Yr9 History Home Learning Workbook

Early Elizabethan England 1558-88Key Topic 1: Queen, government and religion, 1558-69

For the rest of this year, you will be looking at the background to, and beginning of, Elizabeth I’s reign.

BP1: The situation on Elizabeth’s accession1.1 Elizabethan England in 1558 p2-5 (Complete week 1 beginning 1/6)1.2 Personal challenges for Elizabeth p6-8 (Complete week 2 beginning 8/6)1.3 Problems at home & abroad p9-11 (Complete week 3 beginning 15/6)

BP2: The ‘settlement’ of religion2.1 Religious divisions in England,1558 p12-13 (Complete week 4 beginning 22/6)2.2 Elizabeth’s Religious Settlement,1559 p14-16 (Complete week 5 beginning 29/6)2.3 Challenges to the ‘settlement’ of religion p17-19 (Complete week 6 beginning 6/7)

Recapping and Consolidation p20-21 (Complete week 7 beginning 13/7)

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Week 1: BP 1.1 Elizabethan England in 1558:

What was England like when Elizabeth came to the throne in 1558?Activity A: To understand the actions and decisions of people during Elizabeth’s reign you will need to understand sixteenth-century life and thinking. Try to guess the answers to the following questions:

1) Elizabeth reigned between:A) 1458- 1503 b) 1558 – 1603 c) 1658 – 17032) Which statement best describes the population of England in the middle of the 16 th Century? A) ¾ million mainly living in towns b) 2.5 million divided equally between town and countrysideC) 3 million mainly living in the countryside. 3) What did most people do for a living? A) Worked for government or church b) Worked the land-farming c) Had a small business4) What was the most important factor in deciding the cost of food?A) Government b) shop owners c) quality of the harvest. 5) What was the average life expectancy in the Elizabethan period? A) 35 years b) 45 years c) 70 years.

Activity B Read the following statements. Decide whether you think they are TRUE or FALSE (based on your general knowledge or guesswork) and write T or F next to the statement.

a. Henry VIII had changed the country from Protestant to Catholic.b. Plague broke out regularly, especially in towns.c. Most people had limited knowledge of the Americas or Asia.d. Death from starvation was a real danger if there were three or more bad harvests in a row.e. Religious change had led to several major protests and rebellions between 1534 and 1558. f. Girls and boys had the same educational opportunities.g. People believed their monarch was God’s representative. Rebelling against the monarch was a

rebellion against God.h. As Queen, Elizabeth was responsible for deciding whether to declare war or make peace.i. Monarchs left decisions about religion to the bishops.j. As Queen, Elizabeth was responsible for calling meetings of parliament and deciding how long they

lasted.

Activity C) Check your answers to the background questions above and indicate the correct answer.Activity 1: 1B, 2C,3B, 4C, 5A. Activity 2: aF, bT, cT, dT, eT, fF, gT, hT, iF, JT.

Activity D)Tudor Monarchy1.Who was Elizabeth’s mother?

2.Why do you think Edward was made monarch when Henry died, and not Mary?

3.Look at the birth and death dates, why did Elizabeth end up becoming Queen?

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Monarchs:Edward VI -1547-1553Mary I –1553-1558Elizabeth I –1558-

Activity E: Elizabeth’s Family -Fill in using the missing words: 9, Mary, affair, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Bloody Mary, Protestants, Catholic, women, 3, believed, Edward.

Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife _____________________. Henry VIII had been married to Catherine of Aragon and together they had _________ but Henry needed a son as ___________ were not allowed to rule. So he took over the Church in England, breaking away from the Pope, by leaving the Catholic Church. This meant that he could divorce Catherine and marry Anne. Anne was beheaded because he ____________ she was having an __________. He then married ___________________ who gave birth to _______________ but died in childbirth. Henry had ____ more wives but no more children. This meant that Edward would be the next king. He was crowned king at the age of ____ and died age 15. He was strongly Protestant. Mary I was the next person to take the throne. She was strongly C__________ & burnt lots of ___________________ at the stake, so she is sometimes known as__________ _________. Mary married the King of Spain, Philip. When she died, without a child, Elizabeth inherited the throne.

Activity F: Match the statements to the answers:What did Henry do to be able to marry Anne Boleyn?

Henry had gone against the Pope- the leader of the Catholic Church. Divorce was not allowed.

What did Henry do to the Church? Divorced Catherine of AragonWhy would Catholics dislike Elizabeth & not accept her as the legitimate Queen?

He took over the Church (Partly as the Pope had refuse to allow him to divorce). The Church in England was no longer part of the Catholic Church.

What were the key features of society in 1558?Activity G: Read through the following text, underlining key words: Life in Elizabethan England was often violent & dangerous. There was no police force or permanent army. Keeping order relied upon a clear social structure in which everyone accepted their place and had a role. Elizabethan society, government, and law and order were based on inequality.In society Elizabethans had a very clear idea of where everyone belonged: The Monarch was at the top of the social scale as the most important member of the nobility, followed by the rest of the nobility & gentry, who owned big estates of land that labourers worked on. Your place in this hierarchy was generally determined by how much land you had and whether you owned or rented it. About 90% of England’s population lived & worked in the countryside. Yeomen were men who held a small Estate of land – they were essentially lower gentry. Tenant farmers farmed rented land, which was usually owned by yeomen or the gentry. Labourers worked on the land which others owned. In towns, the hierarchy was based on wealth and occupation. Wealthy merchants were at the top, followed by professionals, such as lawyers, doctors, teachers and the clergy. Next came business owners and highly skilled craftsmen who employed others. This was followed by skilled craftsmen, such as silversmiths, glovers, carpenters or tailors, who could be quite wealthy business owners. Unskilled labourers and the unemployed came at the bottom of society. Wherever you were in Elizabethan society, deference was expected; you had to give respect and obedience to those above you, and had a duty of care to those below you. Landowners ran their estates according to these ideas. Ideally they would take care of their tenants, especially during times of hardship.

Activity H: Read through the information and complete the comprehension taskIn 1558, ____% of the population worked in agriculture. For most social position mostly depended on how much _______________________. Even in towns, society was structured as a _____________. You had to show ______________ to those socially above you.

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NobilityGentry

Yeomen

Tennant Farmers

Professionals

Landless or labouring poor

Vagrants or homeless

What were the key features of Elizabethan government?

Key terms:Courtiers = Noble members of the court. Courtiers spent much of their lives with Elizabeth I.Extraordinary taxation= Occasional, additional taxation to pay for unexpected expenses, especially war.Militia= A military force of ordinary people, rather than soldiers, usually raised in an emergency

Activity I: Read through and underline key words: What Who RoleMONARCH The Queen was the head of government and

had lots of powers. People believed that the Monarchy were chosen by God to rule. The Monarch made all the important decisions about running the country. Royal prerogative meant they could overrule Parliament if needed.

Declare war & decide when to stop fighting. Control Parliament, deciding when it could meet. Give people titles, land or jobs in her Royal

Court or Privy Council This was called Patronage- Giving people things so they would support you.

COURT A group of nobles who lived in, or near, the monarch’s palace. They were the monarch closest allies, friends and key servants. Some would have a role as advisers in the Privy Council, too. All Noble families in England wanted the young adults of their family to be invited to Court. It meant you could have influence on, or get rewards from the Queen.

• A public display of wealth & power- A large Court of followers showed that a Monarch was successful

To entertain, help to organise, unofficially advise the monarch

Courtiers had influence with the monarch, but only if they didn’t upset them!

PRIVY COUNCIL Made up of leading courtiers and advisers, as well as nobles and very senior government officials. The Monarch chose who, and how many, members there should be. They met 3 times per week, and the monarch attended these meetings. The most important post in the Privy Council was the Secretary of State- chief Advisor to the Queen

To debate issues & officially advise the monarch- usually had good knowledge

• Made sure monarch’s decisions were carried out

• Oversaw law and order Monitored Justices of the peace & parliament-

might try to affect Parliament decisions

PARLIAMENT Made up of the House of Lords and Commons. The Elizabethan Parliament was very different to today: It was much less powerful & only very wealthy landowners could vote to choose MPs. Parliament could only meet if the Monarch called it, which was rare, and could only discuss what the monarch allowed it to. Monarchs mainly wanted them to grant them taxes.

To agree to Extraordinary Taxation (extra money for government eg during a war)

• Passed new laws (Acts of Parliament) Offered advice to Monarch

LORD LIEUTENANTS Members of the Nobility. They were not paid for this role, but it gave them power and status. They reported to the Privy Council.

In charge of raising & training the local militia (temporary troops)

In charge of ensuring the county’s defences Oversaw enforcement of policies in each region

JUSTICES OF THEPEACE

Each county had one and was chosen by the monarch. They were members of the nobility and were often on the PrivyCouncil. Essential to maintaining England’s law and order

To ensure economic & social policies were carried out

• Heard county court cases every 3 months for more serious crimes

Part of local government

Activity J - Use the chart above to decide who you think would have carried out these responsibilities:Issue Who most likely?Who could raise money for a war?Who dealt with a riot or public disorder?Who would a Monarch most likely seek advice from?Who would try someone who had committed a murder?Who would ensure the government would get the outcome they wanted in Parliamentary votes on laws?Who might have organised the stay of a foreign ambassadors?Who would have ensured that the south coast was well defended againstSpanish invasions?

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Activity K:Describe two features of Elizabethan Society:One feature of Elizabethan Society was that there was a Hierarchy: For example, at the top were…

Another feature was that Social structure was used to ensure law and order. There was no..

Activity L:Describe two features of Elizabethan government ( 4 marks)One feature of Elizabethan government was the Privy Council. The Privy Council..

Another feature was… They….

Challenge: Find that straightforward, and want to know more ? Go to:

http://historyattallis.weebly.com/early-elizabethan-england-1558-88.html (Our page for the whole unit-look at the material at the top bit if the page)

https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zyr6bk7/revision/1 (Gives an overview of Elizabeth’s reign)

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Week 2: BP 1.2: Personal Challenges for Elizabeth

What personal challenges did Elizabeth face when she became queen?

Key word MeaningLegitimacy Conformity to the law/ruleIllegitimate Born from parents who are not legally marriedSuccession/Accession

The right or entitlement to take on a title or role/ The action of taking on the title or role

Treason The crime of betraying one’s country

There were three main personal challenges which Elizabeth faced, in establishing and proving her right to succession and ability to reign:

Activity A) Read through the boxes below: Categorise them into the three challenges, either by colour-coding or by labelling with the initialo Her Legitimacyo Her Gendero Her Marital status and concern over succession

Activity B) Afterwards, go back through and underline 5 key words per box.

Elizabeth’s father had divorced his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, in order to marry Elizabeth’s mother, the already pregnant Anne Boleyn. The Pope had refused Henry and annulment of his marriage, and he was only able to divorce by taking over the Church and permitting himself the right to remarry.

Elizabeth was unmarried and childless. Until this happened, there was no clear heir to the throne. People worried about the future of the Monarchy. There was significant pressure for Elizabeth to marry and have children.

In 1536, when Anne Boleyn was executed for treason, Henry VIII, himself, declared Elizabeth illegitimate and excluded her from the succession. However, he later reversed his decision.

Many people thought that women were not capable of ruling.They argued that Mary I’s reign was unsuccessful because of this: England lost a war to France, there were a series of poor harvests- leading to famine-(unfairly blamed on Mary I), and her marriage to King Phillip II of Spain was so unpopular that it led to rebellion.

Women were not considered to be mentally, emotionally or especially physically, capable of governing. At this point Monarchs were still expected to lead their armies into battle. It was assumed that a husband might take over the running of the country.

Mary, Queen of Scots, Elizabeth’s second cousin, declared herself the legitimate claimant to the English throne. When Mary I died, Catholics, who had not accepted Henry VIII’s marriage to Anne Boleyn, could support Mary Queen of Scots’ claim to be monarch, instead of accepting Elizabeth’s accession.

Elizabeth faced a difficult conundrum in terms of marriage options. If she chose to marry a foreign royal It could help diplomatic relations with that country, but most were Catholic. There was concern that a foreign husband might use England in their own countries interests.

The Christian religion taught that women should be under the authority of men. Social attitudes held that even the home was under the authority of the husband or father. It seemed unnatural to 16th century society for a woman to be in position of power.

If Elizabeth chose to marry an English nobleman, this could cause conflict between Noble families whilst the choice was being made, and jealousy and resentment after the decision. This could result in a loss of support for Elizabeth, from Noble families who felt rejected.

Activity C) Which of these challenges do you think what the most problematic for her? Explain

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Which of these could she not solve or alter? ExplainActivity D) How successfully did Elizabeth address the personal challenges she faced?

For each challenge: Read through her options and tick the one which you think that she may have chosen. Then read through her actions to see if your guess was correct.Finally evaluate how successfully she addressed the problem. Give it a mark out of 10 and explain your judgement

Problems Elizabeth’s choices: Which do you think she did? Tick

Elizabeth’s Decisions Successfully dealt with? /10

Her Gender:People doubted whether a queen (female) could rule successfully

a) Marry as soon as possible and hand power over to her new husbandb) Prove she was a good female leader.

The issue was not easily solved-there was nothing that Elizabeth could do to change this. If she married, there could be seen to be a man by her side- perhaps guiding her, but this would have meant that she wasn’t really ruling herself. Instead she worked hard to prove her abilities and, eventually became seen as a very successful Monarch.

Question of legitimacy:According to Catholics Elizabeth was illegitimate as the marriage of Henry VIII & Anne Boleyn wasn’t valid

a)Try to build legitimacy into the Monarch by marrying a distant cousin, who also had some claim to the throne.

b) Focus on her link to Henry & and proving why she was the best option

This was also particularly difficult to address. By enforcing Protestantism, she tried to silence Catholic arguments discrediting her. Marrying a distant cousin with some claim, would not eradicate the issue and would bring its own problems, in terms of losing her authority to him. Instead she focussed on her link to her father Henry VIII, saying; ‘I am my father’s daughter’. She celebrated her coronation as anointed Queen, and tried to undermine Mary Queen of Scots legitimacy by emphasising her French mother.

Marriage & Succession:People were worried about the uncertainty over who her heir would be, if she was unmarried & had no children People were concerned over the future of the monarchy.

a) Marry a foreign royal (lots of foreign princes visited asking for her hand, including Phillip II, (Mary’s husband). It could potentially help diplomacy. But most were Catholic. There was also the risk of their county having power over England.

b) Marry an English nobleman. This could cause jealousy between families.

c)Remain single

At first: people expected her to marry quickly. However she rejected the huge queues of suitors, including Phillip II (her brother-in-law!) and Prince Eric of Sweden. The lack of decision was affected by getting lots of conflicting advice from members of the Privy Council and Parliament, and her focus on other pressing problems. She didn’t want to marry Philip for lots of reasons. We don’t know why she didn’t accept any of her other marriage proposals. She did spend time with some of them, and it was not clear what she would do.Her most serious suitors were:Archduke Charles (son of the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand). She liked him, but Protestants on the Privy Council opposed him, as a Catholic.Francis, Duke of Alencon (later Anjou), younger brother of the King of France. As a Catholic French royal, this match would have been generally unpopular.In the end: Elizabeth became the only English queen never to marry, and she had no children. Staying single meant that Elizabeth retained the power and control which could have gone to her husband, if she had married. However, uncertainty about who would be the next Monarch lead to plots to overthrow Elizabeth.

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Activity E: Describe two features of Elizabeth’s personal challenges:One feature of Elizabeth’s personal challenges was……She……..

Another feature was …….She…..

Activity F: ‘Elizabeth successfully overcame the personal challenges to gaining acceptance as a monarch’ How far do you agree? Note down bullet points to support both views and give your overall judgement

Agree:

*

*

Disagree:

*

*

Judgement:

Challenge: Find that straightforward, and want to know more ? Go to:https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zyr6bk7/revision/1 This covers the Elizabeth’s background and previews bits for next week There are 4 pages to look at, on her early rule.

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http://historyattallis.weebly.com/early-elizabethan-england-1558-88.html Look the section Key Topic 1, for relevant material

Week 3: BP 1.3: Inherited problems at home and abroad

What inherited problems did Elizabeth face when she became queen, in 1588?

Key termsSuccession/Accession-The right or entitlement to take on a title or role/ The action of taking on the title or roleAgriculture - The science and practice of farmingEconomic depression - A long-term downturn in economic activity Gentry - Class of people next below nobility

Activity A) There were 5 inherited problems which Elizabeth faced upon her accession to the throne: Read through the boxes below, which describe the issues: Categorise them into the five problems, either by colour-coding or by labelling with the initialo The need to choose her councillors for the Privy Councilo Financial weaknesseso Problems from abroado Religions divisions in Englando The need to create peace and prosperity in England

Activity B) Afterwards, go back through and underline 5 key words per box.

Elizabeth was a Protestant believer. However, the country had spent the past five years as a Catholic nation, under Mary I. Elizabeth needed to decide what religion England would have, because, at this time, everyone in the country was expected to be the same religion. There was also the question of how to treat those who did not accept the decision.

Scotland was an independent country and a traditional enemy of England. England’s border with Scotland was remote and hard to defend. Scotland was also a long term ally of the French (the Auld Alliance).

Elizabeth needed to decide how to select those who would work closest to her. Should she have lots like Mary, or reduce the number?Should they be Nobles or gentry, chosen based on class, or on ability? Should they all be Protestant like her?

France was England’s traditional enemy. England was in a war with France, in 1588. The war with France, was very expensive and going badly for the English. By 1558 England was almost bankrupt.

Elizabeth inherited a government in which Catholics, chosen by her sister Mary I, held all key positions such as the Privy Council. She needed to ensure that she had advisors loyal to her.

During the 1550s there were a number of bad harvests, which led to food shortages and high prices, causing hunger and discontent amongst the poor. With this there was a risk of unrest.

England did not have a police force or a regular army to keep order. Monarchs needed to enforce the law fairly and try to reduce hardship. Poverty and high prices could increase a Monarch’s unpopularity and lead to rebellion.

When Elizabeth took the throne, the country was £300,000 in debt-almost bankrupt. To put this in perspective, the total annual income of the Monarchy at that time was £286,667.

England’s woollen and cloth industry was very important. It produced the finest cloth in Europe. However, the European cloth industry collapsed in the 1550s leading to an economic depression.

Monarchs needed money to rule. Defending England and her position as Queen would be very expensive. They could raise it from rents and income on their land, taxes from trade, extraordinary taxes and profits from fines.

The country was religiously divided across geographical lines; the North & West of England mostly wanted to remain Catholic like under Mary I, whereas London & the South-East wanted England to be Protestant, as it had been under Edward VI.

The most powerful country in Europe, Spain, was a Catholic. England had been on good relations with Spain, not surprising, since Mary I had been married to King Philip II. However, it was unclear how the two countries would relate, now she had died.

Activity C) Which of these challenges do you think what the most problematic for her? Explain

Which of these could she solve quickly? Explain9

Activity D) How successfully did Elizabeth address the inherited problems which she faced?For each challenge: Read through her options and tick the one which you think that she may have chosen. Then read through her actions to see if your guess was correct.Finally evaluate how successfully she addressed the problem. Give a mark out of 10 & explain your judgement Problems Elizabeth’s choices? Elizabeth’s Decisions Successfully dealt

with? /10Choosing her councillors (had to be done carefully, to not upset groups.)

A) Keep her sister’s experienced but Catholic councillors?b) Choose a group of men she trusts, with the same views as her? What about her best friends?c) Choose men with a range of views?

Elizabeth acted on this straight away. She had been planning for it before she became queen. She quickly chose her Secretary of State-William Cecil, for his personal qualities: trustworthy, incorruptible, honest with advice, & experienced- had worked for her father. Within 3 months, she reduced the size of the Privy Council from 40 to 19. She kept 10 of Mary’s experienced Councillors, from powerful families, bringing in 9 others, a mixture of relatives, trusted supporters & skilled Gentry. She did not give a post to her very closest friends e.g. Robert Dudley, so not to be accused of favouritism, and so that she could seek his counsel separately.

Financial weakness(inherited £300,000 debt)

a)Cut back costs of government spending b)Raise taxes*Should they end the War to save money? What would be the consequences of this?* Could financial administration be made more effective?

The Monarch & Privy Council controlled all decisions on spending, through instructions to the Exchequer & Treasury. The Crown’s (Monarch’s) money was one pot, used for both the Monarch’s private spending (Royal family, Court, servants, household) & national government spending on running the country. She cut back on government spending: Exchequer officials were made to be more efficient & to collect any money owed, she sold off Crown lands, & cut spending on her household-with less extravagance, waste and servants. By 1585, she had raised £600,000, and so had got rid of the £300,000 debts and built up £300,000 in savings.

Challenges from abroad.(War with France, Scotland = a concern. Spain = a possible new threat.

a) Continue war with France: Further debt & deaths, risk of French invasion. But might regain Calais, victory= make her popular & strong. b)Make peace with France: Reason for war=Mary backing Spanish husband. Couldn’t afford it, losing would be disaster. But asking for peace would make her look weak.*How could Britain be made safe from the risk of invasion?

She acted quickly to make peace with France, signing the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, 3 months after becoming Queen. Calais was lost forever. But, by signing the Treaty, she didn’t have to carry on spending money or arms- she had already spent £100,000 on the war in just 3 months.Despite the peace fear of invasion continued – e.g. a religious crusade to restore Catholicism in England. Although this was unlikely, as it would have probably required France and Spain to attack jointly, and they were on very bad relations. She worked hard to keep on good relations with Spain, despite saying no, when Philip asked to marry her. Which worked for more than 20 years. He was more worried about the competition of France.

Religious divisions:Catholic & Protestant(Henry VIII Reformed the Church. Edward & Mary I has switched back and forth. People had been persecuted)

a) Keep England Catholic, following Mary: tricky to change everything again, would please Catholic majority. But would bring questions of her legitimacy. Would anger Protestants. b) Make England Protestant again: She & her closest advisors were Protestant. But this would upset English Catholics, France & Spain.c) Some sort of compromise between the two. Different doctrines meant a full compromise was impossible.

Elizabeth planned this carefully. She worked with her Privy Council to create a new Religious Settlement, which she took to Parliament to pass into law. The Religious Settlement 1559 was a compromise between Protestant & Catholic religious practice:Protestant features: She made herself head of the Church of England (using the term ‘supreme governor’, so not directly replacing the Pope). Clergy (churchmen) were allowed to marry. The Bible & church services were to be in English. Catholic features: She kept the Archbishops & Bishops. Churches could be decorated. She aimed to create a compromise form of faith which united people as much as possible. Most accepted the form of religion that she created. The Act of Uniformity: stated everyone had to conform to a single form of worship: Church services had to conform to a set of rules: No Catholic Mass, although the use of bread & wine was kept vague, so that people could interpret it as they wished. However, despite this there were small numbers of Protestant dissenters (Puritans) & Catholics unwilling to conform.

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Create peace & prosperity (Under Mary = badharvests)

a) Make sure rebellions could be put down b) Help those affected by poor harvestsc)Hope/pray harvests = good

She hoped and prayed that harvest would be good. She was lucky, they were much better than under Mary, so people felt happy and content. However, like all monarchs of the time, she did nothing about food prices or inflation. However, she did bring in some poor laws to deal with and, in part, to support the poor later in her reign

Activity E: Elizabeth’s character & strengths: Read & fill in the missing words: coping, Latin, beheaded intelligent, education, mind, experiences, trial, died,

Loss & suffering: Elizabeth was 25 when she became Queen. However, she had already had many ______________ that prepared her for _____________with challenges and problems: When she was 3, her mother Anne Boleyn was_____________, for treason, as the bequest of her father. After this, she did not live with her father, and rarely saw him, until she was 10. Then her father and young half-brother _________. At 21, her half-sister accused her of treason (which carried the death sentence), and she was almost put on _________for it. Once Mary I died, Elizabeth had no surviving close family. Education & intellect: Elizabeth received an unusually good _____________, even for royal girl- she was taught Greek,_____________ , French and Italian. She was taught Protestant religious teaching, archery, dancing, needlework and music. She seems to have been very _______________. Her tutor described her as having a ‘solidity of understanding…the most ardent love of true religion and the best kind of literature…Her ______________ …has the power for hard work… No memory is more retentive than hers.’

Activity F:Describe two features of Elizabeth’s approach to selecting her Privy Council:One feature of Elizabeth’s approach was……She……..

Another feature of her approach was …….She…..

Activity G: ‘Elizabeth successfully overcame the problems which she inherited, 1558-1568’ How far do you agree? Note down bullet points to support both views and give your overall judgement

Agree:

*

*

Disagree:

*

*

Judgement:

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Challenge/Consolidating information: Go to http://historyattallis.weebly.com/early-elizabethan-england-1558-88.html Scroll down to Key topic 1: What were the challenges for Queen, government and religion, 1558–69 ? Lots of useful material here. In particular, look on the Right where it says Independent Learning. Below this are two documents we recommend that you look at and download: They cover week 1-3 content.Key Notes: Key Topic 1 Focus 1 Government and kq1 fp1.pptx Download File

Week 4: BP2: The ‘settlement’ of religionBP 2.1: Religious divisions in England, 1558

Activity 1: Religious developments in Tudor England- Read through and then underline 5 key words per paragraph.

The Reformation began in Europe because a growing number of people believed that the Roman Catholic Church had become corrupt, and archbishops, bishops and priests had become greedy. They said it no longer represented a truly Christian life and therefore it needed to be reformed. This led some people, known as Protestants, to abandon the Roman Catholic faith altogether and establish their own Churches, without the Pope. The English Reformation began in 1532, when Henry VIII broke away from Rome. Henry was not a true Protestant; his religious reforms were due to his desire for a divorce from his first wife.

Most ordinary people could not read or write in Latin. When the Bible was only in Latin, as the Catholic Church believed it should be, ordinary people had to accept whatever the Church told them was God’s will because they had no power to interpret the Bible in any other way. Protestants believed that the Bible should be translated into their own languages so that people were able to more easily engage with their religion. They believed that people should have their own direct relationship with God through prayer and study and that sin could only be forgiven by God and not the Church. They argued that churches should be less decorated, and that churchmen should be seen more approachable and ordinary. Edward was raised a Protestant, and under him, the Church of England fully reformed into a Protestant church.

Once people were able to understand and study the Bible for themselves, some more extreme Protestants wanted to base their religion solely on what was in the Bible. Radical Protestants were often referred to as Puritans. Because they wanted a ‘pure’ form of Christian religion, they argued for getting rid of anything that wasn’t in the Bible, such as any church decorations, crucifixes and ceremonies, the hierarchy of role such as bishops. They also believed that the bread and wine simply represented the Last Supper in the Bible and that there was no miracle. Under a threat this serious, the Roman Catholic Church focused on strengthening the Catholic faith, they argued that Catholicism was the only true faith. Many countries were divided, leading to persecution and even civil and religious wars.

When Mary I became Queen of England she restored Catholicism entirely, and around 300 Protestants were burned to death for refusing to give up their religious beliefs. Many more escaped to tolerant Protestant states, such as the Netherlands, determined to be able to find somewhere to practice their beliefs. When Elizabeth inherited the throne, these Puritan Protestants returned, hoping that their form of Protestantism might be established in England. Elizabeth had been raised a Protestant. However, she was cautious about how to address the issue of religion, due to the huge divisions in society.

Activity B: Match the Monarchs to the correct description of their religious position:

Henry VIII A firm Protestant, eager to consolidate changes and achieve a Reformation

Edward VI A Protestant, who was eager to create a consensus in society and to create more religious unity

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Mary I A Catholic, who was willing to make religious changes for other practical reasons

Elizabeth I A stanch Catholic, who was determined to stamp out Protestantism in England

Activity C: How did the doctrines (beliefs) and practices of the branches of Christianity differ?For each issue, read across that row to see the three descriptions. Work out which is describing: Catholic ideas, which Protestant ideas and which Puritan ideas. Colour-code or initial each box

issueIdeas on leadership within the church

The Pope is Head of the Church. Clear structure with Cardinals, Archbishops and Bishops.

Monarch can be Head of Church, maybe have some bishops

Did not believe in a Head of the Church or bishops. Wanted committees elected by churchgoers.

Decoration and music in church

Very, very plain and simple. No decoration at all. Table not altar, no separation of clergy and congregation. No music

Simpler interior, plain walls, less stained glass. Lower altar, no statues or murals. Less ornate. Pulpit in which the clergy stand, facing the congregation, but raised up. Some music.

Very ornate, elaborate & expensive to show glory & majesty of God: stained-glass windows, murals, statues & organ music. Huge raised altars separated from congregation, Priests faced Altar.

The clergy Could marry. Wore simpler robes

Called priests, could not marry, wore richly decorated robes

Could marry. Wore plain black gowns or normal clothes

The Bible and Church service

Wanted Bible in Latin, read only by priests, & church services with the Latin Mass. Believed a miracle occurred during Mass- the bread & wine turned into the body & blood of Jesus through the powers of the priest. Seven sacraments

Wanted Bible in English, and church services in English. Many thought ceremonies like Communion were not necessary.

Wanted the Bible in English, and church services in English with Holy Communion. They believed the bread and wine in the Communion service were symbolic of the body and bloody of Jesus. Two sacraments

Activity D: Why were decisions over religion going to be such a challenge for Elizabeth? Give examples/explanation for each of the three reasons below (find then within the previous two pages)1. The amount of religious change that England had been through:

2. The dedication to faith that the different groups had, meaning they would be unwilling to give it up:

3. The contradictory and incompatible nature of their beliefs, meant one form of church would never please all people:

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Challenge/clarification: Find more information here: https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zg68tyc/revision/1

Week 5 BP 2.2:Elizabeth’s religious settlement,1559

What was the character of the church which Elizabeth established? Activity A: Elizabeth’s possible choices for each key religious issue: Looking back over last week’s work, use this information to note down the two or three options which Elizabeth had for each issue:

Ideas on leadership within the church-

Decoration and music in church-

The clergy-

The Bible and Church service-

Elizabeth’s religious settlement (1559)Activity B: Read through this overview, filling in the missing words: compromise, Protestant, English, accepted, decoration, accept, unite, authorityElizabeth wanted to find a compromise when it came to religion in England. This meant establishing a form of Protestantism that Catholics could ______________. Elizabeth ruled out any Puritan influences, partly because it would have caused a Catholic rebellion, but because she also felt uncomfortable with Puritan ideas, as they wanted to develop their own Church, and rejected hierarchy, a system which would challenge her ________________as queen. Whilst the Elizabethan Religious Settlement was a ___________________, between Protestant and Catholic, it also reflected many of the personal religious preferences of the Queen. She was a _________________who was opposed to the power of the Pope, so put herself in charge. However, churches were allowed be fairly Catholic in appearance- which Elizabeth personally liked; with _________________, music and the clergy were to wear robes. However, the Clergy were allowed to marry and the Bible and services were to be in ____________, with no Mass. Her aim was

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to __________the people as much as possible. She also tried to associate herself with the Church and religion, so that loyalty to the church was linked to loyalty to her. Most people _______________ the Settlement, although there were challenges from both Puritans and some Catholics.

Activity C) Elizabeth Religious Settlement came in three parts. Read through & underline.

Part 1: The Act of Supremacy 1559 made Elizabeth Supreme Governor of the Church of England-all clergy and royal officials had to swear an oath of allegiance to her as the head of the Church. Under this Act, a church High Commission was established to maintain discipline within the church and enforce the Queen’s religious settlement. Members of the clergy whose loyalty was in doubt could be punished.

Part 2: The Act of Uniformity established the appearance of churches and the form of services they held. The Act introduced a set form of church service in the Book of Common Prayer to be used in all churches. The clergy had to use the wording of the Prayer Book when conducting services. Anyone who refused to use it was punished. The wording of the service was deliberately unclear so that, for example, Catholics could take it as meaning the bread and wine became the body and blood of Christ, while Protestants could take it as simply an act of remembrance. It said that priests were to wear special clothing (vestments), but didn’t specify exactly what style. The Act of Uniformity also ordered that everyone was to attend church on a Sunday and other holy days, such as Good Friday, or else be fined one shilling for every absence. But this had different implications depending on your social position-or many people, this fine could total a week’s pay, for the nobility, however, a shilling meant very little.

Part 3. The Royal Injunctions was a set of instructions issued by Sir William Cecil, on behalf of the queen, to the clergy. They covered a range of clarifications to reinforce the Acts of Supremacy & Uniformity: Detailed instructions on how people should worship God and the structure of services were issued. Each parish was to have a copy of the Bible in English All clergy to teach Congregation ‘Royal Supremacy’(Queen’s status as church Supreme Governor) The Royal Injunctions allowed images (paintings) to remain in churches. Pilgrimages and monuments to ‘fake’ miracles were banned No-one was allowed to preach without a licence from the government Anyone who refused to attend church was to be reported to the Privy Council

Activity E-How was the religious settlement enforced? Read and underline key words. Visitations were inspections of churches and clergy by bishops to ensure that all clergy took the Oath of Supremacy and were following the terms of the religious settlement. The first visitations were in 1559, in some places those carrying out the visitations caused a great deal of destruction to decorations and statues in churches, which went further than Elizabeth wanted or had instructed. Elizabeth had also made it clear that she did not want people’s religious beliefs investigated too closely, as she was aware that there was likely to be people practicing their faith differently in private, which would be impossible to stamp out without rebellion. Even Recusants (Catholics who

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Made Elizabeth ‘Supreme governor of the Church of England.’

An ecclesiastical (church related) High Commission was set up to maintain discipline within the church Banned

pilgrimages & monuments to miracles.

Priests had to wear special clothing (vestments)

Ornaments, images & decorations were allowed, singing hymns continued

A new form of service in English, using the common book of prayer.

The wording of the services was made deliberately unclear

Every parish had to have a copy of the Bible in English, accessible to all Priests could marry

ProtestantCatholic Both

Activity D- Usethe key to show if each change would have pleased Protestants, Catholics or both. Challenge: Go back & use same key on the 3 parts of the Settlement above.

refused to attend the new church services) were left alone, at first. After 1559, visitations took place every three to four years. They were very wide-ranging and did not just cover the Church. For example, not only did clergy have to present their preaching licences, but teachers, midwives, surgeons and physicians had to provide the licences that allowed them to practice their jobs. In this way, the Church was able to monitor other professions for the government. Out of 10. How forcefully would you say that the Settlement was enforced, (10 being completely, and 0 being not at all), and why? Activity F: Responses to the Settlement: Read about how the clergy and people responded, then colour-code evidence of :Conformity (accepting and doing as the settlement said) Non Conformity (refusing to do as it said, or pushing the boundaries of what was accepted.) The clergy 8,000/10,000 priests and less important clergy took the oath of supremacy, accepting Elizabeth’s new Church of England, immediately. In the first visitations 1559, 400 lower clergy were dismissed for not following the Acts and Injunctions. There were 10,000 parishes in England at this time so this shows that the religious settlement was largely successful. However, of the bishops, only one agreed to take the oath. The others all had to step down and Elizabeth appointed 27 new bishops. This gave her the opportunity to put Protestants in positions of authority within the church. Most Parish Clergy noticeably simplified church appearance -with the royal crest instead of religious decorations. However, some clergy chose to make less changes, keeping painted walls and stained glass windows that had been in place since Mary I’s reign.

The people The majority of ordinary people accepted Elizabeth’s Religious Settlement and attended the Church of England services, even though many of them personally held on to Catholic beliefs. The wording of the new Prayer Book helped this because it was worded so that it could be understood to mean different things by Catholics and Protestants according to their beliefs. Parishes in the north of England were particularly slow to change to the new services. Nevertheless, in most of the country the change of religion was smooth. Yet, in some places, Protestants welcomed the new Elizabethan Religious Settlement with sometimes violent enthusiasm; in London there was some destruction of Catholic statues and ornaments in churches

The Role of the Church of England in Society:Look through the elements of the role of the Church: Rank what you think their importance would have been for everyday people (parishioners)-1 being most and 10 being least. Then do the same, but from Elizabeth’s perspective.

People ElizabethGave guidance to communitiesHelped parishioners in times of hardshipRan the church courtsCarried out ceremonies for the rites of passage in people's lives- baptism, Marriage, funeralOrganised religious celebrations -harvest festivals and holy daysInformed most people's understanding of the worldLegitimised the power of the monarch, as head of the churchEnforced the Religious Settlements

Describe two key features of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement One feature of Elizabeth’s religious settlement was…This…

A second feature was…This…

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Challenge: Want to discover more? Go to http://historyattallis.weebly.com/early-elizabethan-england-1558- 88.html Find where it says 2 What was the ‘Settlement’ of Religion (in blue text). Click there, plus explore this section of the page.This section is also useful: https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zg68tyc/revision/2

Week 6: Challenges to the Settlement of Religion

The Puritan Challenge to the Religious Settlement

Activity A) Why were Puritans unhappy with the settlement? Match their concerns to the corresponding issue:Details of Settlement What the Puritans thought

Act

of

SupThe Queen as Supreme

GovernorThey wanted the Church to be run by committees elected by churchgoers rather than bishops

Bishops running the church (the Episcopal structure)

Puritans believed that the presence of Jesus in the Communion service was spiritual not physical

The

Act o

f Uni

form

ity

The ‘Catholic’ appearance of churches; ornate & decorated

They wanted the parish clergy to wear only plain black gowns

Wording of new prayer book suggested the physical presence of Jesus at worship

They did not believe in ahead of the church

The clergy wore surplice robes

They wanted very plain churches, white-washed walls, no pictures or stained-glass windows, no music

Activity B) Read and fill in the missing words: removal, resign, crucifix, refused, move, angry, MPs, plot, vestments, imprisoned, changes, vestments.

b) What did the Puritans do in response? Some Puritans accepted posts as_______________________, hoping they could help to __________the church in a

Puritan direction. Some Puritans were very influential as MPs in the House of Commons or members of the Queen’s Privy Council (the Earl of Leicester and Sir Francis Walsingham).

c)How did they challenge the Settlement? Between 1559 and 1563, Puritans tried to persuade Elizabeth to make further _____________, pushing for the_____________________ of ‘Catholic’ elements of the Settlement, such as holy days, using the sign of the cross, organ music. The Crucifix Controversy: When Elizabeth ordered that each church had to have a crucifix (an image of Jesus on the cross) on display, to make Catholics feel more comfortable worshipping there, Puritans felt ________. Puritans who had taken on roles as Church of England clergymen __________ to display one, because they thought these represented false idols. The Vestments Controversy: By 1565 many Puritans ministers were also refusing to wear ______________ (special robes for priests) or following rules for religious services properly.

Some Puritan MP’s tried to make changes through Parliament in the 1570s

D )How and why did Elizabeth respond to the Puritan demands?Elizabeth refused to agree to most Puritan wishes: She felt that the Puritans were an internally divided minority group, with disagreements between Moderate Puritans, Presbyterians and Separatists. They were unlikely to ______ to overthrow her, since the alternative was the Catholic Mary Queen of Scots. She felt that their views needed little consideration, and that asking for changes was an attack on her authority. She had also made choices, based on her own preferences, she was reluctant to give these up. Response to the Crucifix Controversy: When Puritan Clergymen threatened to ___________over the displaying of crucifixes, Elizabeth did not have enough trained Protestant clergy to replace them. Therefore, she backed down ordering Crucifixes to be removed, again, but she kept a _____________ displayed in her own Royal Chapel! Response to the Vestments Controversy: The Archbishop of Canterbury sacked all clergy who refused to wear them. The vast majority eventually accepted that _______________had to be worn.

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Some of the Puritan MPs who tried to make changes through Parliament were ____________________.

Activity C) Judge how much of a threat the Puritans were to Elizabeth and the Religious Settlement. Explain why :

The Catholic Challenge to the Religious SettlementActivity D: Why were Catholics fairly happy with the settlement? Match their feelings to the corresponding issue:

Details of Settlement What the Catholics thought

Act o

f Su

prem

acy The Queen as Supreme

GovernorThe structure of archbishops & bishops, used by the Catholic Church, was kept, which please them.

Bishops to run the church (the Episcopal structure)

They did not like the changes to the prayer book and worship not containing the Catholic Mass. They, therefore, believed that their chance of salvation (going to Heaven) was at risk.

The

Act o

f U

nifo

rmity

Decorated churches They were pleased that Priest continued to wear ornate robes. However, they did not like that Priests could marry

Wording of new prayer book and changes to services

They were happy that Elizabeth called herself Supreme Governor, not Head. The role of the Monarch leading the church had first occurred 25 years ago with Henry VIII, so it was not new. However, they wished that the Pope’s authority was recognised.

The clergy wore surplice robes They were glad that the appearance could reflect the glory of God

Activity E) Read and fill in the missing words: Parliament, resisted, lenient, not, invasion, rebels, house, Pope, harshly, ornate, Catholic, meeting, short, nothing, eye.

What did the Catholics do initially, in response to the Settlement? Catholics in England: They assumed that Elizabeth’s reign could be very ______________________and that things

could change back after this (under Mary Queen of Scots), so many attended the new Church on Sundays, but stored away relics which could be brought out again, when the time came. The Pope in Rome: Pope Pius IV didn’t excommunicate Elizabeth. Instead, at first, he did ______________________, hoping Elizabeth might change her mind. However, in 1566, he told English Catholics that they must not attend Church of England services.

How did they challenge the Settlement? Catholics in England: Some went to Mass said by a priest at a local ____________________. Some, known as recusants, refused to attend the new church services. They were not willing to compromise on the doctrines of the Catholic Church and Latin Mass. However, they _____________quietly in the early years. Some of these priests became private, personal Chaplains to ______________Nobles and Gentry. Others established secret _________________places. Between 1569 & 1585, Catholics carried out one revolt and 3 plots against Elizabeth.The Pope in Rome: In 1570 a new _________ did excommunicate Elizabeth, following her punishment of Catholics involved in a plot against her.

How did Elizabeth respond to the Catholic demands? Elizabeth was initially very _______________ towards Catholics, as long as they appeared loyal to her and attended church on Sundays. Furthermore, the Settlement set out recusancy fines and imprisonment for people who did not attend church, but Elizabeth knew that some Catholics were not attending and, at first, chose to ‘turn a blind ________’. Elizabeth ordered the authorities ____to investigate recusants too closely because she did not want to create martyrs. This unofficial compromise helped to keep Catholics quiet and keep the peace for several years.She even reintroduced some Catholic practices; 1559 _________________ vestments for clergy. 1560, Requiem Mass for souls of the dead. 1560 Crucifixes and candles remained in her private chapel, despite her publicly giving in to the Puritans over the Crucifix controversy.However later, she did deal with them more ______________, increasing the severity of the response& punishment, as each Catholic Plot against her was uncovered. In 1571, ______________________ passed Acts which identified ‘active’ Catholics who were ‘hostile’ to the Religious Settlement, defined them as traitors and sentenced them to death-200 Catholics in Elizabeth’s reign.

Why did Elizabeth respond in this way?

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Why she did little at first: She had a personal preference for some Catholic practice, so did not want the spot light on people’s personal worship. Neither France nor Spain was willing to support a Catholic _____________in England. England was still an ally of Spain and both countries had other concerns, wars rebellions & money problems.Why she later reacted with more force: There was a Catholic rebellion in the North of England in 1569, and a number of Catholic plots against Elizabeth’s life. In addition she feared a Catholic _________ from abroad. Mary Queen of Scots had arrived in England, and could become a focus for Catholic rebellion. These all made Elizabeth feel more threatened.

Activity F) Judge how much of a threat the Catholics were to Elizabeth & the Religious Settlement, & why

Activity: G Which threat was greatest; the Puritan or Catholic Challenge to Elizabeth? Explain your answer

Describe two key features of the Catholic Challenge to the Religious Settlement One feature of the Catholic Challenge to Elizabeth’s Religious Settlement was….This…

A second feature was…This…

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Challenge: Want to discover more? Go to http://historyattallis.weebly.com/early-elizabethan-england- 1558-88.html Find where it says 3 What were the Challenges to the Religious Settlement by 1569? Click there, plus explore this section of the page.

Also this: https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zg68tyc/revision/4

Week 7 Recapping and ConsolidationKT1 TMA Queen, government & religion,1558–69 (up to challenges to religious settlement) Read across the row, and then add a symbol or image in the Key Image boxes

Focus Points & Elements

Sub-elements Key Image Key Narrative

F1:Situation on Elizabeth’s accession Elizabethan Society 1558

Monarch, Nobles, Gentry, Wealthy Merchants,Yeoman & Tenant farmers,Craftspeople, labourers,servants, The poor

Elizabethan society was extremely divided. The Monarch was the most powerful and influential but they needed the support of powerful noble landowners and the increasingly wealthy gentry and merchant class in order to rule effectively. Below them were yeoman farmers and craftspeople. The labouring rural and urban poor were by far the biggest group characterised by poverty and powerlessness.

Elizabethan Government in 1558

● The Monarch● The Court and Privy

Council● The Law courts● The Church● Parliament

Government was made up of the rich and powerful- led by the Monarch who appointed the Court and Privy Council to govern the localities with the support of the Church and the law courts in each area. Parliament was made up of nobles and gentry and their role was advisory.

The problems facing the “Virgin Queen”

● Religion● Privy Council● Debt● Foreign Policy● Her gender● Her Legitimacy

Succession

On her accession to power Elizabeth faced a range of difficult decisions over religious problems and government appointments. The country was at war with France, and many questioned Elizabeth’s legitimacy and her gender in order to be an effective monarch.

Elizabeth’s character and strengths

● Her parents● Education● Danger● Apprenticeship

Elizabeth mother was executed. In 1543, when Henry married his sixth wife Catherine Parr, she persuaded him to bring Elizabeth back to court. She was extremely well educated but faced many dangers from Catholics and Puritans.

Elizabeth’s problem at home.

● Importance of the Privy council

● Elizabeth’s choices● Elizabeth’s decisions

Choosing the Privy Councilors was a crucial task for Elizabeth. If she got it right, she would have a loyal team to help her run the country, if she got it wrong, she would have alienated some of the most powerful men in the country. The diagram below shows some of the issues she had to consider. She appointed William Cecil as Secretary of State.

Elizabeth’s financial weaknesses and creating peace and prosperity

● Financial weaknesses

● Creating peace and prosperity

In 1558, the royal finances had been severely strained by the war with France and Elizabeth inherited a debt of £300,000. In addition, most of the crown’s wealth came from land ownership, and the monarchy had suffered from the same problems as the other landowners in the sixteenth century. To strengthen the royal finances, Elizabeth severely cut back government spending right from the beginning of the reign, and strictly monitored the costs of her household.

Doubts about her ability, legitimacy and Marriage and Succession

● Doubts about whether a Queen could rule successfully

● The problem of legitimacy

● Problem of Marriage and succession

● Later marriage possibilities

In the 16th Century, Women rulers were seen as both unnatural & a liability; they did not fit with the ideal of womanhood. Even the Queen’s closest adviser, William Cecil, wrote to tell of an ambassador for discussing with Elizabeth, ’a matter of such weight, being too much for a women's knowledge’. The problem of having a female ruler was made worse by the fact that some people did not believe that Elizabeth had a legitimate claim to the throne. People expected that Elizabeth would marry quickly & have children to provide the next Tudor monarch

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Elizabeth’s challenges from abroad

● Scotland● France ● Spain● Choices and

decision● How great was the

problem

When Elizabeth became Queen, Scotland was ruled by her cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots. In 1558, France was at war with both England and Spain. Spain was the most powerful and wealthy country in Europe. Elizabeth had made her decision quickly. Peace was signed with France in January 1559, just three months after she became Queen, in the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis, and Calais was lost forever.

F2 Religious ‘settlement’

Theimportance of religion in England religious divisions

● The story of Margaret Ward “Pearl of Tyburn”

● Religious divisions in 1558

The story of Margaret Ward shows that people in the sixteenth century were prepared to die for their religious beliefs. This made it very difficult for the new Queen to decide which religion the Church of England was going to be. Whatever she chose, some people were going to be angry and might even fight to change it. This explains why religion is central to your understanding of the entire period.

Elizabeth’s Four key issues about her Church she needed to decide

● Head of the Church & the Bishops

● Decoration & music● The clergy● The Bible & Church

services● Role of the Church

in Society

On her accession to the throne Elizabeth had inherited a Catholic country and she faced key decisions immediately on religious matters. She had to make decisions on how the Church was organized and governed, how Church was decorated and experienced by people, who the Clergy would be, how Church services were run and the role of the Church in Elizabethan society.

Religious divisions faced by Elizabeth

● Past problems● Warnings from

abroad● Divisions in England ● Elizabeth’s dilemma● Elizabeth’s early

moves

England was religiously divided between Catholics, moderate Protestants and Puritans. Elizabeth had to weigh the effects each choice would have on England’s Relations with other countries. France, Spain and Scotland were all Catholic in 1558. It may seem that a compromise was the easy solution. However, a compromise risked pleasing no one. As a committed Protestant, she could not accept Catholic doctrine & beliefs, or the pope as head of the Church.

Elizabeth’s Religious Settlement 1559

● Elizabeth’s plans and actions

● Why did Elizabeth choose this settlement?

Elizabeth and her Council spent the autumn of 1558 drawing up plans for a new Church; the Queen called a meeting of Parliament in February in 1559. Parliament then passed the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity, which established her government and doctrine of the new Church of England. England became a Protestant country again.

What was the new Church of England like?

● 1 Head of the Church and the Bishops

● 2 Church decoration and music

● 3 The Bible and Church services

● 4 The clergy

Elizabeth, not the Pope, was now Head of the Church, but the title she gave himself was Supreme Governor. Ornaments and decoration were allowed in churches. The singing of hymns continued. The bible and church services had to be in English.Every church had to have a Bible written in English.All clergy had to take an oath, recognising Elizabeth’s title & agreeing to use the new Prayer Book.

How Elizabeth won support for the new Church?

● Her image● Church attendance● Adding Accession

Day to the calendar● Licensing the clergy

Attracted support by describing herself as the savior of Protestantism. Made attendance at church a test of loyalty to crown a country. Added her Accession Day to the calendar of Church festivals, so that a day of feasting, drinking and having fun would be associated with the Queen. She Licensed the clergy and told them what to say in their sermons.

F3 Challenge to the religious settlement.Why did the Puritans challenge the Settlement?

Puritan attitudes to the new settlementPuritan actionsPuritan divisionsElizabeth’s views of Puritans

Puritans did not believe in a head of the church, and wanted the church to be run by committees elected by churchgoers rather than bishops. Puritans wanted the parish clergy to wear only plain black gowns & wanted very plain churches: whitewashed halls and no stained-glass windows, pictures or statues; plain tables instead of alters, and no music. Puritans believed that the presence of Jesus in the communion service was spiritual, not physical. They were critical of Elizabeth.

Why did some Catholics challenge the Settlement and how did

● Strength of Catholicism outside London

● Catholic attitudes - acceptance

● Catholic attitudes -

The majority of people (except for London & the South-East) were still Catholic. They were strongly attached to their local parish church, with its familiar appearance & services. There were 8,000 clergy from Mary I’s reign who had held Catholic services for the past 5 years. Some very powerful Northern noble families

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Elizabeth react?

opposition● Catholic attitudes -

opposition abroad● Elizabeth’s reaction

to Catholic challenges

were also still Catholic, as were many gentry. There could have been immediate mass opposition to Elizabeth’s Religious Settlement, but this did not happen. However, Many saw Elizabeth as illegitimate, & wanted her replaced by Mary, Queen of Scots. They continued to secretly practice Catholic worship.

Challenge/Consolidating information: Go to http://historyattallis.weebly.com/early-elizabethan-england-1558-88.html Scroll down to Key topic 1: What were the challenges for Queen, government and religion, 1558–69 ? Lots of useful material here. In particular, look on the Right where it says Independent Learning. Below this are two documents we recommend that you look at and download: They cover week 1-3 content.Key Notes: Key Topic 1 Focus1, Focus 2 and Focus3, and the files below for Kq1fp1, Kpfp2, Kpfp3 which look like this

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