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Data Visualization Exam ANSWER KEY

1. The understanding and interpretation of data is an activity of __________________.

a. Software processingb. Human cognitionc. Statistical analysisd. Querying from a database using an optimized method

2. Around 150 C.E., Claudius Ptolemy published the Almagest, which was a thorough treatise on

astronomy, solar, lunar, and planetary theory. It contains the earliest preserved example of

data organized into a ___TABLE_____.

3. The Scottish engineer ____________________________ was the first to create the time-series

line graph, bar chart, and pie chart. One of his works shows the balance of trade between

England and Denmark & Norway over time.

a. William Playfairb. Charles Minardc. Napoleon Bonaparted. Edward Tufte

4. The following individuals are well-known contemporary advocates for the practices of effective data visualization: (Pick two)

a. John Tukeyb. Edward Tuftec. Stephen Fewd. Charles Minard

5. In 1967, Jacques Bertin published Sémiologie Graphique. In this book, he identified eight pre-attentive attributes (two of which are related to the planar dimensions of x and y) that our brains use to perceive data on a typical printed page without conscious effort. List four of these eight visual variables: (1 point each)

of 20Data Visualization Exam

Shape, orientation, color, texture, value, size, position order(enclosure and curvature could also be accepted)

6. In addition to Bertin’s pre-attentive attributes, three additional criteria were discussed that are impactful based on research in psychology and advances in display technology. Name one of these: (2 points)

motion, medium, context

7. Psychologists generally recognize________________ thinking systems that we use to make sense of the world:

a. Twob. Threec. Four

8. When we perceive our world, our System 1 (also known as Bottom Up) process generates ____________________ for System 2.

a. Impressions, intuitions, intentions, and feelingsb. Knowledge, understanding, and depth of perceptionc. Quantifiable measurementsd. Complex mathematical solutions

9. In what kinds of situations is our System 2 (Top Down) thinking process engaged?

a. When we need to generate a fight-or-flight response to the logic of System 1b. When there are complex problems or where System 1 runs into difficultyc. When we make decisions based on "gut feel"


10. In Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA), John Tukey advocated a concept that has become a foundational principle in our approach to effective data visualization today. For what did he advocate?

a. The user should not need instructions in order to operate software applicationsb. The main characteristics of a data set should be presented in a visual, easy to

understand form, without requiring the use or understanding of statistical modelsc. We should use only use data when it can be completely verified from at least two

sourcesd. The use of pre-attentive attributes should be avoided because they require us to “think”

about the data in a multi-dimensional way

11. The acronym “KPI” stands for ______Key Performance Indicator_________.

12. True or False: A KPI is a type of performance measurement used to evaluate achievement against a specific goal.

a. Trueb. False

13. In order to properly define a KPI, you must first:

a. Install a compatible databaseb. Define your target measure and the ranges of performance that are considered

acceptable and not acceptablec. Know the difference between causation and correlationd. Identify the tool you will use to visualize the result

14. Dashboards provide a view of the most important information needed to achieve one or more objectives. According to Stephen Few’s definition of a dashboard, they should also (pick the single most important):

a. Be consolidated on a single computer screen so that they can be monitored at a glanceb. Be interactive and “clickable”c. Have as much information as possible on multiple pagesd. Contain complex diagnostics that the user can use to drill-down into other reports


15. In the Duell Rules for Actionable Visualizations, we discussed that the visualization should be tailored to the person who will use the information. How does this impact the way we may design our dashboards and visual analyses?

a. It has little or no impact, because for consistency, everyone should see the exact same view of the data.

b. It doesn't impact our visualization, but will impact the data underneath.c. We should have different versions of all visualizations that can be clearly read by users

with each kind of color blindness.d. We need to consider what kind of information each group of users will need, and then

customize the information, layout, and design to present the data that is most useful.

16. When it comes to exploring data visually, there are two general modes of discovery that directly relate to the needs of the user. Pick the two modes and their primary application (Pick two):

a. Exploratory discovery, which allows the user to find new patterns and relationshipsb. Requirements discovery, which allows the user to isolate needs for a projectc. Synthetic discovery, which combines multiple data models to arrive at a single viewd. Directed discovery, which allows the user to find answers to pre-known questions

17. What is one data modeling approach that supports faster reporting and analysis, and is good for “data out?”

a. Online transaction processing modelb. Relational modelc. Analytical models used in OLAP systemsd. OLTP normalized datae. Replicated model

18. What are the characteristics of this approach that make it desirable for data analysis?

a. Data redundancy makes it possible to conduct a rich, highly attributed analysisb. Reduction of redundant data makes complex queries operate more efficientlyc. Normalized modeling helps the database operate within “normal” parametersd. None of the above; it depends on the amount of memory allocated to the server


19. In an analytical data model, attributes or dimensions are _______________________ and facts or measures are ____________________.

a. Not countable, countableb. Countable, not countablec. Both are not countabled. Text, units of measure

20. Based on the data set below, identify which columns contain measures and which contain dimensions: (6 points)

List the Dimensions: List the Measures:

Date, Customer Id, Customer Name, Order ID, Category, Product ID, Brand,Product Name, Agent ID, Agent Name

Price and Quantity

21. In the chart above, there are three measurement components. Fill in the blanks in each question below using the text target value, actual value or performance levels. (2 points each)

The long black horizontal line shows the: Actual Value

The short black vertical bar shows the: Target Value

The shaded areas show the: Performance Bands


22. The shimmering or jittering caused by the overlapping lines is an example of the ______Moiré___________ effect.

23. The unnatural colors below would be used to ____ Alert/Alarm ____ the reader.

24. Most fonts can be grouped into one of two categories, based on whether they do or do not have “the little decorative feet” shown on the letter H below at left. Please name these two categories: (2 points)

h___ serif _____ h____sans-serif_____


25. Who created the chart shown above? ___Minard____ (2 points)

26. Even without reading the detailed text, we can intuitively understand some aspects of this conflict. Which dimension of Napoleon’s march on Russia does this visualization help us to understand? (2 points)

a. The mix of weaponry used in the assaultb. The number of Napoleon’s troops that started the assault vs. the number that returnedc. The amount of time involved in making the march and the retreatd. The defense strategy of the Russian troops

27. Edward Tufte described the chart above as the “best statistical graphic ever drawn.” Others disagree. Based on what you have learned in class, which argument can reasonably be made against this approach to data visualization for making daily business decisions? (2 points)

a. Busy decision makers may not want to study this visualization to understand its message – they will want the meaning and message to be clear

b. There are not many colors – it needs to be more “exciting”c. No one knows how to read maps anymore, so they would be confusedd. There is no argument – this is a perfectly reasonable approach


28. Which chart type would be the best choice to use as a redesign of this pie chart?

a. A bullet graphb. A bar chart and a stacked barc. A box plot showing the distribution by companyd. A line chart showing Company B has the highest percent

29. What is this chart type and how would you describe it?

a. A line chart that is poorly designed because it does not have any axis labels or data labels to guide the reader.

b. A candlestick chart used to describe price movements of a security, derivative, or currency.

c. A bullet graph showing the actual sales versus the target salesd. A sparkline with a performance band that is data-intense, design-simple and a word-

size graphic.

34. What is the name of this chart type and who invented it?


a. A sparkbar invented by Edward Tufteb. A sparkbar invented by Stephen Fewc. A bullet graph invented by Stephen Fewd. A thermometer chart invented by Galileo Galilei

35. Breaking the axis on a chart can be problematic, but it can also be useful in some cases. Which chart type should never have a broken axis?

a. Bar Chartb. Line Chartc. Dot Plotd. Box Plot

36. Humans are very good at quickly and accurately estimating:

a. Size of Circlesb. Angles of a pie chartc. Arcs of a donut chartd. Length and height of bars on a bar chart

37. Small multiples could be a useful tool as all of the following except for:

a. a series of maps showing data changing over timeb. a trellis chart showing comparisons across many categoriesc. a series of pie charts showing multiple comparisonsd. a series of line charts showing rate over time by category

38. Which of the following is a standard grid design practice for placing charts on a dashboard in a quadrant according to emphasis of importance?

a.

Most Important Least Important

Neutral Neutral


b.

Most Important Neutral

Least Important Neutral

c.

Most Important Neutral

Neutral Least Important

d)

Neutral Most Important

Least Important Neutral

39. Which color palette would be a better choice for this data visualization and why?

A. B.

a. The Red-Green because red is universally understood as bad and green as good.b. The Red-Green because it’s a color-blind friendly palette.c. The Blue-Orange because it’s a color-blind friendly palette.d. Neither color palette is good because we should use a categorical color scheme for this

purpose.


40. Name the following color scheme used in the legends:

a. Sequentialb. Categoricalc. Divergingd. Exponential

41. Name the color scheme used in the following visualization:

a) Sequentialb) Categoricalc) Diverging


d) Exponential

42. Name the color scheme used in the following visualization:

a. Sequentialb. Categoricalc. Divergingd. Exponential

43. The best way to show a comparison of crime by state on a U.S. map would be:

a. Plot the total number of crimes in each state.b. Drop California, Florida, New York and Texas because they will be outliers.c. Plot a crime rate by using total number of crimes and state population.d. Plot the total number of crimes in each state divided by the entire population of the

United States.

44. Which of the following chart would be best choice for showing the most precise quantitative comparison of the 20 states shown?


a. Bubble Chartb. Bar Graphc. Choropleth Map (shaded Map)d. Treemap

45. Which of the charts below is the best way to show profit over time?


a. A line chart going from left to right, with the most recent date on the right.b. A line chart going from right to left, with the most recent date on the left.c. A bar chart with the most recent date at the bottom.d. A bar chart with the most recent date at the top.

46. Which of the following bar charts has the best design?


a. A bar chart in alphabetical order using x-axis labels and chart borders.b. A bar chart in ranked order using both data labels and x-axis labels and chart borders.c. A bar chart in ranked order using data labels and no chart borders.d. A bar chart in alphabetical order using no labels and no chart borders.

47. Which dashboard has the best design considering data visualization best practice?


a. Human Capital Management Dashboardb. Company Income Dashboardc. Information Technology Dashboardd. Vendor Dashboard


48. Please explain what is going on in the visual illusions below. Please indicate specifically what illusion is occurring (what you’re seeing that is not actually there or true), and what causes it. (16 points – 4 points each)

The small box on the bottom appears to be in shadow making it seem lighter than the other two small boxes. They are all the same color.

The orange circle on the right appears to be larger than the orange circle on the left because of the context of the other circles around it. They are actually the same size.

The bars on the top appears to be longer due to the horizon, but the two bars are actually the same size.

The words DATA appear to be different colors because of the gradient background. They words are actually the same color.


OPTIONALThese questions can be used as replacements or for alternate versions of the test (ex. make-up tests).

Data Presentation (6 points each)Create a graph that represents the following statements (please include axis labels).

a) Using a histogram - The largest number of employees earn between $30,000 and $35,000.

b) In September, the turnover rates for the six divisions were about the same.

c) There is a strong correlation between profitability and compensation.

d) Using a scatter plot - The size of company pay increases is not related to tenure.

e) The sales manager spends only 15% of his time in the field (don’t use a pie chart).

f) The typical salary range for Programmer II is approx. 10% higher than Programmer I, but the top and bottom range limits are about the same.


30. On the following page (landscape if you choose), design a dashboard with the following 4 components. The order of the components indicates their importance, which should be reflected in the emphasis they are given on the page: (30 points)

1.) Actual vs. Projected revenue for 4 regions of the country a. North – actual revenue is 105% of projected revenueb. South – actual revenue is 95% of projected revenuec. East – actual revenue is 135% of projected revenued. West – actual revenue is 65% of projected revenue

2.) The company’s earnings per share has been declining, but Sales have been increasing and are forecasted to increase over the next 3 years.

3.) In August, two plants outproduced the other six by a wide margin.

4.) Of the top 10 states ranked by productivity, Ohio ranks last when compared to other states


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