Forensic Genetics• Establishing paternity• Examination of physical evidenceide• Intification tests• Genealogical research

The law on Determining paternityThere are three ways of determining paternity:

presumed origin of the child from the mother's husband - applies to children born in marriage,

recognition of a child by his father, determination of paternity by the court.

In what circumstances it is assumed that the child comes from the mother's husband?• If the child was born during the marriage or within 300 days of its termination or invalidation,

it is assumed that the mother's husband is the father of the child.• In which circumstances a person can request judicial determination of paternity, who and

what time may request the court to establish paternity?• Fatherhood can be asserted by the court, when the father did not declared paternity

voluntarily. Establishing the paternity by court can be proceeded after request from either the child, his mother, as well as the prosecutor. The mother may claim paternity only until the child reaches adulthood. When the child reaches the age of maturity – it is the only person who may require to establish paternity.

• The law on paternity - Establishing paternity and giving the child a father's name. Law of. 25 February 1964.Family and Guardianship Code (Dz. U. of 1964. No. 9, pos. 59, as amended. D.)

• The amendment to the Code of the Family of 6 November 2008 (Dz.U.2008.220.1431), which entered into force on 13 June 2009., Introduced in "The origin of the child" a number of significant changes. This chapter is divided into two sections, "motherhood" and "fatherhood”.

The law on paternity• The emergence of the first forced undoubtedly the rapid progress of medicine and genetics,

as well as the increasingly frequent occurrence in Poland phenomenon of "surrogate mothers".

• The factor that accelerated the amendment was the growing number of DNA tests, which, with almost one hundred percent certainty, exclude or confirm the paternity.

• Quite significant changes were made to the institution denial of paternity. Father can still sue over six months from the date on which he learned of the child's birth by his wife, but with the change that, not later than till achieving the adulthood by the child. (art. 63)

BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL FOR DNA –besed Testing

• BLOOD• SEMEN• SALIVA• URINE• HAIR

• TISSUE• BONES

Collection of biological material for disputed paternity testing Blood collection Swab - epithelial cells from the inside of the cheek

How to protect the material Commercial packages such FTA Card Blood stain on the paper for example. Whatman paper Swabs

The most common preanalitical error is the conversion of samples.Blotting with the protected stain of blood must at first be clearly described and personal data read out loud.It is unacceptable to describe the samples in the stand after having colected them, especially from several people.Each type of material is considered infectious and must be treated as a potential source of infection.During material collection a single-use equipment is utilized to protect against contamination. The tube with material is marked in accordance with the order. The order should include: date of collecting the material; client personal data; case number; signature of the person collecting material

Disputed Paternity Testing• The standard test for paternity - confirmation or exclusion of paternity• It must be sure - at least 16 STR markers are being tested including gender marker. Statistical

analysis is performed (probability of paternity of 99.9999% minimum)• Final opinion of DNA-based testing on determining paternity testing is formulated based on the

results (STR test commercial - Identyfiler)Stages of Disputed Paternity Testing

1. DNA EXTRACTION : eg. Utilising Chelex 1002. Setting up the multiplex amplification reaction – several pairs of primers3. Capillary Electrophoresis - ABI PRISM 310. 4. Analysis of the PCR products – Computer program

PCR• A technique which was invented in 1983 by Kary Mullis.• Polymerase chain reaction is a reaction for the amplification the DNA fragment in vitro. • It enables to synthesize millions of copies of each genomic DNA sequence in less than a few

hours.The reaction takes place periodically and typically contains 30 repetitionsSetting-up the reactionFluorescent dye marked primers: 6FAM, VIC, NED, ROX2. Polymerase3. Buffer4. DNA template5. dNTPs

STR Markers - DNA fragments of different lengths occuring in non-coding regionsNumber of consecutive repetitions of repetitive unit determines the individual variabilitySet of STR type 13 loci CODIS Combined DNA Index SystemKiTS Made by Applied Biosystems - STR

Name STRs type

AmpFlSTR Blue D3S1358, VWA, FGA

AmpFlSTR Green I Amelogenin, TH01, TPOX, CSF1PO

AmpFlSTR COfiler D3S1358, D16S539, Amelogenin, TH01, TPOX, CSF1PO, D7S820

AmpFlSTR Profiler Plus D3S1358, VWA, FGA, Amelogenin, D8S1179, D21S11, D18S51, D5S818, D13S317, D7S820

AmpFlSTR Profiler Plus ID D3S1358, VWA, FGA, Amelogenin, D8S1179, D21S11, D18S51, D5S818, D13S317, D7S820 (extra unlabeled D8-R primer)

AmpFlSTR Profiler D3S1358, VWA, FGA, Amelogenin, TH01, TPOX, CSF1PO, D5S818, D13S317, D7S820

AmpFlSTR SGM PlusD3S1358, VWA, D16S539, D2S1338, Amelogenin, D8S1179, D21S11, D18S51, D19S433, TH01, FGA

AmpFlSTR SEfilerFGA, TH01, VWA, D3S1358, D8S1179, D16S539, D18S51, D21S11, D2S1338, D19S433, SE33, amelogenin

AmpFlSTR IdentifilerCSF1PO, FGA, TPOX, TH01, VWA, D3S1358, D5S818, D7S820, D8S1179, D13S317, D16S539, D18S51, D21S11, D2S1338, D19S433, amelogenin

Expertise Expertise of DNA tests must be prepared in write form - formulated in accordance with

established rules in force in the field of forensic DNA testing. The opinion contains:

methodology, results named according to the international nomenclature, eligible, clearly formulated conclusions.

Opinion is send to the court and prosecutor's office, The standard review done within 7 days

Sample