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ST 304 THE LIVING WORLDChapter 6 Course Notes

CHAPTER 6The Importance of Nutrition

(pp. 160-197)

Nutrition isn’t just about food. It covers all the processes involved in the

______________________, _____________ and _________________________ of substances

needed to keep out bodies in good working order.

The three (3) major systems that come into play in the process of nutrition are:

The __________________________ system: To take in ____________________ in

order to use (burn) the nutrients we eat.

The __________________________ system: To ________________________ nutrients

and oxygen to our ________________.

The _______________________ system: To ___________________ the blood and

eliminate ____________________ in liquid form.

1 Food and It’s Use by the Body (p. 160-172)

Human beings must eat food and drink __________________ regularly to stay _____________.

FOOD is any substance that is ___________________

and ____________________ life.

(Examples: meat, _______________, nuts,

_______________ products, ______________,

and vegetables)

1.1 NUTRIENTS IN FOOD (p. 161-166)

A NUTRIENT is a substance found in ________________ that is used by the ____________

to meet important ________________. There are ______ types of nutrients:

_______________________

______________________________

_________________

____________________

________________________

________________________

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NUTRIENT Description Function SourcesProteins Large molecules made up of

long chains of

_____________ _________

________________

and

_________________

cells and tissues

Provide

_______________

Dairy products _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ Tofu

Carbohydrates______________________

(single sugars: glucose)

______________________

(double sugars: lactose)

______________________

(complex sugars: starch)

The body’s main

source of

__________________

_

Fruit Candy and dessert ____________ and

pop _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ Legumes (beans)

Fats (Lipids) ______________ acids and

___________________ (ex.

cholesterol)

__________________

_ & provide

__________________

_

Building blocks of

__________________

_ and cell

__________________

_

Dairy products

_______________

_______________

Fatty __________

_______________

_______________

WaterH2O – makes up _______%

of human body weight

Transports

______________

and

_________________

Regulates body

__________________

(oC)

Essential in many

_______________

_______________

_______________

_______________

Coffee and tea

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chemical __________

Vitamins Substances required in

______________ amounts

Ex. A, B1, B2, C, D

Help with

metabolism

Fight off infections

Repair damaged

tissue

Important chemical

rxns

________________

________________

Dairy products (D)

Whole __________

______________

Minerals Elements (ex. Ca, P, K) that

make up ______% of body

weight. Must be ingested

daily.

Build ______________

Maintain ___________

Muscle contraction

Transporting ________

Dairy, _____________,

seafood and

_________________,

fruits and veggies.

THE ENERGY VALUE OF FOODEating is both a pleasure and a need, but we must ______________________ the energy we

_____________ from food and drink with the energy we __________________ carrying out our

daily activities.

Energy RequirementsThe energy required for a human to undertake all of its daily activities depends on many factors,

such as:

______________

______________

__________________

Level of physical

__________________

State of __________________

Adolescent girl Adolescent boy

______________ to ______________ Cal

______________ to ______________ kJ

______________ to ______________ Cal

______________ to ______________ kJ

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1 Calorie (Cal) = ______________ J or ______ kJ

What do we need energy for?

To maintain our body temperature at ________oC, to breathe, to maintain our ______________

rate, to run, talk and even ________________!

Energy ValueBecause we constantly use energy, we need to replace it regularly. We get the energy we need

from several sources:

__________________________and ___________ are the body’s major source of energy.

____________________ may be used if there aren’t enough carbs and fats or if there is

too ______________ protein in the body.

Water, vitamins and minerals are ___________ sources of energy.

Table 2: AVERAGE ENERGY CONTENT IN NUTRIENTS

Nutrient Energy ContentkJ/g Cal/g

Carbohydrates

Fats

Proteins

Water

Vitamins

Minerals

Why is dietary fibre so important?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

What types of foods contain dietary fibre?

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______________________________________________________________________________

Nutrition factsNutrition Facts labels on food packaging contain the following information:

Amount of ___________________ in Calories (or kJ)

__________________ content

The percentage of the Recommended Daily Intake (_________) for each

____________________ (in the % Daily Value column)

The label on the right is from a box of Oreo™ cookies.

THE FOOD GROUPSAs indicated in Canada’s Food Guide, most of the food we eat can be

classified

into ______ food groups. We should eat a ___________________ of foods from the ______

food groups every day.

Table 3: RECOMMENDATIONS FROM CANADA’S FOOD GUIDE FOR 14-18 YEAR OLDSFood Groups Number of

servings per dayServings Other

recommendationsFemales Males

Veggies & Fruit

Grain products

Milk & alternatives

(e.g. Yogurt, cheese, soy beverages)

Meat &

alternatives

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(e.g. eggs, beans, tofu)

1.2 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (p. 167-172)

The role of the digestive system is to _________________ _______________ ingested food into

______________________ that are small enough to be _____________________ by the body.

It also _____________________ undigested food from the body in the form of ______________

waste.

ANATOMY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

The digestive system is divided into ________ parts:

THE DIGESTIVE _____________________ THE DIGESTIVE _____________________The passageway for ingested food through the

body.

Produce chemical secretions

(___________________) that are needed to

__________________ food.

Mouth

_______________________

_______________________

Stomach

Small ______________________

Large ______________________ (which

ends with the rectum and anus)

___________________ glands

___________________ glands

(located in ___________________)

__________________

Gallbladder (stores fluids from the

______________ until they are

released into the digestive tract)

_______________________

_______________________ glands

(in small intestine)

The digestion of food involves the following four (4) functions:

1. _____________________ and _________________________ of food along the DT

2. _____________________ of food

3. ______________________ of nutrients

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4. ______________________ of __________________ matter (a.k.a. poo)

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (p. 167)

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INGESTION AND PROPULSION OF FOOD ALONG THE DIGESTIVE TRACT (p. 168)

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Ingestion is the act of taking in substances through the ___________________.

Two mechanisms then ___________________ the substances along the digestive tract.

1. ___________________________ or swallowing

2. ___________________________: muscular _________________________ of the

esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines that ________________ substances

__________________ the digestive tract.

When we swallow, the ______________________ closes the trachea (air tube to lungs), and the

___________________ closes the nasal cavity. This prevents food from going into your lungs

and prevents you from choking. Food goes into the _______________________ instead.

DIGESTION

DIGESTION involves the __________________________ of food into

_________________ that can be _______________ by the body.

Food undergoes two types of transformation in the digestive process:

1. _________________________ transformation

2. _________________________ transformation

Mechanical Transformation (p. 169)

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MECHANICAL TRANSFORMATION consist of ______________________

breaking down food into _____________________ substances in preparation for

______________________ transformation.

There are two processes involved in mechanical transformation:

1. ________________________: crushing and grinding food using the _______________

and ___________________ in the mouth.

2. ________________________: muscle contractions which mix food with digestive

enzymes from ____________________. Takes place mainly in the _________________

and small _______________________.

Chemical Transformation (p. 170)

CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION in the digestive tract breaks down the

____________________ molecules into __________________ molecules with the help

of secretions (enzymes) from the digestive ____________________.

DIGESTIVE GLANDS AND SECRETIONSDigestive glands

Secretions Location Targets

Salivary glands

Gastric glands

Intestinal glands

Pancreas

Liver

The digestion of food ends in the _________________ intestine. When the nutrients are broken

down into their _____________________ components they can pass through the ____________

of the digestive tract and be _______________ by the body.

Carbohydrates simple __________________ (mainly glucose)

Proteins __________________ ________________

Fats fatty _______________ and __________________

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ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS (p. 171)

ABSORPTION is the passage of ___________________ from the _________________

tract into the __________________ or lymph.

Most food absorption occurs in the

_______________ intestine which has many

folds called _________________. Each

_________________ contains blood and

lymphatic _____________ that allow

___________________ to flow into the body.

THE ELIMINATION OF FECAL MATTER (p.171)

Nutrient depleted digestive residue enters the ________________ intestine in _______________

form. It’s here that most of the ________________ is removed and enters the _______________

in solid form. The _______________ are expelled from the _______________ through the

________________.

SUMMARY

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2 Respiration (p. 172-176)

Humans not only have to eat, they also have to breathe _________________. Without

__________________, our cells would not be able to get the ________________ they need from

nutrients.

The reaction between nutrients and oxygen is called _________________ _________________.

NUTRIENTS + OXYGEN __________________ + __________________ + _____________

The carbon dioxide (CO2) formed during cellular respiration is a ________________ product

that must be eliminated from the body. This happens when we ____________________.

Breathing allows _________________ to enter the body and __________ to leave.

The respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of _______ and _______ between

the body and the outside world.

2.1 THE RESIPIRATORY SYSTEM (p. 173-175)The respiratory system can be divided into two (2) parts:

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1. The respiratory tract

________________________________

__________________

__________________

__________________

__________________ (that branch into _______________________)

2. The __________________

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Structure Description FunctionNasal passages Open to the outside through the

_________________ and end at the

_________________

___________________ air with

hairs that coat lining

______________ and moistens

air with ________________

Pharynx (throat) Passageway between the _________________

and ______________________ tracts

Carries air toward ___________

and food toward ____________

Larynx Upper part of __________________

Made of ______________________

Contains vocal _________________

Carries ____________

Produces _______________

(voice)

Trachea _______ cm long

Made of rings of ___________________

Located in front of ______________________

Filters and _________________

air with ________________

(tiny hairs)

Warms and ________________

air with _________________

Bronchi Branch off the __________________

Made of rings of ____________________ Carries air into ______________

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Branch into _______________________

(inside lungs)

Lungs Spongy, elastic organs

Located on either side of _______________

Enclosed in rib ________________

Composed of millions of _________________

(air sacs)

Ensures gas ________________ between body and outside worldO2 ______

CO2 ______

RESPIRATIONThe goal of respiration is to _______________ O2 from the air and ______________ CO2.

Air is a mix of gases. Gases __________________ to fill their container. As the volume of the lungs increases, the pressure inside __________________ and vice

versa. Air flows from an area of ___________ pressure to an area of _________ pressure.

Two structures that play an important role in the mechanics of respiration are:

1. The ________________________ muscles (between the ribs)

2. The _______________________ :muscle that separates rib cage from abdomen

2.2 GAS EXCHANGE WITHIN THE LUNGS (p. 175-176)

Gas exchange takes place in the _________________ of the lungs.

___________________ are miniature cavities filled with air that make up most of the lungs.

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Each one is surrounded by tiny blood vessels called _______________________.

Gas exchange occurs by _______________________ between air in the ______________________ alveoli and the _________________ circulating in the capillaries surrounding them.

When blood reaches the pulmonary

alveoli, it is __________ in O2 and

__________ in CO2, so CO2 diffuses

from the _____________ into the

________________.

The air in the alveoli is __________

in O2 and ___________ in CO2, so

O2 diffuses from the _____________

to the ________________.

3 Blood and Lymph Circulation (p. 177-190)

Blood carries _________________ and __________________ throughout the body to

____________________ the cells, and also removes _________________ products (ex. CO2)

produced by cells.

3.1 BLOOD CONSTITUENTS (p. 177-178)

Blood is the only __________________ tissue in the body.

The average man has ____-____ L of blood, while the average woman has ____-____ L.

Blood cells are called _______________ ______________________ (make up _____%)

The liquid part of blood is called ___________________ (makes up ______%).

Blood can separated by __________________________.

BLOOD CONSTITUENTS

Liquid element Description Functions

_______________________

Yellowish liquid made up of

90% __________________

Transportation of

______________________

______________________

______________________

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______________________

______________________

_______________________(4-6 billion)

Red-coloured biconcave-

shaped cells that have no

_________________ and

few _________________

Transport ______ with the

help of __________________

Transport _______

_______________________(4-11 million)

Transparent cells Provide ________________ and

defence against ______________

_______________________(150-400 million)

Irregular _______________

from large cells in the

___________ marrow.

Help in the blood

__________________ process

3.2 BLOOD TYPES AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS (p. 178-182)There are 4 blood types: _____, _____, _____ & _____ and they are distinguished from one another by the presence or absence of the following three substances:

Antigen ______

Antigen ______

_______________ (Rh) factor

Examples:

Someone who is A+ has Antigen _____ and the Rh factor on their RBCs and carry _____

antibodies (A.K.A. ____________________)

Someone who is AB- has both antigens _____ and _____ on their RBC and carry ______

antibodies.

Someone who is O+ has the ______ factor on their RBCs, no ______ or _____ antigens

on their RBCs, but carries both _____ and _____ antibodies (agglutinins).

BLOOD TYPESBlood Type A+ A- B+ B- AB+ AB- O+ O-

A n ti A

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Agglutinogens


gen

pres

ent

on

RBCs

BRh

Illustration of RBC

BLOOD COMPATIBILITY means that one person __________ receive blood from another person.

BLOOD COMPATIBILITY CHART (from Héma-Québec)

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http://www.hema-quebec.qc.ca

BLOOD TRANSFUSIONSPeople require blood transfusions when:

They have certain blood diseases They lose blood (injury or surgery)

The primary rule governing blood transfusions is:

The donor’s RBC membranes must NOT carry any __________________ that __________________ from those on the RBC membranes of the recipient.


People with blood type _______ can donate blood to anybody. They are known as

______________________ __________________.

People with blood types _______ can receive blood from anybody. They are known as

______________________ _____________________.

3.3 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (p. 182-186)

The cardiovascular system is the transportation __________________ used by the _________. It includes the:

_____________________

___________________ vessels

____________________

BLOOD VESSELSThe body’s blood vessels form a __________________ circuit in which blood circulates.

Blood vessels are divided into three (3) categories:

1. _______________________

2. _______________________

3. ____________________

Arteries An ARTERY is a blood _________________ that carries blood from the

_______________ to other parts of the _______________.

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What would happen if a person with A- blood received a transfusion of B+ blood?

The Anti-B and Anti-Rh antibodies (__________________)

in the recipient would attack the ______ and

______antigens (______________________) on the

donor blood and cause is to clump

(_______________________________) which will

____________ the blood vessels and potentially

____________ the recipient.

Vessels containing oxygen-rich blood (O2)

Vessels containing carbon dioxide-rich blood (CO2) or oxygen _________


__________________ blood vessels in the body

__________________ walls

Carry ____________- pressure O2 ________ blood

(except _____________________ artery)

Capillaries

A CAPILLARY is a blood vessel with a _______________ diameter and very ________

walls in which exchanges of _______________, _______, _______, and other substances

occur between the ________________ and the cells of _____________.

Arteries _____________________ (smaller arteries) ____________________ (smallest

blood vessels)

Veins

A VEIN is a blood vessel that carries blood ____________ to the _______________.

carries O2 __________ __________ pressure blood (except _____________ vein)

_______________ keep blood from flowing backwards

___________________ contractions (______________ muscle)

THE HEART

the _______________ of the cardiovascular system

Size of a ____________

Located in the _________________ cage between the _______________

A hallow __________________ with ______ chambers (cavities)

1. Right ________________

2. Right __________________

3. Left ________________

4. Left ___________________

Blood between the right and left side of the heart do ________ mix. They are separated by the

_________________.

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The function of the heart For blood to enter the heart (atria), it must be

at_________ with the muscles _________________.

This filling phase is called ___________________.

For blood to move from the atria to the ventricles,


CIRCULATION ROUTES

The heart works like a ________________ pump, pumping blood out of each ___________

along _____ different routes:

1. _______________________ circulation (right side of heart, CO2 _________, O2 ______)

2. _______________________ circulation (left side of heart, O2 _________, CO2 _______)

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The function of the heart For blood to enter the heart (atria), it must be

at_________ with the muscles _________________.

This filling phase is called ___________________.

For blood to move from the atria to the ventricles,

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Pulmonary circulation (right side of ) Systemic circulation (left side of ) Circulates through _______________ _______________ route Blood is rich in _________ Blood leaves the rt. ventricle through the

pulmonary ______________ and goes to the ___________________ in the _______________

Sheds _________, picks up ________ Returns to heart via left _____________ through

the pulmonary ____________________

Circulates through _______________ _______________ route Blood is rich in _________ Blood leaves the lt. ventricle through the

______________ (the mother of all arteries) Splits into _________________ and then

_____________________ in the organs Sheds _________, nutrients, etc. and picks up

________ and other waste Returns to heart via right _____________ through

the ______________ cavas

3.4 THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM (p. 187-190)Exchanges of gases, nutrients, hormones, etc. do NOT occur directly between the blood and the

organ cells. They take place in the liquid that surrounds our cells, called ___________________

fluid.

EXTRACELLULAR FLUID

EXTRACELLULAR FLUID is a _____________ liquid that surrounds our cells and

contains ________________ and other substances from blood _____________. It also

contains ______________ blood cells.

Capillaries constantly __________ water and other substances from blood _______________

through ______________ in their membranes ( _____ L/day!).

White blood cells also leave the capillaries using _______________________.

LYMPH AND LYMPHATIC CIRCULATION (p. 187-188)

LYMPH is the ________________ derived from _______________________ fluid as it

circulates inside ____________________ vessels to evacuate cell _______________.

So that they don’t die, cells expel their

________________ products into

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___________________ fluid which is returned to

the _______________ by the lymphatic system.

The blood transports the __________________ to

various organs that ________________ them from

the body.

Since the lymphatic system has no pump, it relies

on __________________ contractions to keep the

lymph _________________.

IN DEFENCE OF OUR BODIES (p. 188-190)The human body treats ________________ and _________________ as “invaders”.

They can be found in _______________________ fluid, __________________ or blood,

all of which contain ________________ blood cells (the body’s

“____________________”).

Lymph travels through lymph _______________ situated at various locations around the

body (ex. neck, arm pits, pelvis).

Lymph _______________ contain high concentrations of ________________ blood

cells battleground for fighting infections.

White blood cells defend the body in two (2) ways:

1. Ingesting and destroying invaders by ______________________________

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2. Neutralizing invaders by secreting _______________________

1. Antibodies recognize __________________ on invaders (ex. bacteria and viruses)

2. Antibodies attached themselves to the ___________________ thereby

________________________ them and preventing them from ____________________

or attacking other cells.

3. The invader is then ___________________________.

An ANTIBODY is a substance secreted by _____________ blood cells to

_____________________ invaders.

An ANTIGEN is a substance recognized as ___________________ by the body and

triggers the WBCs to produce __________________________.

Antibodies have two (2) characteristics:

1. They are _____________________ to a certain antigen (ex. chicken pox virus)

2. They provide ______________________ from disease for years or for life (ex. measles

and Hepatitis B).

Complete p. 113-114 in your Activity Book.

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http://www.slideshare.net/ms_yam/y8-humans-11-immunity


4 The Elimination of Waste (p. 190-191)

Waste products are eliminated from the body by ________________________.

The elimination of waste is carried out mainly by:

__________________

___________________

________________ glands

If these organs can’t do their jobs, you will die in minutes or days.

THE SWEAT GLANDS

We have approx. __________________________ sweat glands on the surface of our skin.

Sweating (or __________________________) is a mechanism which helps maintain our

body ___________________ in hot weather or when we _________________ ourselves (ex.

exercise).

Sweat is composed of _________________ and other ________________ materials from the

blood (ex. salts).

4.1 THE URINARY SYSTEM (p. 191-192)The urinary system includes the:

_________________________

_________________________

_________________________

_________________________

THE URINARY SYSTEM

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Structures of the urinary system Description Functions

_____ reddish bean-shaped organs

_________________ waste and maintain blood ________________ by producing _____________ (excess water, toxic products - _________)

_____ tubes that link the kidney to the _____________

___________________ urine to the bladder

BladderPear-shaped ______________ with elastic walls

_________________ urine (up to ______ L)

3-4 cm long channel (women) 20 cm long channel (men)

_________________ urine ______________ the body

4.2 THE COMPOSITION OF URINE (p. 192-193)

Kidneys are the organs that ________________ blood.

_______________ is the main waste product from blood. It is created when cells use

_______________ to produce energy and ______________ acids are oxidized according to the

following equation:

______________ acids + oxygen → energy + water + _____________

The kidneys also keep the blood in balance by:

Stabilizing the amount of _______________ in the blood

Keeping the _________________ concentration constant

Urine is made up of the following components:

___________________ (95%)

_______________ (2.5%) and other waste

___________________

Substances that are in ________________ in the blood

It may also contain:

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_________________, __________________, fats andor _______________ (Go see a

doctor!)

Traces of _______________________ or drugs. (Ex. Athletes’ urine is sometimes tested

to check for doping products.)

If the concentration of minerals is too low (ex. you drank too much water), the kidneys excrete

___________ water.

If the concentration of minerals is too high (ex. you ate a lot of chips), the kidneys excrete

___________ water and you feel ________________.

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END OF CHAPTER 6 NOTES

Complete p. 116-120 in your Activity Book and questions #1-20 on p.194-197 in your textbook.

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