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HOTS

ZIET Bhubaneswar 2013-14

HOTS

13

Higher Order Thinking Skills

Chapter

No. 1

Name of the Chapter:

Reproduction in organisms.

Prepared by:

Region Tinsukia

Q 1

Rahul observed green coloured long algal filaments in a stagnant pond, which are single layer aggregation of vertically arranged cells. What sort of strategy can this type of cellular aggregation adopt for multiplication?

A

Fragmentation (vegetative method).

Q 2

Both the prefixes ( Uni- and Mono- ) have the same meaning i.e. one in number. Does it mean that uni-sexual and mono-ecious species are the same?

A

Unisexual is used in reference to the flower (presence of either anther or carpel). Monoecious is used in reference to the plant (morphologically one plant bearing both the sexes in their flowers.

Q 3

In oogamy, female gamete is large and non-motile but the male gamete is reverse in its properties. Why such type of adjustment is there in higher organisms?

A

In oogamy, female gamete being larger and non motile, is an adaptation for having more food reserves that may be required for the future development. The male gamete has to move to reach the counterpart, so it has the machinery for its reaching and delivering the chromosomes. A lot of cytoplasm will means extra weight also. So both the sex cells have specialized themselves for their functions.

Q 4

Name organisms that reproduce to produce genetically similar individuals. What is the type of reproduction do they follow? Why are the individuals so similar?

A

Unicellular organisms. Asexual reproduction. Because they are morphologically and genetically identical.

Q 5

How do gemmules and gemma cup differ from each other?

A

Gemmules are the internal buds found in coelenterates and sponges.

Gemmae are the external buds found in bryophytes.

Q 6

Fill in the blanks with their correct vegetative propagules:

a) Agave ---------------

b) Hydra----------------

c) Onion-----------

d) Mint------------

A

a) Bulbil b) Buds c) Bulb d) Sucker

Q 7

In a pond ecosystem you may find the plant with purple flowers that spread very fast to cover the entire pond within a short span of time. How does it spread? How does it harm the aquatic body?

A

It is water hyacinth which reproduces by vegetative mean i.e. offset mean. It causes floods and popularly known as `terror of Bengal`.

Q 8

In turkey there is no males found. Why? How is it possible? Give term for such type of reproduction.

A

It is parthenogenesis. In turkey diploid egg mother cell directly developed in to a female zygote.

Q 9

It is found that in organisms like algae, fishes and amphibians gametes are produced in a large number. Suggest a reason to support your answer.

A

To enhance the chance of syngamy that occurs externally in water.

Q 10

In algae and fungi zygote would not undergone meiosis immediately, than what is its future?

A

It develops a thick wall i. e. resistant against dessication and damage and undergone resting before meiosis to pass out the unfavourable conditions.

Chapter

No. 2


Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Prepared by:

Tinsukia Region

Q.1

Name the type of pollination that ensures genetic variation.

A

Xenogamy

Q.2

The plant Yucca and moth cannot complete their life cycle without each other. Why?

A

The moth deposits its eggs in locule of ovary and flower, in turn, gets pollinated by the moth.

Q.3

Give the other name of the following : pollen sacs , ovule , pollen grains ,embryo sacs.

A

Micro sporangia, Mega sporangium, Microspores, Female gametophyte.

Q.4

In case of polyembryony, an embryo develops from the synergids and another from the nucellus. Which is haploid and which is diploid?

A

Synergid embryo is haploid an nucellar embryo is diploid.

Q.5

Label the following

A

Q.6

Label the following.

A

Chapter

No.3


Human Reproduction

Prepared by:

Tinsukia Region

Q

What lead to menstruation in the absence of fertilisation?

A

In the absence of fertilization, corpus luteum degenerates which causes disintegration of endometrium leading to menstrual cycle.

Q

Why not all copulations lead to fertilisation and pregnancy?

A

Reason: fertilisation can only occur if the ovum and sperms are carried simultaneously.

Q

A mother gets infected with a virus which causes German measles during pregnancy. Is it possible that the foetus will also get infected? How ? What are its ill-effect on the foetus?

A

Yes, it is possible that the foetus gets infected. These viruses may diffuse through placenta. It may cause malformations in the developing embryo.

Q

How is the action of LH different in male and female?

A

In male, LH is called ICSH (Interstitial cells stimulating hormone) which stimulates the leydig cells of the testis to secrete testosterone. In females, LH promotes ovulation and controls the formation of corpus luteum after ovulation.

Q

Study the figure given below and answer the question that follow:

a

a)Identify ‘a’ in the figure and mention its fuction.

b)Mention the stage of human embryo it follows.

c)Where are the stem cells located in this embryo?

d) Which part of this stage of human embryo gets attached to endometrium to establish

pregnancy?

A

a) Inner cell mass. It forms the tissues of future embryo.

b) Morula.

c) In the inner cell mass.

d) The pole of the blastocyst that contains the inner cell mass.

Q

The following illustration is the sequence of oogenesis in human female:

a) Mention the chromosome no. in a primary oocyte and a secondary oocyte respectively.

b) When is meiosis II completed in the oogenesis of human female?

c) At what stage is meiosis I suspended in a primary oocyte?

A

1. Primary oocyte=46; secondary oocyte=23.

1. It is completed during fertilisation.

1. Prophase I.

Chapter

No.4


Reproductive Health

Prepared by:

Region Guwahati

Q1

Why is CuT considered a good contraceptive device to space children?

A

Cu suppress sperm motility , fertilizing capacity

Q.2

What is the significance of progesterone – estrogen combination as contraceptive measure?

A

Easily available , create gap, inhibit ovulation and implantation, less side effect

Q3

What do you mean by ectopic pregnancy? Why does it happen?

A

Implantation outside uterus, Due to STDs

Q.4

Give the difference between In – vivo and In –vitro fertilization.

A

In-vivo (in side mother’s body), In- vitro (Inside the laboratory)

Q5

Why MTP?

A

Medical termination of pregnancy – Population control, get rid of unwanted pregnancy, for health condition of mother and embryo

Chapter

No.5


PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION

Prepared by:

KOLKATA REGION

Q

How will you find the genotype of an organism exhibiting a dominant phenotype trait ?

A

By test cross, with a homozygous recessive one.

Q

What is the probability of Haemophilia in the son when a normal homozygous women is married to a Haemophilic man ?

A

0 %

Q

Show through a cross all the possibility of the genotypes of the progeny when a man with blood group B marries a women with blood group A, both heterozygous for the trait .

A

Genotypes – IaIb , Ibi ,Iai , ii

Q

What will be the karyotype of an individual who has developed from the zygote formed by an XX egg fertilized by a Y sperm ?Name the abnormality with which he will be suffering from .

A

47 chromosome , Klinefelter ‘s syndrome .

Q

What will be the percentage of gametes ry , formed by an individual with genotype RrYy ?

A

ry – 25% .

Q

The distance between the two strands of DNA is maintained constant ? How it is maintained ?

A

By base pairing between the two strands that is adenine with thymine with two hydrogen bond and guanine with cytosine with 3 hydrogen bond.

Q

Fill in the blanks a , b, c and d :

TRAIT

DOMINANT

RECESSIVE

Seed shape

a

wrinkled

Flower position

Axillary

b

Pod shape

c

constricted

Pod colour

Green

d

A

a -- round , b –terminal ,c -- inflated , d --yellow

Q

What is the method of finding the genotype of an organism exhibiting a dominant phenotype trait ? Explain.

A

Test cross.In the cross ,if the individual is homozygous dominant ,all the individuals in the progeny will be dominant. If the individual is heterozygous, the progeny will show both dominant and recessive trait in the ratio of 1:1.

Chapter

No.6


Molecular Basis Of Inheritance

Prepared by:

KOLKATA REGION

Q

It is found that in the Transcription process the DNA strand with 3’5’ is always transcribed . Why ?

A

As RNA polymerase can work only in 5’---> 3’ direction.

Q

Where are UTRs located on m RNA ? Find out the UTRs from this segment of mRNA - 5’ UCG AGC AUG CCC GCG UUU UAG GAG GAA 3’

A

UTRs are present at both 5’-end (before start codon) and at 3’ –end (after stop codon). UCG, AGC,GAG &GAA .

Q

What is the importance of Lactose in Lac-Operon ?

A

It induces Lac- Operon by binding with repressor protein.

Q

What are the different attachment sites on t RNA ?

A

Amino acid , anticodon ,enzyme and ribosome attachment sites .

Q

Expand BAC and YAC . What for they are used ?

A

BAC- Bacterial artificial chromosome , YAC- Yeast artificial chromosome .

Q

What will happen if both template and coding strands of a DNA segment take part in the transcription process ?

A

If both the stands take part in transcription (1) one segment of DNA Would be coding for two different proteins which will complicate the genetic information machinery. (2)Two RNA molecules will be produced, complementary to each other, hence form a double stranded RNA.

Q

Mention the two events when DNA is unzipped in a cell.

A

Replication and Transcription

Q

Name the chromosomes with highest and fewest number of genes .

A

Chromosome 1 and Y chromosome .

Chapter

No.7


Evolution

Prepared by:

Ranchi Region

Q1

What do these pictures (a) and (b) illustrate with reference to evolution?

A1

(a) Dark and grey coloured moths on the bark of a tree in an unpolluted area.

(b) Dark and grey coloured moths on the bark of a tree in a polluted area.

Above picture shows industrial melanism. Prior to industrial revolution England had plenty of lichen flora on the bark of trees giving light coloured background suitable for white coloured moth but dark coloured moths were easily predated by the predators declining their numbers. After industrial revolution lichens disappeared from the tree barks which caused easy predation of white coloured moths than dark coloured declining the numbers of white moth in course of time.

Q2

On the basis of diagram given below explain the different ways of natural selection.

A2

Diagram explains three ways of natural selections which are-(a) Stabilising selection (b) Directional selection (c) Disruptive selection.

Q3

Define the terms-1.Germplasm 2.Branching descent.

A3

1. Germplasm - Protoplasm contained inside the germ cells that is transmitted from one generation to other is called germplasm.

2. Branching descent-It the formation of different types of species from a common ancestor due to variations and adaptations to varying ecological niches.

Q4

Write the formula to calculate allele frequency in future generations according to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

A4

(p + q)2 =p2+2pq+q2=1

Q5

Give a comparison of the skulls of adult modern human being, baby chimpanzee and adult chimpanzee.

A5

The skull of a baby chimpanzee is more like adult human skull than adult chimpanzee skull.

Q6

Give a flow chart to show the different divisions of geological time scale.

A6

Geological Time scale

Two major division

Cryptozoic Phanerozoic

Era

Azoic

( Era of no life)

Archaeozoic Proterozoic Palaeozoic Mesozoic Coenozoic

Era of invisible life Era of early life Era of ancient life Era medieval life Era of modern life

Cambrian Ordovician Silurian Devonian Carboniferous Permian

Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous

Tertiary Quaternary

Note-Coenozoic era is divided in to two periods which are Tertiary and Quaternary and these are further divided into seven Epochs-1.Recent(Holozoic )1-0.6mya

2.Pleistocene 0.6-2.0mya

3.Pliocene 2-13mya

4.Miocene 13-26mya

5.Eocene 38-54mya

6.Palaeocene 54-65mya

Chapter

No.8


Human Health & Diseases

Prepared by:

Ranchi Region

Q

Name the organ of our body that acts as a filter of blood & trap the blood born microbes.

A

Spleen

Q

Cancer causing genes are called ------------------------.

A

Oncogenes

Q

Which antibodies present in colostrum.

A

IgA

Q

Name the proteins secreted by virus infected cells which protects non-infected cells from further viral infection.

A

Interferons

Q

Expand MALT.

A

Mucosal Associated lymphoid Tissue

Q

Cancer cells are more easily damaged by radiations than normal cells ,Why?

A

Undergoing rapid division.

Q

Name the medicine very effective sedative, pain killed & is very useful in patients who have undergone surgery.

A

Morphine

Q

The chronic use of drugs & alcohol damages nervous system and liver, this is known as ------------.

A

Cirrhosis

Q

What do you mean by withdrawal syndrome?

A

When the regular dose of drugs /alcohol is abruptly discontinued ,the body to manifest an unpleasant syndrome characterised by anxiety, shakiness, nausea & sweating

Q

What c-onc or proto-onc genes?

A

Cellular onco genes or proto onco genes are present in normal cells which ,when activated under certain conditions,could lead to oncogenic transformation of the cells.

Q

Name the scientist who discovered the life cycle of malarial parasite.

A

Sir Ronald Ross.

Q

which type of organisms cause ringworm.

A

Fungi

Q

Name the disease caused due to abnormal increase in lymphocytes of blood.

A

Leukemia/Blood cancer

Q

Against which diseases does the MMR vaccine give protection ?

A

Measels,Mums&Rubeolla

Chapter

No.09


Strategies for enhancement in food production

Prepared by:

Ranchi Region

Q

How does mutation breeding artificially occur in plants?

A

Chemicals and gamma radiations

Q

Name the varieties of rice from which sem-dwarf variety have been developed.

A

IR-8

Q

What is meant by micro-propagation?

A

Methods of producing plants by tissue culture.

Q

What are the disease resistence varities of Brassica and wheat?

A

Brassica-Pusa swarnim ,Wheat-Himgiri

Q

Name the Indian scientist,whose efforts brought ‘green revolution’ in India.

A

M.S. Swaminathan

Q

Write down the difference between pisciculture and aquaculture.

A

Pisciculture is the method of culture of fishes.Aquaculture is the culture of aquatic animals.

Q

How does MOET help in cattle breeding?

A

Successful production of hybrids are high, the herd size increased in a short time.

Q

The Indian Agricultral Research has released several varieties of crop plants.Name the three plants with their biofortification.

A

Vit-A enriched carrot and spinach,protein enriched beans,Vitamin-C enriched bittergourd and mustard.

Q

How are somaclones cultured from explants in in-vitro? Why are somaclones so called?

A

Somaclones can be cultured from explants in a test tube under sterile conditions in nutrient medium.

Q

Give an example where mutation breeding has been successfully carried for disease resistance.

A

Abelmoschus esculentus(bhindi)

Q

Fill in the blanks: a,b and c.

Crop

Variety

Insect pest

Brassica(Rapeseed mustard)

a

Aphids

b

Pusa sem 2

Pusa sem 3

Jssids,aphids and fruit borer

Okra(Bhindi)

Pusa sawani,

Pusa A-4

c

A

a-Pusa gaurav,b-Flat bean,c-Shoot and fruit borer.

Chapter

No. 10


MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE

Prepared by:

SILCHAR Region

Q1

Label the above diagram (A-F).

A1

A. Head B. Collar C. Tail D. Plate E. Pins F. Prongs

Q2

As Saccharomyces cerevisiae produces CO2 during fermentation, if fermented dough of Aspergillus niger is used to make bread, then what happens on its consumption ?

A2

Food will produce toxicity because Aspergillus niger produce aflatoxins.

Q3

Raman underwent kidney transplantation after which he observed allergic reactions. Can you suggest the name of microbial product and its source for controlling them.

A3

Product : cyclosporine A, Source : Trichoderma polysporum (fungi)

Q4

Swati knows that the cow excreta contains a specific bacteria. Name the type of bacteria and how it can be socially used.

A4

Methanogens (Archebacteria), Social use: lightening & cooking by using gobar gas.

Q5

GM crops are favored by some countries, while in India it is still banned. Can you suggest merits and demerits of such crops ?

A5

Merits : Enhance the quality & quantity of crops, less requirement of insecticide & pesticides, improve agronomic characteristics. Demerits : Favors new pathogen strain , dependability of farmers on biogenic companies.

Chapter

No.11


BIOTECHNOLOGY & ITS PRINCIPLES

Prepared by: BHUBANESWAR Region

Q1.

Label the parts in the figure

A

Q2.

Answer the questions from the figure given

i) W rite the name of the enzyme required for PCR.

ii) From which organism it is obtained?

Iii) What is the significance of this enzyme ?

A

i)Taq polymrrase

ii)Thermus aquaticus

iii) Thermostable

Q3.

Match the following

A B

i) Bacteria i) Celluase

ii) Chitinase ii)Microparticles of gold or tungsten coated with DNA

iii) Plant cell iii) Microinjection

iv) Recombinant DNA injected

to nucleus of an animal cell iv) Lysozyme

v) Biolistic /Gene gun v) Fungus

A

Match the following

A B

Bacteria --- ---------------------- Lysozyme

Chitinase --------------------- Fungus

Biolistic /Gene gun ----------- Microparticles of gold or tungsten coated with DNA

Plant cell --------------------- Celluase Recombinant DNA injected to

nucleus of an animal cell ------ ------ Microinjection

Q4.

Write the pallinodromic sequence of the following

5’ ----- GAATTC------- 3’

A

3 ‘ ------ CTTAAG---- 5’

Q5

i) What does the figure represent?

ii) What is the matrix used for the above process?

iii) Name the chemical compound used for staining?

iv) Name the process for the separation of DNA from the agarose gel

A

i) Agarose gel electrophoresis

ii) Agarose

iii) Ethidium bromide

iv) Elution

Chapter

No.12


BIOTECHNOLOGY &ITS APPLICATION

Prepared by: BHUBANESWAR Region

Q1.

Expand GMO . What are the uses of G.M. Plants ?

A

Genetically Modified Organism.

a)It tolerates abiotic stresses such as cold ,drought salt & heat.

ii)It reduces reliance / dependence on chemical pesticides

iii) It reduces post harvest loses.

iv) It increases efficiency of mineral utilization by plants.

v)Enhances nutritional value of food

Q2.

Match the following

A B

i) Bt toxin i) Human alpha lactalbumin

ii) CryIAc& cryIIAb ii)Emphysema

iii) CryIAb iii) Bacillus thuringiensis

iv) α-1 –antitrypsin iv) Corn borer

v) Produce of transgenic cow Rosie v) cotton bollworms

A

i) Bt toxin --- --------------------------------- ----Bacillus thuringiensis

ii) CryIAc& cryIIAb---------------------------- -----Cotton bollworms

iii) CryIAb -------------------------------------------- Corn borer

iv) α-1 –antitrypsin ---------------------------------Emphysema

v) Produce of transgenic cow Rosie ------------ Human alpha lactalbumin

Q3.

Give one word

i)Supply of alternative resources to industries

In the form of starchs fuels & pharmaceuticals.

ii New strategy adopted to protect the tobacco

Plant infestation by Meloidogyne incognitia.

iii)Technique based on the principle of

antigen antibody interaction.

iv)Uses of bioresources by multinational companies /other organization

Without proper authorization from the concerned parties.

vi) Decision making organization regardingvalidity of G.M. resources & the safety of introducing G.M. crops

A

i)Supply of alternative resources to industries

in the form of starches fuels & pharmaceuticals. i)Tailor-made plants

ii New strategy adopted to protect the tobacco

plant infestation by Meloidogyne incognitia ii)RNA interference

iii)Technique based on the principle of

antigen antibody interaction iii) ELISA

iv)Uses of bioresources by multinational companies /other organization

whitout proper authorization from the concerned parties iv)Biopiracy

v) Decision making organization regardingvalidity of

G.M. resources & the safety of introducing G.M. crops v)GEAC

Q4.

Draw the diagram showing maturation of proinsulin to mature Insulin.

A

Q5

Differentiate between the insulin produce by rDNA & insulin produce by pancreas.

A

rDNA Insulin produced by pancreas

i) It is produced artificialy i) It is produced naturally

ii) It produces only A & B polypeptides ii)It has three polypeptides

A,B& C before maturation

Chapter

No.13


Organisms and Populations

Prepared by:

Region Guwahati

Q1

Why are green plants not found beyond a certain depth in the ocean?

A

As light is not available

Q.2

When does a population growth curve assume J – shaped?

A

Unlimited resource in the habitat

Q3

When and Where will you found pseudo copulation?

A

Similarities between female bee and orchid.

Q.4

What helps the fishes to survive in different water conditions?

A

Osmoregulation

Q5

Explain Gause’s Competitive exclusion Principle.

A

Co existence and elimination of two closely related species

Chapter

No.14


Ecosystem

Prepared by:

Region Guwahati

Q1

‘Stability of ecosystem depends on complexity of food web. ‘Justify the statement.

A

Diversity of food chain, more than one option in their food habit

Q.2

‘GPP – R = NPP ‘ What do you understand by the given equation?

A

Gross primary productivity , Respiration , Net primary productivity.

Q3

What are eco system services? Why Robert Constanza Put a price tags on nature’s life- support services?

A

Product of ecosystem and it’s usefulness.

Q.4

Differentiate between – (a) Primary and Secondary succession ( b ) Pyramid of energy and Pyramid of biomass

A

(a) Slower and Faster ( b) Upright and Inverted

Q5

Explain Hydrarch succession in detail. How it is different from Xerarch succession?

A

Various stages of development. Succession in dry areas.

Q6

Carbon cycle plays an important role in the biosphere. Discuss

A

Diagram with explanation.

Chapter

No. 15


Biodiversity and conservation

Prepared by:

Silchar Region

Q 1

Alien species are threat to native species. Justify

A

Alien species are species that have been introduced from another geographic region to an area outside its natural range. For example;-

Parthenium, Lantana and Eicchornia are invaded the native species of India and causes environmental damage.

Introduction of African catfish Clarias gariepinus in India for aquaculture purpose is posing threat to many indigenous catfish.

Q 2

The species diversity of plants (22%) is much less than that of animals (70%). What could be the explanation to how animals achieved greater diversification?

A

As plants could not move away from their predators and harsh environmental conditions, many of them have become extinct.

Animals can move away from harmful environment and their predators and survive better and so more diversity.

Q 3

Species extinction is accelerating at a fast speed mainly due to human activities. Group such activities under four major heads and explain.

A

Habitat loss and fragmentation; over exploitation; Alien Species invasions and co-extinctions.

Q 4

Why is the number of prokaryotic species not yet estimated till now?

A

Conventional taxonomic methods are not suitable for the identification of prokaryotic species.

Q 5

Who are the Ecologists associated with the following works:

1. The sociologist who popularized the term Biodiversity

1. Developed the River Popper hypothesis.

1. Gave the estimate of global species diversity

1. Performed experiments to show that increased diversity contributed to higher productivity

A

Edward Wilson; Paul Ehrlich; Alexander von Humboldt; Robert May; David Tilman

Q 6

Human activities had lead to progression of Sixth extinction at a faster rate than the previous five episodes of extinction. How does the sixth extinction differ from the previous episodes of extinction?

A

The rate of sixth episode of extinction is progressing 100 to 1000 times faster than the previous episodes of extinction.

Q 7

If we apply May’s global estimates of species in Indian context, how many species of animal have been recorded?

A

About 90000.

Chapter

No.16


Environmental issues

Prepared by:

Region silchar

Q 1

What are bio-magnifications? Name two such substances.

A

Bio magnification is the phenomenon in which harmful chemicals get accumulated in the tissues of organism in increasing concentrations at successive trophic levels.

DDT and mercury.

Q 2

Study the given aquatic food chain and answer the question that follow:

(Fish eating birds (DDT 5ppm))

(Large fish (DDT 2 ppm))

(Small fish(DDT 0.5 ppm))

(Zooplankton (DDT 0.04 ppm))

(water(DDT 0.003 ppm))

i) Give reasons why there is a continuous increase in the DDT content in different trophic levels of the chain.

ii) Name the phenomenon responsible for the increase in DDT content.

A

i)the concentration of DDT increases at successive trophic levels because it is neither metabolized nor excreated;instead it accumulates in the tissues of the organisms.

ii)biomagnification

Q 3

Blends of polybend and bitumen , when used, help to increase the life of roads by a factor of three.what is the reason?

A

i)enhanced bitumen’s water repellant property,and helped to increase road life by a factor of three.

Q 4

Through auto fuel policy,Euro II norms,the government of india has laid out a road map to cut down the vehicular air pollution in many cities of india.what this norms stipulated?

A

Euro II norms stipulates that sulphur be controlled at 350 ppm in diesel and 150 ppm in petrol.aromatic hydrocarbons are to be contained at 42 percent of the concerned fuel.according to the road map,is to reduce sulphur to 50ppm in petrol and diesel and bring down the level to 35 percent.

Q 5

The figure shows the relative contribution of four greenhouse gases to global warming.

i) Identify the gases A and C.

ii) Why are these four gases called the greenhouse gases?

A

i) A-carbon dioxide ,C-CFCs

ii) The molecules of these gases radiate heat energy, and a major part of which again comes to earth’s surface,thus heating it up once again,results green house effect.

A

B

C

D

E

F

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