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8.1 Chemical analysis Low demand – Questions

Q1.Tablets to cure indigestion contain a mixture that has been designed as a useful product.

(a) Complete the sentence.

Choose the answer from the box.

catalyst formulation hydrocarbon solvent

Tablets to cure indigestion are an example of a ____________________ .(1)

The table shows the substances in one tablet.

Substance Mass in mg

Sodium hydrogencarbonate 64

Calcium carbonate 522

Magnesium carbonate 68

(b) The total mass of these substances in the tablet is 654 mg

What is the approximate fraction of magnesium carbonate in the total mass of these substances?

Tick one box.

(1)

(c) The tablets also contain sugar.

Suggest why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(1)

(d) Sodium hydrogencarbonate cures indigestion by reacting with acid in the stomach.

What type of reaction is this?

Tick one box.

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Combustion

Displacement

Neutralisation

(1)

A student adds an indigestion tablet to dilute hydrochloric acid.

(e) The gas produced is bubbled through limewater.

The gas turns the limewater milky.

Name the gas produced.

___________________________________________________________________(1)

(f) Water is also produced.

Which two statements are reasons why water is a liquid at room temperature?

Tick two boxes.

Water has a boiling point of 100 °C

Water has a gaint covalent structure

Water has a melting point lower than room temperature

Water has delocalised electrons

Water is made of ions

(2)

(g) Calcium chloride is also produced.

• The formula for a calcium ion is Ca2+

• The formula for a chloride ion is Cl–

What is the formula of calcium chloride?

Tick one box.

CaCl Ca2Cl CaCl2 Ca2Cl2

(1)

(h) The tablets are stored in glass bottles.

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The flow chart shows part of a flowchart for recycling glass.

Complete the flow chart.

Choose the answers from the box.

crushed electrolysed frozen melted oxidised

(2)(Total 10 marks)

Q2.The apparatus in the figure below is used to separate a mixture of liquids in a fuel.

(a) What is apparatus W on above the figure above?

Tick one box.

Beaker

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Boiling Tube

Flask

Jug

(1)

(b) What is the name of this method of separation?

Tick one box.

Crystallisation

Electrolysis

Filtration

Distillation

(1)

(c) Name the changes of state taking place at A and B in the figure above.

Use words from the box.

boiling condensing freezing melting

Change of state at A: _________________________________________________

Change of state at B: _________________________________________________(2)

(d) Table 1 shows the boiling points of the hydrocarbons in the fuel.

Table 1

Hydrocarbon Boiling pointin °C

Pentane 36

Hexane 69

Heptane 98

Octane 125

Which hydrocarbon will be the last to collect in the beaker?

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Tick one box.

Pentane

Hexane

Heptane

Octane

(1)

(e) The fuel is a mixture of liquids that has been designed as a useful product.

What name is given to this type of mixture?

Tick one box.

Catalyst

Formulation

Polymer

Solvent

(1)

(f) Describe how this fuel is different from crude oil.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(2)

(g) A student measured the melting point of a solid hydrocarbon four times.

The student’s results are in Table 2.

Table 2

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4

Melting 35 48 37 37

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point in °C

Calculate the mean melting point of the hydrocarbon, leaving out any anomalous result.

Give your answer to two significant figures.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Mean melting point = __________________ °C(2)

(Total 10 marks)

Q3.Figure 1 shows how ethanol is made from plants and from crude oil.

(a) What is the name of the reaction to produce ethanol from sugar?

Tick (✔) one box.

fermentation

polymerisation

reduction

(1)

(b) A student made ethanol from sugar.

Figure 2 shows the apparatus used.

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(i) What change is seen in the limewater?

Give a reason for your answer.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(2)

(ii) The student wanted to separate the solid yeast from the solution.

Figure 3 shows the apparatus used.

What is missing from the apparatus in Figure 3?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(1)

(Total 4 marks)

Q4.Carbon dioxide is produced when metal carbonates are heated.

(a) (i) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the word equation.

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(1)

(ii) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.

The reaction to produce carbon dioxide from magnesium

combustion.

carbonate is decomposition.

fermentation.

(1)

(b) A student investigated what happens when metal carbonates are heated.

The student:

• used the apparatus to investigate heating four metal carbonates

• started the stop clock at the same time as he began to heat the metal carbonate

• stopped the stop clock when carbon dioxide was produced.

The student’s results are shown in the table.

Metal carbonate Time taken for the production of carbondioxide to start in seconds

Calcium carbonate 163

Copper carbonate 24

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Magnesium carbonate 92

Zinc carbonate 67

(i) Tick ( ) the type of graph the student should draw from these results.

Type of graph Tick ( )

Bar chart

Line graph

Scatter graph

(1)

(ii) Use the Chemistry Data Sheet to help you to answer this question.

Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.

less

The more reactive the metal in the carbonate the more time is

same

taken for the production of carbon dioxide to start.(1)

(iii) How did the student know that carbon dioxide was produced?

Use the diagram of the apparatus to help you to answer this question.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(2)

(Total 6 marks)

Q5.Human stomachs contain hydrochloric acid.Stomach ache can be caused by too much acid in the stomach.Indigestion tablets can be used to reduce the amount of acid in the stomach.

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(a) The graph shows how the volume of carbon dioxide produced changes with time, after some calcium carbonate is added to hydrochloric acid.

(i) Complete the sentence to explain what happens between Oand P.

Between O and P the calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid _________(1)

(ii) Complete the sentence to explain what happens at P.

At P the calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid __________________

because __________________________________________________(2)

(iii) Describe the test for carbon dioxide gas.

Test ____________________________________________________

Result of the test __________________________________________(2)

(b) Calcium carbonate is found in limestone.Limestone is removed from the ground by quarrying.

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Photograph supplied by Stockbyte/Thinkstock

Tick ( ) one advantage and tick ( ) one disadvantage of quarrying limestone.

Statement AdvantageTick ( )

DisadvantageTick ( )

Quarrying limestone destroys the shells and skeletons of marine organisms that formed the limestone.

Quarrying limestone releases dust, and lorries release carbon dioxide from burning diesel fuel.

Quarrying limestone provides building materials, employment and new road links.

Quarrying limestone removes ores from the ground.

(2)(Total 7 marks)

Q6.Race horses may be given drugs to improve their perfomance in races.

This is illegal in the UK.

After races, urine samples are collected from the horses.

These samples are tested for drugs.

Chromatography is one of the tests used to identify drugs in urine.

The diagram shows a chromatogram.

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(a) How do we know that sample 1 was a pure sample of caffeine?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(1)

(b) Calculate the Rf value for cocaine.

Give your answer to 2 significant figures.

Use information from the diagram.

Use the equation:

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Rf value of cocaine = ____________________(4)

(c) Give three conclusions about the urine sample from the horse.

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Use information from the diagram.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(3)

(Total 8 marks)

Q7.Colours are used to coat some chocolate sweets.

Some of these colours are given E-numbers.

(a) Use the correct word from the box to complete the sentence.

additive element fuel

An E-number is used to identify a permitted food ____________________________(1)

(b) Chromatography was used to compare three of the colours used to coat the chocolate sweets.

What do these results tell you about these three colours?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

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___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(3)

(Total 4 marks)

Q8.An article began:

Ban yellow additivesQuinoline yellow (E104) is suspected of causing hyperactivity, asthma and rashes in children.

(a) A student tested a food to find out if it contained quinoline yellow (E104).The student’s results are shown below.

(i) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.

chromatography.

This method of detecting and identifying colours is called distillation.

electrolysis.

(1)

(ii) Using the student’s results, how many different colours are in the food? ___(1)

(iii) Using the student’s results, how can you tell that the food does not contain quinoline yellow (E104)?

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______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(1)

(b) Quinoline yellow (E104) is used in foods such as sweets, drinks and ice cream.

(i) Give one reason why quinoline yellow (E104) is added to foods.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(1)

(ii) Suggest what should be done to decide if quinoline yellow (E104) should be banned.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(1)

(Total 5 marks)

Q9.A student used paper chromatography to investigate the colours in different inks.

Figure 1 shows the apparatus the student used.

Figure 1

(a) The student made two mistakes in setting up the apparatus.

Identify the two mistakes.

Describe the problem each mistake would cause.

Mistake 1 __________________________________________________________

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Problem __________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Mistake 2 __________________________________________________________

Problem __________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(4)

(b) The student then set up the apparatus without making any mistakes.

Figure 2 shows his results.

Figure 2

What colours are in the black ink?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(1)

(c) Which of the inks is the most soluble in the solvent?

Give a reason for your answer.

Ink _____________________________________________________________

Reason ___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(2)

(d) Use Figure 2 to complete the table below, then calculate the Rf value for red ink.

Distance in mm

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Distance moved by red ink ________________________

Distance from start line to solvent front ________________________

The Rf value for red ink is calculated using the equation.

Rf =

Give your answer to two significant figures.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Rf value = _____________________________(5)

(e) How can you tell from Figure 2 that the Rf value for the blue ink is greater than the Rf value for the red ink?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(1)

(Total 13 marks)

Q10. Chromatography was carried out on a sample of soft drinks to check that they contained only colours that were safe. This is the result.

Safe colours Colours from the soft drinks

What conclusions about the safety of the colours in the soft drinks A, B, C and D can be made from the results shown by chromatography?

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

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(Total 2 marks)

Q11.This is part of an article about food additives.

THE PERIL OF FOOD ADDITIVESSome orange drinks contain the additives E102 (Tartrazine),E104 (Quinoline Yellow) and E110 (Sunset Yellow).These three additives are thought to cause hyperactivity in children.

(a) Tick ( ) two reasons why a manufacturer of orange drinks uses these additives.

Reason Tick ( )

to make the drink healthier

to improve the appearance of the drink

because they are permitted colours

because they are expensive

(2)

(b) A scientist tested an orange drink to find out if it contained these additives.The result of the test is shown.

(i) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.

chromatography.

The test that the scientist did is called cracking.

distillation.

(1)

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(ii) How many coloured additives are there in the orange drink? _____________(1)

(iii) The scientist concluded that the orange drink contained only one of the additives E102, E104 and E110.

Explain why.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(2)

(Total 6 marks)

Q12. The result of a process used to detect and identify the colours in two foods, A and B, is shown.

(i) Describe the differences between the colours used in food A and food B.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(2)

(ii) Tick ( ) the name of the process used to detect and identify colours in food.

Process ( )

chromatography

extraction

hardening

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(1)(Total 3 marks)

Q13.The diagram shows an outline of the periodic table.

Choose your answers only from the letters shown on the table above.

The periodic table on the Data Sheet may help you to answer this question.

Which element, A to F:

(a) is in Group 3;

___________________(1)

(b) is a metal which floats on water and reacts violently to make an alkaline solution and hydrogen gas;

____________________(1)

(c) is a gas which burns with a squeaky pop?

____________________(1)

(Total 3 marks)

Q14.The gases produced when coal burns are cooled by ice and then bubbled through limewater.

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(a) Complete these sentences.

(i) The coal is reacting with ________________________ when it burns.

(ii) During burning, elements in the coal are converted to compounds

called ______________________________.(2)

(b) Choose words from this list to complete the sentences.

carbon carbon dioxide sulphur sulphur dioxide

sodium water

(i) Liquid X is a compound made from hydrogen and oxygen.

It is called _____________________________________________________

(ii) Sulphur dioxide is an acidic gas. It is given off when coal burns, because coal

contains the element _____________________________________________

(iii) Most fuels are compounds of hydrogen and __________________________(3)

(c) Burning coal is an exothermic reaction.

Explain what “exothermic” means.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(1)

(d) (i) Which gas turns limewater cloudy?

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Which element in the coal is oxidised to form this gas?

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______________________________________________________________(2)

(Total 8 marks)

Q15.Choose words from this list to complete the sentences,

ammonia carbon dioxide hydrogen nitrogen

electrical heat solar sound

(a) In air, the two most common gases are oxygen and _______________________ .

(b) When natural gas burns, energy is released mainly as _____________________ .

(c) When natural gas burns, a gas is produced which turns limewater milky.

The gas is _____________________________ .(Total 3 marks)

Q16.A student investigated heating metal carbonates.

The student used the apparatus in the figure below.

The student’s results are shown in the table below.

Metalcarbonate

Colourbeforeheating

Colourafter

heatingMass beforeheating in g

Mass afterheating in g

SolutionA

Coppercarbonate Green Black 12.4 8.0 Turns

cloudy

Potassiumcarbonate White White 13.8 13.8 Stays

colourless

Zinccarbonate White White 12.5 8.1 Turns

cloudy

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(a) Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.

black green white

The colour of copper oxide is _____________ .(1)

(b) Solution A is used to test for carbon dioxide.

Carbon dioxide turns Solution A cloudy.

What is the name of Solution A?

___________________________________________________________________(1)

(Total 2 marks)

Q17.Fire dancers use firesticks to make flame patterns.

One end of the firestick is soaked in kerosene.The kerosene is lit and burns with a yellow flame.

Kerosene is a mixture of hydrocarbons.

(a) Complete the following sentence.

A hydrocarbon is made up of only two elements, _____________________ and carbon.

(1)

(b) A student investigated the products formed when kerosene burned.

Diagram 1 shows the apparatus the student used.

Diagram 1

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(i) The limewater turns cloudy.

Name the gas that turns limewater cloudy.

______________________________________________________________(1)

(ii) Name the colourless liquid collected in the U–tube.

______________________________________________________________(1)

(c) Kerosene is obtained from crude oil.

Crude oil is separated into fractions.

The process is called fractional distillation.

Diagram 2

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Use only information from Diagram 2 to help you to answer these questions.

(i) Which of the named fractions has the lowest boiling point?

______________________________________________________________(1)

(ii) Which of the named fractions is the most viscous (thickest)?

______________________________________________________________(1)

(iii) Use the correct word from the box to complete the sentence.

fuels metals plastics

All the fractions listed in Diagram 2 can be used as ___________________ .(1)

(d) Crude oil is separated by fractional distillation.

The statements, A, B, C, D and E, describe how different fractions are obtained from crude oil.

A crude oil is heatedB hydrocarbons condenseC hydrocarbon vapours enter the fractionating columnD hydrocarbons with higher boiling points condense near the bottom of the columnE crude oil vaporises

Complete the sequence below. Put the statements, A, B, C, D and E, in the correct order to show how crude oil is separated into fractions.

The first and last boxes have been completed for you.

(2)

(Total 8 marks)

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