U.S. History Spring Packet

Please complete all the Cornell Notes following the reading passages.

Each section must be properly labeled in your paper. SEE LAST PAGE FOR AN EXAMPLE!!!

DUE:

1ST, 2nd, 4th, 6th : Wednesday, April 1st

3rd, 5th, 7th : Thursday, April 2nd

NO LATE WORK WILL BE ACCEPTED: NO EXCEPTIONS

Adam’s Presidency

The XYZ AffairWhen Washington left office in 1797, relations between France and the United States were tense. With Britain and France still at war, the French began seizing U.S. ships to prevent them from trading with the British. Within the year, the French had looted more than 300 U.S. ships.

Although some Federalists called for war with France, Adams hoped talks would restore calm .To this end, he sent diplomats Charles Pinckney, Elbridge Gerry, and John Marshall to Paris. Arriving there, they requested a meeting with the French minister of foreign affairs. For weeks, they were ignored. 

Then three French agents—later referred to as X, Y, and Z— took the Americans aside to tell them the minister would hold talks. However, the talks would occur only if the Americans agreed to loan France $10 million and to pay the minister a bribe of $250,000. The Americans refused. “No, no, not a sixpence,” Pinckney shot back. Adams received a full report of what became known as the XYZ Affair. 

After Congress and an outraged public learned of it, the press turned Pinckney’s words into a popular slogan: “Millions for defense, not one cent for tribute!” In 1798, Congress canceled its treaties with France and allowed U.S. ships to seize French vessels. Congress also set aside money to expand the navy and the army.  This is the reason John Adams is known as the father of the navy.

XYZ Affair Political Cartoon

American newspapers fueled public anger over the XYZ Affair by publishing editorial sand cartoons like this one.

Here the five-man group ruling France demands money at dagger point from the three Americans. The American diplomats respond, “Cease bawling, monster! We will not give you sixpence!”

Alien & Sedition Acts The conflict with France made Adams and the Federalists popular with the public. Many  Democratic-Republicans, such as Thomas Jefferson however, were sympathetic to France. One Democratic-Republican newspaper called Adams “the blasted tyrant of America.” In turn, Federalists labeled Democratic- Republicans “democrats, mobcrats, and other kinds of rats.”

Angered by criticism in a time of crisis, Adams blamed the Democratic-Republican newspapers and new immigrants. Many of the immigrants were Democratic-Republicans. To silence their critics, the Federalist Congress passed the Alien and Sedition Acts in 1798. These acts targeted aliens (immigrants) who were not yet citizens. 

The Alien Act increased the waiting period for becoming a U.S. citizen from 5 to 14 years and gave the president the power to arrest disloyal aliens or order them out of the country

during wartime. The Sedition Act outlawed sedition, saying or writing anything false or harmful about the government. With these acts, the Federalists clamped down on freedom of speech and the press.  About 25 Democratic-Republican newspaper editors charged under this act, and 10 were convicted of expressing opinions damaging to the government.

Kentucky / Virginia ResolutionsThe Democratic-Republicans, led by Jefferson and Madison, searched for a way to fight the Alien and Sedition Acts. They found it in a theory called states’ rights. According to this theory, states had rights that the federal government could not violate. Jefferson and Madison wrote resolutions (or statements) passed by the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures in 1798 and 1799. In

the Kentucky Resolutions, Jefferson proposed nullification, the idea that a state could nullify the federal law within the state. In the Virginia Resolutions, Madison said a state could interpose, or place, itself between the federal government and its citizens. The two sets of resolutions followed a similar argument: The states had the duty to nullify within their borders those laws that were unconstitutional.These resolutions declared that the Alien and Sedition Acts violated the Constitution and needed to be nullified. No other states supported Kentucky and Virginia.  However, within two years the Democratic-Republicans won control of Congress, and they either repealed the Alien and Sedition Acts or let them expire between 1800 and 1802.

Cornell Notes: Adam’s PresidencyEssential Question: What major economic, domestic, and foreign issues did President Adams face?

Note Questions:XYZ Affair

1.  What problem was the United States having with France during John Adams’ presidency?  What is this called?2.  What happened when President Adams sent diplomats to France?3.  What famous slogan was made as a result of the XYZ Affair?

Alien and Sedition Acts

1.  Why did Federalist Congress pass the Alien and Sedition Acts?2.  What rules did the Alien Act establish?3.  What rules did the Sedition Act establish?

The Kentucky/Virginia Resolutions

1.  What did Virginia and Kentucky declare about the Alien and Sedition Acts?

The Jeffersonian EraThe Election of 1800

The two parties contesting the election of 1800 were the Federalists, led by President John Adams, and the Democratic-Republicans, represented by Thomas Jefferson.  Each party believed that the other was endangering the Constitution and the American republic. The Democratic-Republicans thought they were saving the nation from monarchy and oppression. They argued, again and again, that the Alien and Sedition Acts

supported by the Federalists violated the Bill of Rights. 

The Federalists thought that the nation was about to be ruined by radicals—people who take extreme political positions. They remembered the violence of the French Revolution, in which radicals executed thousands in the name of liberty. When Election Day came, the Democratic-Republicans won the presidency.

Jefferson received 73 votes in the Electoral College, and Adams earned 65. But there was a problem. Aaron Burr, whom the Democratic-Republicans wanted as vice president, also received 73 votes.

Aaron Burr and Thomas JeffersonBreaking the Tie

According to the Constitution, the House of Representatives had to choose between Burr and Jefferson. The Democratic-Republicans clearly intended for Jefferson to be president. However, the Federalists still held a majority in the House, and their votes would decide the winner. The Federalists

were divided. Some feared Jefferson so much that they decided to back Burr. Others, such as Alexander Hamilton, considered Burr an unreliable man and urged the election of Jefferson.  Hamilton did not like Jefferson, but he believed that Jefferson would do more for the good of the nation than Burr. 

“If there be a man in the world I ought to hate,” he said, “it is Jefferson. . . . But the public good must be [more important than] every private consideration.”                                                                                                                                                  Alexander Hamilton     

Over a period of seven days, the House voted 35 times without determining a winner.

Finally, two weeks before the inauguration, Alexander Hamilton’s friend James A. Bayard persuaded several Federalists not to vote for Burr. On the thirty-sixth ballot, Jefferson was elected president. Aaron Burr, who became vice president, would never forget Hamilton’s insults. People of the United States were overjoyed by Jefferson’s election.

Jefferson’s Philosophy

The new president had strong opinions about what kind of country the United States ought to be. But his first order of business was to calm the nation’s political quarrels.

“Let us, then, fellow-citizens, unite with one heart and one mind. . . . Every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle. . . . We are all Republicans, we are all federalists.”                                                                            Thomas Jefferson, First Inaugural Address

One way Jefferson tried to unite Americans was by promoting a common way of life. He wanted the United States to remain a nation of small independent farmers. Such a nation, he believed, would uphold the strong morals and democratic values that he associated with country living. He hoped that the enormous amount of available land would prevent Americans from crowding into cities, as people had in Europe. As president, Jefferson behaved more like a gentleman farmer than a privileged politician. Instead of riding in a fancy carriage to his inauguration, Jefferson walked the two blocks from his boarding house to the Capitol.  

To the end, Jefferson refused to elevate himself because of his office. For his tombstone, he chose this simple epitaph: “Here was buried Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of American Independence, of the statute of Virginia for religious freedom, and father of the University of Virginia.” Jefferson chose not to list his presidency. His belief in a modest role for the central government is reflected in the changes he made during his presidency.

Undoing Federalist Programs

Jefferson believed that the federal government should have less power than it had under the Federalists. During his term of office, he sought to end many Federalist programs. At the president’s urging, Congress—now controlled by Democratic- Republicans—allowed the Alien and Sedition Acts to end. Congress also ended many taxes, including the unpopular whiskey tax. Because the loss of tax revenue lowered the government’s income, Jefferson reduced the number of federal employees to cut costs. He also reduced the size of the military. 

Jefferson next made changes to the Federalists’ financial policies. Alexander Hamilton had created a system that depended on a certain amount of public debt. He believed that

people who were owed money by their government would make sure the government was run properly. But Jefferson opposed public debt. He used revenues from tariffs and land sales to reduce the amount of money owed by the government.

The Louisiana PurchaseThe West in 1800In 1800, when Americans talked about the  “West,” they meant the area between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River. Thousands of settlers were moving westward across the Appalachians to settle in this region. Many moved onto land long inhabited by Native Americans. Even so, several U.S. territories soon declared statehood. Kentucky and Tennessee had become states by 1800, and Ohio entered the union in 1803.

Although the Mississippi River was the western border of the United States, there was a great deal of activity further west. In 1800, France and Spain were negotiating for ownership of the Louisiana Territory—the vast region between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains.

The Pacific coast region and the Oregon Country also attracted increasing attention. In California, Spain had a chain of 21 missions stretching from San Diego to San Francisco. Starting just north of San Francisco, Russian settlements dotted the Pacific coast all the way to Alaska. Great Britain also claimed land in the region.

As the number of Westerners grew, so did their political influence. A vital issue for many settlers was the use of the Mississippi River. Farmers and merchants used the river to move their products to the port of New Orleans and from there to east coast markets.

Napoleon and New Orleans

After losing the French and Indian War, France turned over the Louisiana Territory—including New Orleans—to Spain. But in a secret treaty in 1800, Spain returned Louisiana and the port to France’s powerful leader, Napoleon. Now Napoleon planned to colonize the American territory. In 1802, these developments nearly resulted in war. Just before turning Louisiana over to France, Spain closed New Orleans to American shipping. Angry Westerners called for war against both Spain and France. To avoid hostilities, Jefferson offered to buy New Orleans from France. He received a surprising offer back. The French asked if the United States wanted to buy all of the Louisiana Territory—

a piece of land even larger than the United States at that time.

The Louisiana Purchase

A number of factors may have led Napoleon to make his surprising offer. He was probably alarmed by America’s fierce determination to keep the port of New Orleans open. Also, his enthusiasm for a colony in America may have been lessened by events in a French colony in the West Indies. There, a revolt had resulted in disastrous losses for the French. Another factor was France’s costly war against Britain. America’s money may have been more valuable to Napoleon than its land.  

Jefferson was thrilled by Napoleon’s offer. However, the Constitution said nothing about the president’s right to buy land. This troubled Jefferson, who believed in the strict interpretation of the Constitution. But he also believed in a republic of small farmers, and that required land. So, on April 30, 1803, the Louisiana Purchase was approved for $15 million— about three cents per acre. The purchase doubled the size of the United States. At the time, Americans knew little about the territory. But that would soon change with the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

Lewis and Clark Explore

Since 1802, Thomas Jefferson had planned an expedition to explore the Louisiana country. Now that the Louisiana Purchase had been made, learning about the territory became even more important. 

Jefferson chose a young officer, Captain Meriwether Lewis, to lead the expedition. In Jefferson’s map-lined study, the two men eagerly planned the trip. Lewis turned to his old friend, Lieutenant William Clark, to select and oversee a volunteer force, which they called the Corps of Discovery. Clark was a skilled mapmaker and outdoorsman and proved to be a natural leader. The Corps of Discovery soon became known as the Lewis and Clark expedition.

Lewis and Clark set out in the summer of 1803. By winter, they reached St. Louis. Located on the western bank of the Mississippi River, St. Louis would soon become the gateway to the West. But in 1803, the city was a sleepy town with just 180 houses. Lewis and Clark spent the winter at St. Louis and waited for the ceremony that would mark the transfer of Louisiana to the United States. In March 1804, the American flag flew over St. Louis for the first time.

The Embargo Act of 1807Jefferson’s Foreign Policy

When Thomas Jefferson took office in 1801, he expected to concentrate on domestic concerns. In his inaugural address, Jefferson advised the United States to seek the friendship of all nations, but to enter into “entangling alliances with none.”

However, the president’s desire to keep the United States separated from other nations and their problems was doomed to fail. For one thing, American merchants were busily engaged in trade all 

over the world. For another, the Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis and Clark expedition were about to open the country to westward expansion. Expansion would bring Americans into closer contact with people from other nations who had already established settlements in the West. Finally, the United States had little control over the actions of foreign nations. Staying out of the ongoing conflict between France and England would be just as difficult.

Problems with France and England

For a long time, the United States managed not to get involved in the European wars that followed the French Revolution. At times, the nation even benefited from the conflict. Busy with a war in Europe, France sold the Louisiana Territory to the United States. And American shippers eagerly took over the trade interrupted by the war. 

By 1805, however, the British began to clamp down on U.S. shipping. They did not want Americans to provide their enemy (France) with food and supplies, so the British decided to set up a partial blockade. This would only allow some American ships to bring provisions to Europe. This partial blockade angered France, which enacted its own laws to control foreign shipping. These changes put American merchants in a difficult position. If they obeyed the British rules, their ships could be seized by the French. If they obeyed the French rules, their ships could be seized by the British. Britain also interfered with U.S. trade by the impressment, or kidnapping, of American sailors to work on British ships. Between 1803 and 1812, the British impressed about 6,000 American sailors. 

Trade as a Weapon

Instead of declaring war, Jefferson asked Congress to pass legislation that would stop all foreign trade. In December, Congress passed the Embargo Act of 1807. Now American ships were no longer allowed to sail to foreign ports. The act also closed American ports to British ships. Jefferson’s policy was a disaster. It was more harmful to the United States than to the British and French. American farmers and merchants were especially hard hit.

Southern and Western farmers, for example, lost important markets for their grain, cotton, and tobacco. The embargo became a major issue for President Jefferson’s second term in office.

Cornell Notes: Jefferson Era

Essential Question: What major economic, domestic, and foreign issues did President Jefferson face?

Note Questions:Jeffersonian Era

1.  Describe Jefferson’s perfect version of America.2.  What changes to Federalist programs did Jefferson implement?3.  How did Jefferson raise revenue?

The Louisiana Purchase

1.  What was the western border of the United States before the Louisiana Purchase?2.  Why did President Jefferson offer to buy New Orleans from The French?3.  In what year did the Louisiana Purchase take place and what did it do for our country geographically?4.  How much did President Jefferson pay for the Louisiana Territory?5.  What was the goal of the Lewis and Clark Expedition?

The Embargo Act of 1807

1.  What was President Jefferson's original idea for foreign Policy?2.  Why did President Jefferson ask congress to pass the Embargo Act?3.  Were the effects of the Embargo Act positive or negative?  Explain.

The War of 1812The U.S. Naval Battle Ship Constitution in one of its victories.

Causes of the WarFrance and Britain, Europe's two most powerful nations, had battles almost constantly since 1793, and their warfare directly affected American trade. American presidents from Washington to Madison tried to keep the United States neutral during these conflicts, but both France and Britain deliberately ignored the rights of neutral countries.

For the Americans, the greatest annoyance was Britain's practice of impressments, or the

capture of American sailors for service in the British navy. The British government claimed that it only detained subjects of the Crown who sailed under the American flag to escape wartime service in their own navy. In fact, the British seized not only their own deserters, but also frightened a significant number of United States citizens-estimates suggest 6000 or more.

The War BeginsBritain did not really want a war with the United States because it was already involved in another war with France. To try to avoid war, the British announced that they would no longer interfere with American shipping. But the slow mails of the day prevented this news from reaching the United States until weeks after June 18th, when Congress approved Madison’s request for a declaration of war.

The War of 1812 had two main phases. From 1812 to 1814, Britain concentrated on its war against France. It devoted little energy to the conflict in North America, although it did send ships to blockade the American coast. The second phase of the war began after the British defeated France in April 1814. With their European war nearly at an end, the British could turn their complete attention to the United States. The United States military was weak when the war was declared. Democratic-Republicans had reduced the size of the armed forces. When the war began, the Navy had only about 16 ships. The army had fewer than 7,000 men. These men were poorly trained and equipped, and were often led by inexperienced officers. 

The First Phase of the WarIn spite of its small size, the United States Navy rose to the challenge. Its warships were the fastest afloat. American naval officers had gained valuable experience fighting pirates in the Mediterranean Sea. Early in the war, before the British blockaded the coast, ships such as the Constitution and the United States won stirring victories. These victories on the high seas boosted American confidence.

General Andrew Jackson in the Battle of New OrleansThe Second Phase of the WarAfter defeating Napoleon in April 1814, Britain turned its full attention to the United States. British forces focused their attack on Washington D.C. and burned the Capitol building and the president’s mansion in August. The British then attacked Fort McHenry at Baltimore. The commander of Fort

McHenry had earlier requested a flag “so large that the British will have no difficulty in seeing it.” Detained on a British ship, a Washington lawyer named Francis Scott Key watched the all-night battle. At dawn, Key discovered that the flag was still flying. He expressed his pride in what became the U.S. national anthem. Meanwhile, in the south, the British moved against the strategic port of New Orleans. In December 1814, dozens of ships carrying 7,500 British troops approached Louisiana. To fight them, the Americans patched together an army under the command of General Andrew Jackson. 

The British attacked Jackson’s forces on January 8, 1815. Protected by earthworks, American riflemen mowed down the advancing redcoats. It was a great victory for Jackson. American casualties totaled 71, compared to Britain’s 2,000. Though the Battle of New Orleans made Jackson a hero, it was unnecessary. Slow mails from Europe had delayed news of the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the War of 1812. It had been signed two weeks earlier, on December 24, 1814.

Impact of the War of 1812

The Legacy of the WarThe treaty showed that the war had no clear winner. No territory changed hands, and trade disputes were left unresolved. Still, the war had important consequences. First, the heroic exploits of men such as Andrew Jackson and Oliver Perry increased American patriotism. Second, the war broke the strength of Native Americans, who had sided with the British. Finally, when war interrupted trade, the Americans were forced to make

many of the goods they had previously imported. This encouraged the growth of U.S. manufactures. The United States had also proved that it could defend itself against the mightiest military power of the era. For perhaps the first time, Americans believed that the young nation would survive and prosper.

Another legacy of the war was Francis Scott Key’s “The Star Spangled Banner.”  Key wrote this poem while imprisoned in Baltimore on a British ship.  It late became our national anthem.

Cornell Notes: War of 1812Essential Question: What major economic, domestic, and foreign issues did President Madison face?

Note Questions:The War of 1812

1.  What caused the War of 1812?2.  At the beginning of the war, what 3 problems did the U.S. military have?3.  How was American confidence boosted during the first Phase of the war?4.  What future President of the United States was a hero of the War of 1812?

Impact of the War of 1812

1.  What were the 3 major results of the War of 1812?2.  What is Francis Scott Key referring to in his poem “The Star Spangled Banner?”3.  In your own words, summarize “The Star Spangled Banner.

The American System / "Era of Good Feelings"The Era of Good FeelingsAs nationalist feelings spread, people slowly shifted their loyalty away from state governments and more toward the federal government. Democratic-Republican James

Monroe won the presidency in 1816 with a large majority of electoral votes. The Federalist Party provided little opposition to Monroe and soon disappeared. Political differences gave way to what one Boston newspaper called the “Era of Good Feelings”.  

The Era of Good Feelings was a time in which American nationalism, or pride in the nation rather than the states, grew.  Americans had preserved their independence from Great Britain and had learned to cooperate in a common effort.

Nationalism Unites the CountryToward the end of his presidency, President Madison presented a plan to Congress for making the United States economically self-sufficient. In other words, the country would prosper and grow by itself, without foreign products or foreign markets. The plan—which Henry Clay promoted as the American System— included three main actions.

1. Establish a protective tariff, a tax on imported goods that protects a nation’s businesses from foreign competition. Congress passed a tariff in 1816. It made European goods more expensive and encouraged Americans to buy cheaper American-made products.

2. Establish a national bank that would promote a single currency, making trade easier. (Most regional banks issued their own money.) In 1816, Congress set up the second Bank of the United States.

3. Improve the country’s transportation systems, which were important for a strong economy. Poor roads made transportation slow and costly.

Roads and Canals Link CitiesIn 1817, Representative John C. Calhoun of South Carolina called for better transportation systems. “Let us bind the Republic together with a perfect system of roads and canals,” he declared. Earlier, in 1806, Congress had funded a road from Cumberland, Maryland, to Wheeling, Virginia. By 1841, the National Road, designed as the country’s main east-west route, had been extended to Vandalia, Illinois. This improved transportation and trade throughout the country greatly.Water transportation

improved, too, with the building of canals. In fact, the period from 1825 to 1850 is often called the Age of Canals. Completed in 1825, the massive Erie Canal created a water route between New York City and Buffalo, New York. The canal opened the upper Ohio Valley and the Great Lakes region to settlement and trade. It also fueled nationalism by unifying these two sections of the country.  The Erie Canal was the most ambitious project ever constructed up to that time.The Erie Canal allowed farm products from the Great Lakes region to flow east and people and manufactured goods from the East to flow west, thus creating new markets for those farmers and manufacturers to sell their goods.  Trade stimulated by the canal helped New York City become the nation’s largest city.

The Monroe Doctrine

During James Monroe’s presidency, the nation felt threatened by events elsewhere in the Americas. In Latin America, several countries had successfully fought for their independence from Spain and Portugal. Some European monarchies planned to help Spain and Portugal take back their colonies, hoping to keep the urge to revolt from reaching Europe. U.S. leaders feared that if this happened, their own government would be in danger. 

Additionally, Russian colonies in the Pacific Northwest concerned Americans. The Russians entered Alaska in 1784. By 1812, their trading posts reached almost to San Francisco.

In December 1823, President Monroe issued a statement that became known as the Monroe Doctrine. Monroe said that the Americas were closed to further colonization. He also warned that European efforts to reestablish colonies would be considered “dangerous to our peace and safety.” 

“The occasion has been judged proper for asserting, as a principle in which the rights and interests of the United States are involved, that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers. . .” 

Finally, he promised that the United States would stay out of European affairs. The Monroe Doctrine showed that the United States saw itself as a world power and protector of Latin America.

“…In the wars of the European powers in matters relating to themselves we have never taken any part, nor does it (agree) with our policy so to do. It is only when our rights are invaded or seriously menaced that we resent injuries or make preparation for our defense...”

In effect, Monroe was drawing an invisible line between the New World (Western Hemisphere) and the Old World (Eastern Hemisphere), in terms of spheres of influence. At the time, not many European colonies were left in the New World. Thanks to the efforts of Simon Bolivar and others, nearly all Latin American colonies of Portugal and Spain had declared themselves independent from their colonial "parents." 

The ideas in the Monroe Doctrine came from John Quincy Adams, Monroe’s secretary of state, who would later become the 6th President of the United States. Adams delivered a speech against colonization on July 4, 1821—two years before Monroe announced his doctrine.

Cornell Notes: Era of Good Feelings

Essential Question: What major economic, domestic, and foreign issues did President Monroe face?

Note Questions:The American System / "The Era of Good Feelings"

1.  What is the “Era of Good Feelings? 2.  What are the 3 parts to the “American System” plan?3.  Describe TWO important effects that came from the improved transportation system of roads and canals in America?4.  According to the map, which region benefited the most from canals; the north or south?  Explain.

The Monroe Doctrine

1.  What was the main message of the Monroe Doctrine?2.  Why might it threaten the United States to have new European colonies near them?3.  Why might the United States want to remain neutral toward conflicts in Europe?

Supreme Court Cases

Chief Justice John MarshallMarbury v. Madison (1803)

Just before President John Adams left office, he appointed John Marshall as Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court.  The Supreme Court was often viewed as the weakest of the three branches, but Marshall made the Supreme Court a new center of government power.  The Supreme Court under John Marshall established the principle of judicial review in the case of Marbury v. Madison.

Background:  President Adams, just before leaving office, appointed Marbury as a justice of the peace.  The new Secretary of State under Thomas Jefferson’s administration, James Madison, refused to deliver his commission (official papers)

making him a justice of the peace.  Marbury asked Supreme Court to require Madison to deliver his commission.  Marbury argued that the Judiciary Act of 1789 gave the Supreme Court the power to force James Madison to deliver the commission.

Decision / Significance:  The court rules that the part of the Judiciary Act that gave the Supreme Court the power to order delivery of the commission went against the Constitution. The Supreme Court declared that part of the act to be null and void. This case established judicial review – the right of the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional.  This greatly strengthened the power of the judicial branch by making it the final authority in interpreting the U.S. Constitution.

 McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Another key decision by Chief Justice John Marshall was McCulloch v. Maryland.  This case tested the relationship between state and federal law.

Background:   In 1818, the Maryland legislature imposed a tax on the Maryland branch of the Second National Bank (a federal bank).  The National Bank was unpopular since it competed with state banks.  Maryland legislators hoped that state taxes on the federal bank would shut down the Maryland branch.  James McCulloch, the federal bank’s cashier, did not pay the taxes the Maryland law required, and Maryland sued for payment.  After the state of Maryland won the dispute in its own courts, the case was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court.

Decision / Significance:  The case presented two key issues: (1) Does Congress have the power to create a bank, even when that power is not specifically mentioned in the Constitution?  (2) Does Maryland have the power to tax an institution of the federal government?  Marshall ruled that Congress could create a national, since this would help Congress carry out its other powers.  Marshall said that the “necessary and proper” clause (elastic clause) in the Constitution gives Congress all those powers needed to carry out its powers listed in the Constitution.  He also said that since the federal government had the right to establish the bank, Maryland had no right to interfere by taxing it.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

During the Transportation Revolution (rapid improvements in transportation) in the United States, the Supreme Court encouraged the growth of a national market by its decision in the case of Gibbons v. Ogden.

Background:  Ogden had been granted a monopoly by New York State to operate a steamboat between New York and New Jersey.  Gibbons was granted a similar license by the federal government.  Ogden sued to stop Gibbons from competing with him. Gibbons appealed to the Supreme Court.

Decision / Significance:  Marshall ruled in favor of gibbons.  He said that Congress could regulate ferry boats crossing the Hudson River between New York and New Jersey as part of its power under the Constitution to control “interstate commerce” (trade between states).  Only the federal government, according to the U.S. Constitution, could regulate interstate commerce, including activities affecting interstate commerce.  This established the federal government’s right to regulate anything that involves commerce between the states.

Notes:Create and complete the graphic organizer below in you notebook.

DO NOT TURN IN THIS PAGE WITH ANSWERS. MUST BE ON YOUR OWN PAPER.

Name:Date:

Period:

TITLE: Adam’s Presidency E.Q.Write it out…

XYZ Affair 1. Answer each question in Complete Sentence

2. Answer question in Complete Sentence

Summary: Answer the E.Q. Not having a summary will automatically earn you a “C” grade

CREATE A NEW PAGE FOR NEXT CORNELL SECTION

Name:Date:

Period:

TITLE: Jefferson EraE.Q.Write it out…

XYZ Affair 1. Answer each question in Complete Sentence

2. Answer question in Complete Sentence

Summary: Answer the E.Q. Not having a summary will automatically earn you a “C” gradeCREATE A NEW PAGE FOR NEXT CORNELL SECTION