low income countries (according to WDR 2012).

But the limitation of this criterion is that it doesn’t tell us anything about the distribution of income in a country.

World bank measures only economic development.

UNDP uses a different criterion called human development index (HDI). HDI is a composite index measured on the basis of three indicators,

a) Longevity :- It is measured in terms of life expectancy

b) Knowledge :- It is measured by Literacy rate of 15+ years.

c) Standard of living :- It is measured by real per capita income in dollars

HDI measures Human development which is a broader term than economic development.

Q. 14 ‘While average income is useful for comparison but it may hide disparities’. Discuss.

Ans. Per capita income is an important criterion for development. It is considered to be one of the most important attributes for comparing countries but is suffers from the following limitations:

( i ) Per capita income doesn’t tell us anything about the distribution of income. A poor country with a more equal distribution of income would be better off than a richer country with unequal distribution of income.

( ii ) Per capita income doesn’t include the non monetary indicators like various facilities & services that influence quality of life e.g. health facilities, education facilities, equal treatment etc.

(note- also include the mathematical example taken up in the class to show the limitation of PCI)

Q. 15 Distinguish between economic development & human development.

Ans. Human Development

1. It refers to human centered approach towards development. It focuses on people & qualitative improvement in human life.

2. It is indicated by human development index.

3. It is a term that includes economic development also.

4. It considers human welfare. Should be increased through investments in education & health.

Economic Development

1. It refers to sustained increase in per capita income that promotes economic welfare by reducing poverty, unemployment & inequalities in distribution of income.

2. It can be indicated by national income & per capita income.

3. It is narrower term as compared to human development.

4. It considers people can be made better off by increasing their command over goods and services.

Q. 16 How does industrial pollution degrade the environment? Explain three measures to control environmental degradation.

Ans. Industrial pollution degrades the environment in the following ways :

( i ) Air is polluted by the gases.

( ii ) Dust, fume, mist, spray and smoke contain particles.

( iii ) Industrial effluents pollute rivers.

( iv ) Paper pulp, textiles, chemicals etc. industries pollute land & soil due to toxic materials.

Steps to control environmental degradation are :

( i ) Careful planning & setting of industries.

( ii ) Better equipment

( iii ) Proper fuel selection & utilization.

( iv ) Treatment of industrial liquids.

Q. 17 Identify the different thrust areas of human development. Which one of them plays the most significant role in the development?

Ans. Human development is a human centered approach towards development. It focuses on people. It is concerned with them and their well being, their needs, choices & aspirations. Human development is a wider term which not only includes economic development but also includes development of one’s knowledge & educational capabilities as well as one’s health conditions so that one may lead a healthy and long life. Human development aims at building of different human capabilities so that one

may make use of natural resource, have sustainable development have better personal & social security & to ensure a decent standard of living.

Q.18 “Do the two terms –economic growth and economic development mean the same thing”. Discuss.

Ans. No, they are different. Economic growth can be defined as a process whereby a country’s national income increases over a period of time. On the other hand economic development is a process of long-term increase in income as well as with achieving a more equitable income distribution and poverty alleviation.

Thus economic development is a wider concept than economic growth.

Q.19 Describe briefly four steps taken by the Indian government for raising the status of women at par with that of men.

Ans. (i) Women are given the equal right to vote like those of men

(ii) the government of India has declared dowry as illegal and now no one can force the other party to give dowry.

(iii) To impart education to girls various schools and colleges have been opened.

(iv) Gender empowerment focusses on opportunities and participation in decision making process and values.

Q20 Explain two main reasons for the need of environment friendly economic growth and also explain two suggestions to achieve them.

Ans. Reasons for need of environment friendly economic growth are:

(i) Present production technology has polluted atmosphere and water bodies with garbage, smoke and poisnous gases.

(ii) Rapid economic growth and industrialisation have led to depletionof natural resources.

Suggestions to achieve it:

(i) Increased use of renewable and clean sources of energy, less use of fossil fuels, organic farming.

(ii) Measures to reduce global warming and global limits on carbon emissions etc.

Q21 Why do different persons have different notions of development? Which of the following explanations is more important and why?

(a) Because people are different.

(b) Because life situations of persons are different.

Answer: The second explanation is more important about different notions of development for different people. A person’s development needs depend on the situation around him. This can be illustrated with a simple example which is as follows. If a person is living in a remote village which is not accessible by road, then construction of an all weather road would be the developmental need for that person. On the other hand, if a person is living in a metro city and finds it difficult to commute to his workplace, construction of rapid transit system would be the developmental need for that person.

Q 22 - Do the following two statements mean the same? Justify your answer.

(a) People have different developmental goals.

(b) People have conflicting developmental goals.

Answer: Both the statements are true but their meanings are different. Two people may have different developmental goals buy they need not always be conflicting. For example; construction of a flyover to reduce waiting time at a railway crossing can be the developmental goal for an office worker. But if the construction of the flyover leads to demolition of slums, it can be contradictory for the slum dwellers.

Q23 - Give some examples where factors other than income are important aspects of our lives.

Answer: Good income is important for a comfortable life, but it is not the only important factor. A good income would be useless if a person does not have access to quality health services. If good schools are not available in the neighbourhood, it can be difficult to provide proper education to the children. These are some examples which show factors; other than income; which affect our life.

(include example from NCERT)

Q24- Development goals of people may be conflicting. Explain

Answer: Different persons can have different developmental goals. What may be development for one may not be development for the other. It may even be destructive for the other. For example; a dam may be developmental goal for an industrialist, but

the same dam can create havoc with the life of people who need to be evacuated in the catchment area.

Q25. Development goals of different people may be different. Explain

Different people have different developmental needs. These needs are based on their particular life situations. For example; for a person in a remote village, access to an all weather road can be the developmental goal. On the other hand, for a person living in Delhi or Mumbai; construction of a rapid mass transit system or a flyover to reduce traffic may be the developmental goal.

Q26 - Give three examples where an average is used for comparing situations.

Answer: Height of students in a class with a large number of students, income of people of a state, marks of students in a class are some examples where averages are used for comparing situations.

Q27 - Suppose records show that the average income in a country has been increasing over a period of time. From this, can we conclude that all sections of the economy have become better? Illustrate your answer with an example.

Answer: Increase in average income cannot be a guarantee of overall progress of the economy. When the Average income increases it is difficult to tell whether it is increasing due to increase in the income of a rich or poor. If the average income is increasing because of rise in income of poor then that means that the gap between rich and poor is reducing and hence the country or state is developing. But is the average income is rising due to rise in the income of rich only then it doesn’t indicate development for a country.

Q28 - Find out the present sources of energy that are used by the people in India. What could be the other possibilities fifty years from now?

Answer: Firewood is used by a majority of people in rural India. LPG is the main kitchen fuel in urban India. Because of large scale deforestation, availability of firewood would become a big concern fifty years from now. So, we need to find some alternate fuel; like gobar gas for rural India. Solar power is another source which can reduce our dependency on fossil fuels and can give us security against shortage of fuel in the future.

Q29 -“The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person”. How is this statement relevant to the disscusion of development? Discuss.

Answer: This famous quote is from Mahatma Gandhi. We know that the earth has plenty of resources which would outlast our lifetime. But we also need to think about the future beyond our lifetime and we need to think about the future generations. If we go on exploiting our natural resources indiscriminately, then nothing would be left for the future generation. Hence, we should control our greed and take as little from the nature as is really necessary for our needs.

Q30 - The following table shows the proportion of undernourished adults in India. It is based on a survey of various states for the year 2001. Look at the table and answer the following questions.

(a) Compare the nutritional level of people in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh.

Answer: People of Kerala get better nutrition than the people of Madhya Pradesh.

(b) Can you guess why around 40 per cent of people in the country are undernourished even though it is argued that there is enough food in the country? Describe in your own words.

Answer: Some of the possible reasons can be as follows:

Uneven distribution of foodgrain production Improper supply chain

Malfunctioning of Public Distribution System.

GEOGRAPHY

Ch.1 Resource and development

Resources

Anything which satisfy human need will be called as a resource. At the same time it should be technologically accessible (we should have technology to exploit it),economically feasible (profitable), culturally acceptable (no opposition from people).

Classification of resources:

1. On the basis of origin-Biotic (having life) and Abiotic (non-living)

2. On the basis of exhaustibility- a. Renewable- Do not get exhausted on use or can be used again and again; can

be divided into flow (always present no limitations on use. E.g. sun light) and stock (can get finished due to over use at some point of time i.e. renewable to certain extent. Like forest if we will cut all the forest it will not be available for next 20-30 years.)

b. Non-renewable- They will get over after use and will require hundreds of year to get formed. Can be divide divided into recyclable and non-recyclable.

3. On the basis of ownership-a. Individual – owned by an individual as private propertyb. Community- Owned by the group of people on a common basis.c. National- all resources present within the natural and political boundaries of a

country. It include both individual and community resources also.d. International – Not in right of one country. Can be used only with the

permission of world community or approved international agency.4. On the basis of development-

a. Potential –Not in use presently but technology is available but use is limited. Can be developed with improvement in technology.

b. Developed- They are in use at present and are accessed for their quality and quantity. Appropriate technology is also there.

c. Reserve -that part of developed resource which we want to save for future use, thus not in use at present and is saved for future generations.

d. Stock- They are better known as future resource, with advancement in technology some new resources may come in use but at present they are only mental abstractions and appropriate technology is still not developed.

Resource development:

Problems due to indiscriminate use of resources:

Depletion of resources Increasing gap between rich and poor Ecological problems

Solution to these problems:

Sustainable development Adopting agenda 21 of earth summit 1992

Resource planning:

Resource Planning in India is important in a country like India because

(a) There is enormous diversity in the availability of resources.

(b) There are regions which are rich in certain types of resources and deficient in other resources

Steps of resource planning:

Identification of resources-Mapping and assessment

Creating necessary technology and institutions

Matching goal with national development

goal

Land resource:

Land can be used for various economic activities like agriculture, industrial, forest etc.

Land Use:

1. Forest

2. Land not available for cultivation

3. Other Uncultivated land

4. Fallow land

5. Net sown Area: Area under cropping. Gross cropped area- area sown more than once in an agricultural year.

Land degradation

Reasons for land degradation:1. Over Irrigation2. Deforestation3. Over grazing

Barren and waste land

Land put to non-agricultural use

Permanent Pastures

Land under tree crop

Cultruable wasteland (Left uncultivated for more than 5 years)

Current fallow (not cultivated for 1 year)

Other than current fallow (Left uncultivated for 1- 5) years

4. Mining and quarrying5. Industrial Waste

Soils of India

Alluvial soil

Consist of sand,silt and clay Size of particals are bigger near river and keeps on

decreasing as we move away from river bank. New alluvial is called Khadar and old is called bangar Rich in potash, phosphoric acid and lime. Most fertile

Black soil Also called regur or black cotton soil Formed from lava deposits It is extremely clayey and can hold moisture for long

time. Rich in calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and

lime.Red and yellow soil

Rich in potash Develop reddish colour due to diffusion of iron in

metamorphic and crystalline rocks.Laterite soil

Rich in iron oxide and aluminium Formed due to intense leaching(removal of soluble

nutrients due to heavy rainfall) They are found in the areas of high heat and heavy

rainfall. Suitable for groundnut cultivation with fertilizers.

Arid soil It is sandy in texture and saline in nature Lack in humus Kankars are found in lower horizons

Forest soil Very rich in humus They are loamy and silty in valley sides and coarser

in upper slopes

Soil erosion:

Gully erosion: The running water cuts deep channels in clayey soil and make it unfit for cultivation. This type of land is called bad land. E.g Chambal ravines.

Sheet erosion: top soil is removed by high velocity water.

Conservation:By using following methods:1. Contour ploughing2. Terrace cultivation

3. Strip cultivation4. Shelter belts

Important Terms:

1. Bad Land:- It is a land which is unsuitable for cultivation. Mainly soil erosion converts a fertile land into a bad land.

2. Fallow Land:- It is a cultivable land which is being allowed to rest, outcropped or partially cropped for one or more seasons so that it can regain its fertility.

3. Gully Erosion:- Gully erosion takes place when running water cuts deep ravines(deep narrow George) in the absence of vegetation. This type of erosion makes the soil unfit for cultivation.

4. Ravines:- This is a land which is unsuitable for cultivation due to soil erosion. 5. Uncultivable land:- This land cannot be used for cultivation because of several

reasons. 6. Shelter belt:- Rows of trees which are planted in between the crops are known as

shelter belts. 7. Stocks:- These are the materials in the environment which have the potential to

satisfy the human needs, but could not be used as the human beings do not have the appropriate technology.

Question Bank With Solution:

Q. 1 What is a Resources? Give two examples.Ans. Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided, it is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable can be termed as Resource. Coal, water, air, minerals, etc. are some examples of resources.

Q. 2. What is the role of humans in resource development?.Ans. i). Human beings interact with nature through technology, and create institutions to accelerate their economic development.ii). Human beings transfer materials available in our environment into resource, and use them.

Q. 3 What is sheet erosion?Ans. When the top layer of the soil is removed over a large area by the running water, it is called sheet erosion.Q. 4. Which soil is well known for its capacity to hold moisture? Give reason.

Ans. . Black soil. Because black soil is made up of extremely fine clayey material.Q. 5. How does over irrigation lead to land degradation?

Ans. Over irrigation degrades the land due to water logging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity of the soil.Q. 6. What are shelter belts?

Ans. Rows of trees which are planted in between the crops are known as shelter belts.Q. 7. What is contour ploughing?

Ans. . Ploughing along the contour lines is known as contour ploughing.Q. 8. What is strip cropping?

Ans. Under strip cropping, large fields are divided into strips and different types of crops are grown on alternative strips along contours or across the prevailing direction of winds. This break up the force of the wind.

Q. 9. What is leaching? Name the soils which develop due to leaching.Ans. Leaching is a process by which the nutrients in the soil are washed away by heavy rains. Laterite soils develop due to leaching.

Q. 10. Discuss the problems which have been caused due to over utilization of resources.Ans.i). Depletion of resources:- Overutilization has led to the depletion of the resources for meeting the greed of few individuals. For example, over utilization of petroleum products has led to a situation where most of the countries of the world are facing energy crisis.ii). Concentration of resources:- This has divided the society into haves and have not or the rich and the poor.iii). Global ecological crisis:- Over-utilization of resources has led to the global ecological crisis such as global warming, depletion or ozone layer, pollution and land degradation.

Q. 11‘India has enormous diversity in the availability of resources.’ Explain.Ans. i). The states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are rich in mineral resources but lacks industrialization.ii). Arunachal Pradesh has abundance of water resources, but lacks in infrastructural development. The state of Rajasthan is very well endowed with solar and wind energy, but lack in water resources. The cold desert area of Ladakh is relatively isolated from the rest of the country due to lack of means of transportation and communication.

Q. 12. How over irrigation and mining leads to land degradation?Ans. i). Over irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to water logging which leads to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil.ii). The minerals procession like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry generate huge quantity of dust in the atmosphere. It retards the process of infiltration of water into the soil after it settles down on the land.

Q.13.  Explain the major factors which are responsible for the formation of soil.Ans. i). Relief, parent rock or bed rock, climate, vegetation and other forms of life and time are important factors in the formation of soil.ii) Various forces of nature such as change in temperature, actions of running water, wind and glaciers, activities of decomposers, etc. contribute to the formation of soil.iii). Chemical and organic changes which take place in the soil are equally important.iv) Soil also consists of organic (humus) and inorganic materials.

Q. 14 Humus content of the laterite soil is very low. Explain by giving two reasonsAns. i). The soil is formed due to intense leaching. So the nutrients of the soil are washed away by heavy rains.ii). The soil is formed in the regions of high temperature. So most of the micro-organisms, particularly the decomposers, like bacteria, get destroyed.

Q. 15. What is resource planning? Mention the steps which are involved in resource planning.Ans. A resource planning is a technique or skill of proper or judicious use of resources.i). Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country. This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources.ii). Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans.iii). Matching tthe resource development plants with overall national development plans.

Q. 16. Why is there a need to conserve resources? What was Gandhiji’s opinion regarding the conservation of resources?Ans. i). Most of the resources have limited supply.ii). Overutilization of resources may lead to environmental problems.iii). Overutilization of resources may lead to socio-economic problems.Gandhiji was very apt in voicing his concern about resource conservation. He said, “There is enough for everybody’s need, and not for anybody’s greed.”  According to him, it was the greedy and selfish individuals who were responsible for depletion of resources. He was in favour of producing for the masses than mass production.

Q. 17.  What are the ways to classify resources?Ans. i) . On the basis of origin – biotic and abiotic.ii). On the basis of exhaustibility – renewable and non-renewable.iii). On the basis of ownership – individual, community, national and international.iv). On the basis of the state of development – potential, developed and stock.

Q. 18. Explain the classification of resources on the basis of exhaustibility.Ans. i). Renewable resources:- Renewable resources are the natural resources which can be used against and again or can be reproduced by physical, mechanical and chemical processes. Solar energy, air, water and soil are some of the renewable resources of energy.ii). Non-renewable resources:- Non-renewable resources are the natural resources that cannot be replaced at all or within a reasonable time. Fossil fuels such as oil, gas and coal are examples of non-renewable resources. These resources accumulated over millions of years. They are considered to be non-renewable resources because once they are used up, they are gone forever.

Q.19.  Explain the classification of resources on the basis of origin.Ans.i). Biotic :- All those resources which are obtained from the biosphere and have life are known as biotic resources. Biotic resources normally forest, livestock, etc are examples of renewable biotic resources.ii) . Abiotic:- All those resources which are composed of non-living things are called abiotic resources. Abiotic resources can be renewable as well as non-renewable resources. Land and water are renewable abiotic resources whereas, iron and bauxite are non-renewable abiotic resources.

Q. 20. Explain the classification of resources on the basis of ownership.Ans. i). Individual resources:- Resources which are owned by private individuals are known as individual resources. Plots, fields, houses, cars, books etc are some examples of individual resources.ii). Community owned resources:- The resources which are accessible to all the members of the community are known as community resources. Village ponds, public parks, playgrounds, etc are some examples of community resources.iii). National resources : - All the resources which are under the control of state or union government are called national resources. All resources within political boundaries are national resources because the government has the power to acquire even the private properties.iv). International resources:- These resources are owned and regulated by international institutions. The oceanic resource beyond 200 km of the Exclusive Economic Zone belongs to the open ocean, and on individual country can utilize these without the concurrence of international institutions. Indian has got the right to mire manganese nodules from the bed of the Indian Ocean from that area which lies beyond the Exclusive Economic Zone.

Q. 21. Why is there a need for resource planning?

Ans. i) Most of the resources are limited in supply.ii). Most of the resources are unevenly distributed over the country.iii). Overutilization of the resources may lead to pollution of the environment.iv). There is a need to plan the human resources because only then we would be able to develop our natural resources.

Q. 22. How is land a natural resources of utmost importance? Explain with four facts.Ans. i) . All economic activities are performed on land.ii). It supports natural vegetation and wildlife.iii). Most of the minerals are formed in land.iv). It is used for transport and communication system.

Q. 23. Distinguish between Khaddar and Bhangar.Ans. Khaddar (New)i). The Khaddar soils are found in the low areas of the valley bottom of a valley which are flooded every year.ii). These soils are finer in texture.iii). The khaddar soils are more fertile as these are found in the low areas of bottom of a valley which are flooded almost every year.Bhangar (Old)i). The Bhangar soils are found in the higher reaches, about 30 m above the flood level.ii). These are coarse in texture.iii). These soils are less fertile as these are found on the higher reaches, about 30 m above the flood level.

Q.24.  Write short notes on soil erosion.Ans.i). The removal of soil by the forces of nature, particularly wind and water is known as soil erosion.ii). Wind and water are powerful agents of soil erosion because of their ability to remove soil and transport it.iii). Soil erosion makes the land unsuitable for cultivation and the land so developed is called bad land.iv) Soil erosion in certain areas has become a menace. Large areas of agricultural land in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat have been transformed into ravines.v). Gully erosion is the most spectacular type of erosion. This has already degraded about 40 lakh hectares of land in the country. Reducing flow of water by constructing bandhs, by planting more trees, by restricting grazing of animals, and applying proper farming techniques are some of the methods to check soil erosion.

Q. 25. Mention any four characteristics of black soil.Ans. i). The black soils are made of extremely fine materials i.e., clayey materials.ii) These soils are rich in soil nutrients such as calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, potash and lime.iii). These soils are generally poor in phosphoric content.v). The soil is well known for its capacity to hold moisture.

Q. 26. How is red soil formed? Mention its three characteristics.Ans. Formation:- Most of the red soils have come into existence due to weathering of ancient crystalline igneous rocks.Features :-i). Soils are loamy in deep depressions and in uplands. They consist of loose gravels and highly coarse materials.ii). Thecolor of these soils is generally red, often grading into brown, chocolate or yellow. The red color is due to wide diffusion rather than high percentage of iron content. It looks yellow when it occurs in a hydrated form.iii). Soils are deficient in phosphoric acid, organic matter and nitrogenous materials but are fairly rich in potash. But crops are cultivated with the use of fertilizers.

 Q. 27. How is Mountain soil (Forest soil) formed? Mention any four characteristics of forest soil.Ans. Formation:- The soils are formed due to mechanical weathering caused by snow, rain, temperature variation, etc.Features :-i). These soils are heterogeneous (diverse) in nature, and their character changes with mountain environment and altitude.ii). The soils are very rich in humus, but are deficient in potash, phosphorus and lime.iii). The soils are especially suitable for plantation of tea, coffee, spices and tropical fruits.iv)The soil is loamy and silty in valley sides and coarse grained in the upper slopes. It is acidic with low humus content in the snow covered areas. It is fertile in the lower parts of the valleys.

Q. 28. Mention any four features of the arid soils.Ans. i). The soil range red to brown in color.

ii). The soils contain considerable amount of soluble salts.

iii) .The soils contain low percentage of organic matter due to dry climate and absence of vegetation.

iv). The soil is alkaline in nature as there is not rainfall to wash soluble salts.

v). The soils are infertile but with irrigation and fertilizers, the drought resistant and salt tolerant dry crops such as barley, cotton, wheat, millets, maize, pulses, etc are grown.

Q. 29.  Explain any four proper farming techniques which can be used for soil conservation.Ans--- i). Crop rotation:- If the same crop is sown in the same field, year after year this consumes certain nutrients from the soil making it infertile. Crop rotation can check this type of erosion.ii). Settled agriculture:- Checking and reducing shifting agriculture by persuading the tribal people to switch over the settled agriculture.iii) . Terracing and contour bunding:- Terracing and contour bunding across the hill slopes is a very effective and oldest method of soil conservation. Hill slope is cut into a number of terraces having horizontal top and steep slopes on the back and front. Contour bunding involves the construction of bank along the contour.iv). Shelter belts and strip cropping:- Large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops. This breaks the force of the wind. Planting lines of trees to create shelter also works in a similar way. Rows of such trees are called shelter belts.

Q. 30.  What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in the hilly areas?Ans. i). Terracing and contour bunding.        ii). Afforestation.       iii). Restricted grazing of animals.

HISTORY: NOVELS, SOCIETY AND HISTORY

What is a novel and why were they popular?The novel is a modern form of literature and allows flexibility in the form of writing. It is born from print and thus more widely circulated and read as compared to manuscripts.The worlds created by novels were absorbing and believable. The people were transported to another person’s world.As readership grew, the earnings of authors increasedThey allowed the readers the pleasure of reading in public as well as in private and became an important source of entertainment. New groups of lower middle-class people along with the traditional aristocratic and gentlemanly classes formed the readership for novels.For the illiterates in rural areas, the group collected to hear one person reading aloud a novel.The Publishing MarketInitially the novels were expensive and so the publishing market excluded the poor.Introduction of ‘circulating libraries’ in 1740Technological improvements in printing.Hiring out novels by an hour.Different formats used in novels- Epistolary and serialised.

QuestionsExplain what is meant by the following types of novels. Also for each type of novel, name one writer and an examplea) Epistolary novelb) Serialised novelWhat was the impact of the increased earnings for authors?

The World of the NovelVarious authors started writing about common man and his plight.Novels focussing on impact of Industrial Revolution and Capitalism on workersAuthors such as Charles Dickens, Emile Zola and Thomas Hardy wrote about these social changes in Britain.The novels started using vernacular languages to produce the sense of shared world between diverse people.

QuestionsDiscuss some of the social changes in the 19th century Britain which Thomas Hardy and Charles Dickens wrote about.‘Like the nation, the novel brings together many cultures.’ Elaborate.The New WomanThe 18th century saw the middle class becoming more prosperous.Women started reading novels as well as writing themMainly wrote about the domestic life drawn from their own experience.Authors like Jane Austen gave a glimpse of the life of women in that era.

Sometimes, the women authors also wrote about breaking the norms of society. (example Jane Eyre)

The New WomanAt that time, women author were generally associated with romantic novels only. As a result some women authors used a male pen name so as to be taken seriously by the public.For example, Mary Ann Evans wrote under the pen name of George Eliot.Novels for the YoungMainly showed what an ideal man should be like- powerful, assertive, independent and caring.Had a zing of adventure ( Treasure Island and Jungle Book)Emphasised on ‘English Courage’-showed how young people witnessed grand historical events and were involved in military action.Novels for adolescent girls also became popular, such as ‘Ramona’ and ‘What Katy Did’.

Effect of Colonialism on NovelsThe novels made the European readers feel that they were a part of a superior community of fellow colonialists.The colonisers were shown as heroic and honourable- changing the backward native places and developing them.Some ‘adventure novels’ had a hint of colonialism. ( example Robinson Crusoe)However, they were some writers who wrote about the darker side of colonialism ( example Joseph Conrad)

QuestionsWhat do you think what was the role of women in the earlier times, as projected by authors like Jane Austen?Who is the author of the book ‘Jane Eyre’? How can you say that this book tried to break away from the norms of the society? Give examples of any two women authors who wrote under a male pen-name. Can you also give example of one such contemporary woman author?‘Daniel Defoe’s ‘Robinson Crusoe’ is not just an ordinary adventure novel, but a tribute to colonialism’. Elaborate

The Novel Comes to IndiaThe modern form of novels developed in India in the 19th century.Languages- Bengali and MarathiThe novelists tried to develop a sense of national belongingness and cultural equality.Translation of novels in different languages helped in increasing the popularity of these novels.Initially the authors tried to translate English novels into Indian languages. But then realised that the culture was totally different so the Indian readers could not relate to it. First modern Malayalam novel- Indulekha by Chandu Menon.

Pioneer of modern Hindi Literature- Bharatendu HarishchandraFirst proper Hindi novel- Pariksha-Guru by Srinivas DasDevaki Nandan Khatri’s Chandrakanta contributed a lot in popularising Hindi language.Premchand also contributed immensely in Hindi Literature. He talked about ordinary people and social issues.Bengali novels dealt with two kinds of world- one of past and the other dealing with contemporary issues.In Bengal, the old merchant elite patronised public forms of entertainment whereas the new bhadralok were found to be in private world of reading novels.The novel rapidly acquired popularity in Bengal.

QuestionsWhen and how did the novels develop in India?Why were English books directly translated in Indian languages not very successful? Give examples of such failed attempts.Why could Srinivas Das’s novel Pariksha-Guru not win many readers?What issue does Premchand’s Sewasadan talk about?Discuss the role of Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay in promoting Bengali literature.

Novels in the colonial worldWhat were the uses of the novels for the colonizer and the nationalists?

1. Vernacular novels were a source of information on native life and customs.2. Had description about the domestic life, the beliefs and practices of the

people.3. Indians used novels to criticize the defects of societies.4. Helped in establishing a relationship with the past.5. Helped in creating a feeling of national pride among the readers.6. Created a sense of collective belongingness on the basis of one’s language.7. Also made the readers aware how the style of speaking differed for different

people.

The problem of being modern1. Mostly novels presented HOW the world should be rather than reality.2. Mostly showed an ideal man as the one who is accepting western ideas

WITHOUT rejecting traditions and one’s identity.3. Example- Chandu Menon’s Indulekha showed how an ideal woman and man

should be

Pleasures of reading

1. Became source of entertainment for the people.2. Tamil detective and mystery novels were immensely popular.3. Also assisted in the spread of silent reading. Initially written texts were

read aloud. Now silent reading was also promoted.

Women and the Novel

1. Many people were worried about the immoral influence of novels on women and children.

2. Young people and women began reading them in secret.3. Soon, Women began to write poems, essays or autobiographical pieces.4. Writing novels allowed women to redefine womanhood inn their novels.5. Example- Rokeya Hossein’s Padmarag showed the need for women to

reform their condition themselves. Her book Sultana’s dream shows a topsy turvy world in which women take the place of the men.

6. Some women had to write in secret- Hannah Mullens and Sailabala Ghosh are some examples.

Caste Practices and novels1. There were novel based on the South Indian upper caste people

(Indulekha) and lower caste people ( Sarawativijayam) 2. Even Bengal witnessed novels on the lives of peasants and low

castes.( Titash)3. Over the time, the medium of novels made room for the experiences of

communities that had not received much space in the literary scene earlier. For example the Muslim community.

Questions1. ‘Characters like Indulekha and Madhavan showed readers how

Indian and foreign lifestyles could be brought together in an ideal combination’. What were the characteristics of these two leading characters?

2. Why did some people forbid women and children from reading novels?

3. Who was Rokeya Hossein and write a note about her writing.4. What is the message given in the novel ‘Titash’?5. Write the contributions of Muhammad Basheer to Malayalam

literature/

The Nation and its History

How novels helped in creating a feeling of nationalism

1. The novels gave the educate Indians a platform to show the glorious past of the country and not just Puranic stories or the weak India as depicted by the British.2. In Bengal, there were many historical novels written about Marathas and Rajputs that produces pan-Indian belonging.3. Many of these novels also reveal the problems of thinking about the nation and its problems.4. The novels tried to involve characters from the different castes and classes of India.5. Example- Premchand’s novels looked towards the future without forgetting the importance of the past.

Questions1. ‘Tagore’s novels make us rethink about man-woman relationships and nationalism’. Elaborate.2. What is the significance of Premchand’s novel Godan?3. Just like Charles Dickens discussed about ill-effects of Industrialization, Premchand’s Rangbhoomi too discusses the same. What is the basis of his novel?

NOVELS- QUESTION BANK

Q1. In which important countries were novels first published?A1. England and France

Q2. What are the reasons for popularity of novels?A2. (a) The readers could easily identify with the fictitious characters. The world created by novels was really absorbing. and believable (b) The pleasure of reading in private as well as in public. (c) Novels were available in vernacular languages, used and understood by common people. (d) Novels encouraged people to criticize the ills of society. They would also suggest remedies to the readers. (e) Introduction of circulating libraries and low prices due to technological improvements in printing.(f) Readership also grew due to innovations like hiring out novels by the hour. (g) Improved transport and systems of communication helped to send novels to far off places.

Q3. Explain the two types of novels. Name one author and book for each.A3. (a) Epistolary – in this style the narration of the novel is in the form of a series of private and personal letters, which tell the story e.g. the 18th Century Novel – Pamela by Samuel Richardson.(b) Serialized – In a serialized novel, the story is published in installments. Each part is published in a new issue of a magazine or journal. Quite similar to the television soaps now a days. Example: Charles Dickens Pickwick Papers-1836.

Q4. Discuss some of the social changes in the 19th Century Britain which Thomas Hardy and Charles Dickens wrote about. ORHow did most 19th century English Novelist represent a true picture of English society?A4. (a) Charles Dickens-- The terrible conditions of overcrowded and polluted urban life under industrial capitalism.- The poor economic conditions of the unpaid as well as low paid workers. In the novel Hard Times, he criticized the factory owners for neglecting workers and for reducing human beings into simple instruments of production.- His famous novel Oliver Twist reflects the plight of children, mostly orphans in cruel work houses.(b) Thomas Hardy –- Concerned about the fast vanishing old rural culture in England. In his novel ,

Mayor of CasterBridge, he mourns the loss of more personalized world which is disappearing.- At the same time he is aware of the problems and advantages of the industrial order.

Q5. Outline the changes in technology and society which led to an increase in readers of the novel in 18th Century Europe.A5. (a) mechanical printing technology helped to produce multiple copies of books quickly at low cost. (b) Improvement in means of transport and communication made is possible to send books to far off places. (c) New groups of lower middle class people such as shopkeepers, clerks as well as traditional gentlemanly classes formed the new readership of novels in England. (d) The earnings of author increased and they became financial independent. Now they could independently experiment with new literary styles. (e) Novels also appealed to people especially women readers as they dealt with major issues like marriages, love etc. and also suggested remedies.

Q6. “Social changes in Britain led to an increase in women readers”. Explain.A6. (a) The middle classes became more prosperous in the 18th Century. This gave women more leisure to read and write novels. (b) Novels began to explore the world of women, their domestic life, emotions, identities, experiences and problems e.g. Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice. (c) Some novels were about assertive and independent women who broke established norms of society and protested against the hypocrisy of elders e.g. Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre. Women preferred reading such novels as they got of feeling of self-worth.

Q7. Describe any two themes on which women writers wrote in the 19th Century.A7. (a) Domestic life – They drew upon their experience and wrote about family life and marriage with wealthy propertied husbands’ example Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice gives the glimpse of such society of 19th Century Britain. (b) The independent assertive woman - Some novelists wrote about the women being bold and independent minded who dared to break the established norms of the society. Eg- Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte

Q8. What were the themes of the novels for young people in the 19th century?A8. (a) Novels for young boys idealized a new type of man who was powerful, assertive, independent, daring, heroic and honorable.(b) Most novels were about the excitement and adventure of conquering strange lands, military action, some historical events. This was called as ‘ English courage’(c) They glorified colonialism – confronting ‘native’ peoples and strange surroundings, colonizing territories and then developing nations there e.g. R.L. Stevenson’s Treasure Island.(d) Novels about love stories were popular among young girls. E.g. Ramona by Helen Hunt Jackson and a series entitled What Katy Did by Sarah Coolidge.

Q9. How did European novels contribute to the growth of colonialism?A9. (a) The novels originated in the 19th century when Europeans were colonizing the world.(b) The stories of adventures into new lands made readers feel superior, heroic, courageous and honorable.(c) They felt that it was necessary to bring civilization to the backward areas (called the civilizing mission).(d) They considered this civilizing mission their natural duty.

Q10. When did modern novel form develop in India and How?A10. (a) The modern novel form developed in India in the 19th Century. (b) Novels became popular with the translation of novels into local languages. (c) Development of print led to the production of more copies. (d) There was growth of a small reading public in India. (e) A need was felt by social reformers and political activists and nationalists to promote social causes and political nationalism.

Q11. Discuss the contribution of Bankim Chandra Chattopadhayay?A11. (a) Reading and discussing novels in literary groups – Bankim read his first novel DurgeshNandini. (b) He also hosted jatras i.e. open air theaters in his courtyard. (c) He wrote the novel Anandmath, which inspired many freedom fighters with the spirit of nationalism. It had the words of Vandematram.

Q12. Describe the ways in which the novels in India attempted to create a sense of pan Indian belonging.A12. (a) For colonizers – they were a valuable source of information on Indian native life, customs, religion, beliefs, and practices. This knowledge was useful for governing Indian society with its large varieties of community and casts. (b) For the nationalists – novels created a sense of pan Indian belonging.- novels helped to criticize defeats and evils in society and also suggested remedies. Some novels attack divisive forces like the caste system or low status of women as compared to men. They helped to develop a new concept of womanhood and dignity for the oppressed classes, values and knowledge of various people.- Some novels attempted to glorify India’s past to create a sense of self-worth and self-pride. They featured adventures and basic characters from history ready for sacrifice. Such historical novels especially in Bengal like Bankim’s Anandmath depicting Shivaji courage, novels about the velour of Rajputs and Prem Chands novels involving different section of society created sense of pan Indian belonging. (c) Novels also inspired nationalistic feelings by the use of languages example – people from all walks of life could read novels and became familiar with the ways in which people of other parts of the land spoke their language and also know about their life style.(d) Many nationalist novels allowed Indians to explore their own identities and problems and national concerns. They tried to promote cultural equality with the colonizers.

Q13. What were the contributions of Indian women to literacy activities in the 19th

century in India?A13. (a) Some Indian women of the 19th century got interested in reading and writing novels but were suspected of losing their domestic positions and also getting corrupted by new ideas. (b) While some women received the patronage of their husbands like Sailabala of Bengal, other had to write in secret like Hannah Mullens, the Christian Missionary.. (c) Some women authors wrote about those women who changed the world of both, men and women e.g. Rokeya Hussein’s Sultan’s Dream in which women take the place of men.

Q14. Write the main contributions of Vaikkam Muhaammad Bashar as a Novelist of Malayalam Literature.A14. (a) Bashar had little formal education and based his works in his own rich personal experience rather than on books from the past. He would ever sell his books himself. He also took part in Salt Satyagarh.(b) His novels spoke of the details of everyday life of Muslim households.(c )he introduced the writing of themes which were unusual at that time like poverty, insanity and life in prison.(d) His short Novels and stories were written in Malayalam, the ordinary language of conversation.(e) He became one of the early Muslim writers of 20th century to gain wide renown as a novelist in Malayalam.

Q15. Which is Premchand ‘s best known work? What does it reflect about Indian society?A15. Godan (the gift of cow) , published in 1936, is considered to be Prem Chand ‘s best known work. It is an epic of the Indian peasants. The novel tells about the story of Hari& his wife Dhania , a peasant couple. Landlords, moneylenders, priests and colonial bureaucrats, all those who hold power in the society-form a network of oppression who rob their land and make them into landless laborers. Yet Hari and Dhania retain their dignity till the end.

Q16. How did the Indian novels deal with the issue of caste?A16. (a) Many novels like Indirabai and Indulekha were written by the members of the upper caste and were primarily about upper caste characters. Indulekha dealt with the unfair marriage practices of upper castes in Kerala. (b) Some novels were also written by writers of lower caste and were about the lives of lower caste e.g. PothariKunjambu’s SaraswatiVijayam; Mala Burman’s Titash. Ekti Nadir Naam and Prem Chand’s Rang Bhoomi. (c) in Rang Bhoomi the main character was a beggar from an untouchable caste. Novels like these encouraged the lower castes to retain their dignity e.g. Godan. Most novels gave the message of social reform. (d) Prem Chand included characters from various classes and levels of society so that they could be seen to belong to a shared and common world. This promoted a sense of unity. (e) In Prem Chand’s novels even women from lower castes are shown as strong characters and individuals even though they are not modern.

Q17. What issues were discussed in Chandu Menon’s book Indulekha?Ans: Problems of being modern-

1. Indulekha was shown as an intellectual woman with education in English and Sanskrit.

2. The hero of the novel, Madhavan was also intelligent and a member of University of Madras.

3. He was a Sanskrit scholar.4. He dressed in western clothes and kept hair according to his Nayar customs.

Issues of CasteIndulekha rejects a member of upper caste for a person who belongs to a lower caste but is intelligent and educated.

Some Last year’s questions1. Narrate how the novels created ideal heroes and heroines ( hint- give examples

from Indulekha and Pariksha guru from India and Robinson Crusoe, Jungle Book and Treasure Island from Europe)

2. Describe the appearing of novels in South India during the period of Colonial rule. ( give example of Indulekha, translation of English novels, novels from Andhra Pradesh, detective and mystery novels from Tamil Nadu )

3. Describe the contribution of Munshi Premchand in Hindi novel writing. ( examples of his books like Godan and the issues he took up )

4. How novels helped in creating pan- India belongingness? ( hint novels about freedom fighters, Marathas and Rajputs, Anandmath by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee)

5. What were the reasons for the growing popularity of novels in late 18 th century and early 191th century? ( hint- cost of novel, used by social reformers, pleasures of reading, realistic and absorbing )

6. How were the problems of being modern addressed by indian novelists? ( hint the teachings of Indulekha and Pariksha guru)

NCERT QUESTIONS

Q1B. Explain what actions of Robinson Crusoe make us see him as a typical colonizer.Ans. Daniel Defoe’s Novel Robinson Crusoe reflects the colonization of the time.(a) Robinson Crusoe was depicted as a slave trader.(b) He treats colored people not as equals or as human beings but as inferiors creatures.(c) He rescues a native and salves him calls him Friday arrogantly and does not ask his name.Q1C. Explain after 1740 the readership of novels begum to include poorer people.Ans. Novels became popular due to the introduction of circulating libraries and low prices due to technological improvement in printing. Readership also grew due to

innovations in marketing like hiring out the novels by the hour, improved transport and system of communication helped to send novels to far off places.

Q3. Write a note onA) The Oriya novel(a) Ramachandra first attempted to serialize the Oriya novel Saudamini but failed.(b) The first major Oriya novelist was Faqir Mohan Senapati who wrote with a new topic i.e. the question of land ad its possession.(c) He made rural issues an important part of urban pre occupation.

B) Jane Austen’s portrayal of womenThe novelist Jane Austen popularized the traditionally accepted domestic role of women in the early 19th century Britain who were preoccupied with marriage to a man with a good fortune.C) The picture of the new middle class which the novel Pariksha Guru portrayThe first proper Hindi novel was written by Srinivas Das called pariksha guru:-(a) preached and warned young men of well to-do families against the dangerous influence of bad company and consequently lose moral.(b) It taught the right way to live with honor and dignity and how to be practical and worldly wise.(c) It also taught how to be modern while still preserving traditional values and cultural identity.

Q7. Describe how the issue of caste was included in novels in India.A7. (a) Many Indian novels offered suggestions on social reforms. The Novel InduLekha was about a burning issue of that time i.e. marriage practices of upper caste Nambuthiri Brahmins of Kerala. The Novelist ChanduMenon criticized the immorality of upper castes. He upheld the new values of independence of individuals and their right to education even if they were not upper castes. (b) Novel also reflected the poor conditions, oppression and exploitation of lower castes by upper castes. The novel of the Kerala writer Potheri Kunjambu called SaraswatiVijayam gave the message of upliftment through education.

(c) Some novels like Prem Chand’s Rangbhoomi gave importance to lower caste by making them the main characters in the novel.

POLITICAL SCIENCE: POWER SHARING

Why is power sharing desirable?

• PRUDENTIAL REASONS Avoid conflicts- power sharing reduces the possibilities of conflicts between social groups and leads to political stability (imposing the will of majority community over

minority may look attractive in a short run but in a long run, it undermines the unity of nation.)

• MORAL REASONSSpirit of democracy- power sharing is in the spirit of democracy. A democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise and those who have to live with this affect. People have to be consulted on how they should be governed.

MAJOR FORMS OF POWER SHARING:

1. between different forms of govt. (horizontal)- Legislative- Executive- JudiciaryIn a democracy, power is shared among different towers of the govt. such as legislature, executive and judiciary. Each organ has its own powers and checks the powers of others.For e.g. in India the ministers exercise powers but they are responsible towards the parliament. Similarly, although judges are appointed by the executive, they can check the functioning of executive or laws made by the legislature. This arrangement is called the system of checks and balances.2. at different levels (vertical)-Union Govt.- State Govt.- Local Govt.A union govt. for the entire country and a state govt. for the states which is also called the federal form of govt.3. Power sharing among different social groups such as religions and linguistic groups.This is known as community govt. This type of arrangement is meant to give space in govt. and administration to diverse social groups who would otherwise feel alienated from the govt.4. Political parties, pressure groups and movements- They control those in power. In democracies, there is a competition among the political parties. In long run, the power is shared among political parties which can directly be by forming alliance or coalition govt. They also have a share in governmental power either through participation in governmental committees or bringing influence on decision making.

CASE STUDY OF SRI LANKA

Q. Discuss the reasons responsible for the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka?Location: Sri Lanka is an island nation in south Asia located about 31 km of southern coast of India. It has a diverse population of 20 million people.Ethnic composition:

1. The Sinhalese community forms the majority of population and practiced Buddhist religion.

2. Among Tamils (18%) there are 2 subgroups:• Sri lankan Tamils (13%)

• Tamils of Indian origin (5%)They were either Hindu or Muslim.

3. Besides this diversity, there are 7% christians in Srilanka who belong to Tamil or Sinhala community.

Reasons that lead to the rise of majoritarian rule in Sri lanka

The new government of Srilanka in 1948 adopted a series of majoritarian measures to establish Sinhala supremacy in the following ways:

i. In 1956, an act was passed under which Sinhala was recognized as Srilankan official language. No consideration was given to Tamil language.ii. The government followed preferential policies which favored Sinhala applicants for universities, positions and government jobs.iii. The new constitution stipulated that state would protect and promote BuddhismResult: a) All these government measures increased the feeling of alienation among Srilankan Tamil.b) They felt that government’s constitution denied them equal political rights, discriminated with them in terms of jobs and ignored their interests.c) The relationship between Sinhala and Tamils strained over time.

How the Tamil community of Sri Lanka reacted to the Majoritarian rule?1. Sri Lankan Tamils launched parties and struggles.2. They asked for recognition of Tamil as an official language.3. They wanted regional autonomy and demanded a separate state for Tamils in

Northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka4. They demanded the equality of opportunities in government jobs and education.

Result: a) The distrust between 2 communities turned into a widespread conflict.b) It soon turned into a civil war resulting in death of many people of both the

communities.c) Many families were forced to leave their country as refugees and many more

lost their livelihood.d) The civil war was a terrible attack to social, cultural and economic life of the

country.

CASE STUDY-BELGIUM

Q. What were the causes of the ethnic struggle in Belgium?

Belgium is a small country in Europe sharing its borders with Dutch, France and Germany. It has a population a little over 10 million and ethnic composition of the country is complex.I. Of Belgium’s total population, 59% live in Flemish region and speak the Dutch language.Another 40% live in Wallonia region and speak French. Remaining 1% of Belgians speak German.

II. In the capital city of Brussels, 80% speak French while 20% are Dutch speaking.III. The minority French speaking community is relatively rich and powerful so the majorityDutch community showed resentment against it. This led to tension between the Dutch and French speaking communities in 1950s-1960s.IV. The conflict between the Dutch speaking and French speaking was more severe in Brussels because here, the Dutch speaking people were majority in Belgium but a minority in Brussels. Therefore, the ethnic struggle in Belgium originated from tensions between Dutch and French community in Belgium.

METHODS ADOPTED BY BELGIUM LEADERS TO SOLVE THE ETHNIC CONFLICT:

Q. What were the methods adopted by the Belgium leaders to resolve the ethnic conflict in Belgium? Between 1970-1993, the constitution was amended 4 times so as to work out an arrangement which would satisfy everybody. Following steps were taken:I. Equal number of ministers from both the groups-so that no single community can take decisions unilaterally.II. More powers to state govt.-under the new power sharing arrangement, many powers of central govt. were given to state govt. for 2 regions of the country.III. Equal representation at state and central level-a separate govt. was set up at Brussels where both communities had equal representation.IV. Formation of community govt.-apart from central and state govt., a third form of govt. was to be introduced which was elected by people belonging to 1 community i.e. Dutch, French and German and no matter this govt. would have power to discuss cultural , cultural and language related issues.