€¦ · Web view1.2 numbers 0-30 **UNO (and numbers ending in –UNO) have more than one form:...

FINAL EXAM GRAMMAR NOTES Español II- Callahan

1.1 MASCULINE vs. FEMININE All nouns in Spanish have GENDER

EXCEPTIONS:el día the day la clase the classel mapa the map la mano the handel agua the water

MAKING NOUNS PLURAL If a noun ends in a VOWEL ADD -S (ex.) el libro los librosIf a noun ends in a CONSONANT ADD -ES (ex.) la lección las lecciones

**Use the MASCULINE PLURAL to refer to a group that includes both males and females.

un muchacho + una muchacha = unos muchachos

LOS ARTÍCULOSDefinite Articles “THE”= el, la, los, lasIndefinite Articles “A/AN”= un, una, unos, unas

**Articles MUST agree in number and gender with the nouns they modifyla computadora unos libros

1.2 NUMBERS 0-30


**UNO (and numbers ending in –UNO) have more than one form: drop the –o on the masculine form if the noun that comes after it is masculine:

un lápiz veintiún lapices use a feminine form if the NOUN that comes after it is feminine:

una chica veintiuna chicas

1.3 PRESENT TENSE OF SER

SUBJECT PRONOUNS: These word can be used as the SUBJECT or can REPLACE the subject of your sentence:

There is more than one way to say “YOU” in Spanish:tú and usted—> YOU vosotros and ustedes—> YOU ALL

** TÚ and VOSOTROS/AS are INFORMAL (friends and family) **Vosotros is only used in SPAIN**• USTED and USTEDES are FORMAL (someone you don’t know very well or to whom you want to show

respect.)


“SER” is used for:1. Permanent characteristics/ traits 2. Express the origin or nationality of someone/something3. Talk about someone’s profession4. Time

1.4 TELLING TIMETo ask what time it is, say: ¿Qué hora es? To say “it is” when telling time, use: Es la una./ Son las ..(dos, tres, cuatro).

To ask what time something is going to take place, say: ¿A qué hora…?To state what time something takes place, use: A la una./ A las …(dos, tres, cuatro).

2.1 PRESENT TENSE OF AR VERBS:To conjugate a verb in the present tense:

1.) Start with the infinitive : CANTAR2.) Take off the ending (-AR): CANT <— This is called the stem! 3.) Add the present tense AR verb endings to the stem.


EL VERBO GUSTAR: It is NOT conjugated like the regular AR verbs. Let’s take a look:


2.2 FORMING QUESTIONS IN SPANISH

There are 3 ways to form a yes/no question in Spanish:

1.) Simply raised the intonation of your voice at the end of a statement: Juan trabaja en la escuela.

EX: ¿Juan trabaja en la escuela?

2.) Add the tags ¿NO? or ¿verdad? to the end of a statement. Juan trabaja en la escuela.

EX: Juan trabaja en la escuela, ¿no?

3.) Switch the SUBJECT and the VERB order. Juan trabaja en la escuela. S. V.

EX: ¿Trabaja Juan en la escuela? V. S.

When you are looking for other information rather than just a YES/NO answer, use an interrogative:


At times, answering a question in Spanish will require a change of the verb (because the subject of the answer is different than the subject of the question. Follow these guidelines when answering questions:

If the question is in the …. form…

The answer will be in the … form.

If the question is in the …. form…

The answer will be in the … form.

YO TÚ/UD NOSOTROS VOSOTROS/UDS.TÚ YO VOSOTROS

NOSOTROS

ÉL/ELLA ÉL/ELLA ELLOS/ELLAS ELLOS/ELLASUD.

YO UDS.

NOSOTROS

2.3 PRESENT TENSE of ESTAR

ESTAR – to be

Estoy I am Estamos We areEstás You are Estáis Y’all areEstá He/She/You

areEstán They/You all are

“ESTAR” is used to:1. Location2. Temporary conditions3. Emotion/ Health

** REMEMBER: HOW YOU FEEL AND WHERE YOU ARE, ALWAYS USE THE VERB ESTAR!**

ESTAR is often used with prepositions to describe the location of a person or an object:


2.4 Los Números 31+

Para expresar un número más de 30:

30- Treinta40- Cuarenta50- Cincuenta y uno, y dos, y tres, etc…60- Sesenta70-Setenta80- Ochenta90-Noventa100- Cien/ciento

** Use cien (100) if the number is exactly 100. (EX: Tengo cien primas.)** If it is over 100, use ciento (EX: Tengo ciento veinte primos.)

3.1 DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVES

** Adjectives must agree in GENDER and NUMBER with the noun the modify! EX: La muchacha es bonita. (all fem./ pl.)

El bolígrafo es amarillo. (all masc./s.)Los alumnos son inteligentes. (all masc./pl.)

** Adjectives are placed after the noun the modify!

200 Doscientos300 Trescientos400 Cuatrocientos500 Quinientos600 Seiscientos700 Setecientos800 Ochocientos900 Novecientos1,000 mil2,000 Dos mil5,000 cinco mil100,000 cien mil500,000 quinientos mil1,000,000

un millón (de)


EX: the white t-shirt some yellow bananas

La camiseta blanca Unas bananas amarillas

3.2 POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

** Possessive adjectives, like all other adjectives agree with the noun that they modify. They agree with WHAT is being possessed (not with who possesses it.)

EX: Luisa es la nieta de Fran y Susana. Es su nieta. (Singular because nieta is singular.) Luisa y Sara son las nietas de Fran. Son sus nietas (Plural because nietas is plural.)

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

Mi/Mis my Nuestro/a/os/as

Our

Tu/Tus your Vuestro/a/os/as

Y’’all’s

Su/Sus his/her/your su/sus their/your

3.3 ER/IR VERBSTo conjugate an ER/IR verb in the present tense:

1.) Start with the infinitive : BEBER2.) Take off the ending (-ER/ -IR): BEB <— This is called the stem! 3.) Add the present tense ER/ IR verb endings to the stem.

VERBOS ER VERBOS IR


3.4 TENER/ VENIR

TENER: to have(e-ie SCV with irregular YO form)

VENIR: to come(e-ie SCV with irregular YO form)

Tengo Tenemos Vengo VenimosTienes Tenéis Vienes VenísTiene Tienen Viene Vienen

4.1 El Verbo IR

Typically used with the word: A (to)

A + EL ALUse: IR + A + INFINITIVE to say what you are going to do.

EX: Yo voy al museo. I am going to the museum.

Yo voy a ir al museo. I am going to go to the museum.

IR: to go(irregular verb)

Voy Vamosvas vaisva van


4.2 VERBOS de BOTA (STEM CHANGING VERBS) (O-UE, E-IE)

O-UE

Verbos AR Verbos ER Verbos IRAlmorzarContarCostarEncontrarJugar (U-UE)+ al ***MostrarRecordar

PoderVolver

MorirDormir

E-IE

Verbos AR Verbos ER Verbos IRCerrarComenzarEmpezarPensarMerendar

EntenderPerderQuerer (+ inf)Tener**

Preferir (+ inf)Venir **

Contar (O-UE)

**Verbos de cambio radical NO tienen cambian de raíz en las formas NOSOTROS/VOSOTROS

** Con el verbo JUGAR, tenemos que usar la palabra A antes del deporte a que jugamos

** Como mucho de los deportivos son masculinos (la mayoría), A+EL = ALEX: Yo juego al fútbol. / Mis amigos juegan al hockey.

4.3 VERBOS de BOTA (STEM CHANGING VERBS) (E-I)

Verbos IR

Yo cuento

Tú cuentas

Nosotros contamosVosotros costáis

Él/ella Ud. cuenta Ellos/as cuestan

FINAL EXAM GRAMMAR NOTES Español II- Callahan Conseguir*_______________ Pedir _________________Decir*__________________ Servir_________________Repetir________________ Seguir*_________________

4.4 YO CHANGERSHere are some verbs you know with irregular YO forms:


5.1- ESTAR + Adjectives

ESTAR ** How you feel and where you are, always use the verb ESTAR!**

Yo estoy Nosotros estamosTú estás Vosotros estáis

Él/ellaUd.

está Ellos/asUds. están


5.2- PRESENTE PROGRESIVO—WE DID NOT DO THIS PART OF THE CHAPTER!!

5.3- SER vs. ESTARSER ESTAR

5.4- Direct Object

Pronouns

Direct object pronouns REPLACE the direct object of the sentence.

The direct object of the sentence is found by going to the verb and asking WHO or WHAT is getting VERBED.

EX. I eat chocolate. What do I eat? CHOCOLATE. Chocolate is the DO. We are going to visit Paula. Who are we going to visit? PAULA. Paula is the DO.

Placement of DOPs:ALL pronouns in Spanish can go:1.) Before the conjugated verb: EX: Yo como el chocolate. Yo lo como. or2.) Attached to the infinitive: EX: Nosotros vamos a visitar a Paula. Nosotros vamos a visitarla. o Nosotros la vamos a visitar.

6.1 SABER vs. CONOCER

SABER: to know(fact, how to do something)

CONOCER : to know(be familiar with a person/place)

Sé sabemos conozco conocemossabes sabéis conoces conocéissabe saben conoce conocen


Los usos de SABER: Los usos de CONOCER:1.)A simple fact 1.) A person

EX: Yo no sé la respuesta. EX: Él conoce a la señora. I don’t know the answer. He knows the woman.

2.)A piece of information 2.) A broad topic/concept(sometimes used with “que”) (not a simple fact!!)EX: Tú sabes que la prueba EX: Ella conoce el arte italiano.

va a ser difícil. She knows Italian art. You know that the quiz is

going to be hard. NOTA IMPORTANTE: Don’t forget that3.)How to do something (+INF.) when your DO is a person, you must use a

EX: Ellos no saben bailar la salsa personal A!! Uds. conocen a María. They don’t know how to dance salsa.

6.2- INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS:

The indirect object tells us where the direct object is going. We find the indirect direct object by asking the questions to whom/for whom or to what/for what?

Indirect object pronouns can either accompany or stand alone. However, when there is an indirect object in a sentence, whether states or implied, an indirect object pronoun is NOT OPTIONAL!!

EX: Yo no quiero decirle mentiras a mi madre. ** accompany** i.o.p. i.o.

I don’t want to tell my mother lies.

EX: Yo no quiero decirle mentiras. ** IOP standing alone** i.o.p.

I don’t want to tell her lies.

Here are the IOPs:

Placement of IOPs:Like DOPs, IOPs in Spanish can go:1.) Before the conjugated verb: EX: Yo le presto mi lápiz a Luisa. Yo le presto mi lápiz. or2.) Attached to the infinitive: EX: Vamos a prestarle los lápices a Luisa. Vamos a prestarle los lápices.

o Le vamos a prestar los lápices.

me noste osle

(se)les (se)


6.3 EL PRETÉRITO DE LOS VERBOS REGULARES:The preterit tense is to describe a completed action in the past tense. To form the preterit of AR verbs, start with the infinitive of the verb, drop the –AR, and add:

To form the preterit of ER/IR verbs, start with the infinitive of the verb, drop the –ER/IR, and add:

6.4: DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVESDemonstrative adjectives DEMONSTRATE or POINT OUT nouns. Like ALL OTHER Spanish adjectives, they will agree in gender and number with the noun that they are modifying.

** This and these have the T’s!** SINGULAR PLURAL

masculine femenina masculine femeninaeste esta estos estas this, theseese esa esos esas that, those

aquel aquella aquellos aquellas that, those (over there)

Este/esta/estos/estas: point out nouns that are close to the speaker and the listener.

Ese/esa/esos/esas: point out nouns that are not close to the speaker (may be close to listener.)

CAR/GAR/ZAR verbs: Verbs that end in –CAR, -GAR, -ZAR have a special

spelling chance in the *yo* form only:-car qué -gar gué -zar cé

-í -imos-iste -isteis-ió -ieron

ER/IR verbs with a stem ending in vowel: Change “I” ”Y” in the third person, and all other forms

have accents on the “I” (Leer, creer, oír)

OÍR:oí oímosoíste oísteisoyó oyeron

FINAL EXAM GRAMMAR NOTES Español II- Callahan Aquel/aquella/aquellos/aquellas: point out nouns that are far away from the speaker and the

listener.

Demonstrative PRONOUNS are identical to the demonstrative adjectives, except the first “E” has an accent and they are used without a noun to say “this one, that one, these ones, etc.”

SINGULAR PLURAL masculine femenina masculine femenina

éste ésta éstos éstas this one, these ones

ése ésa ésos ésas that one, those ones

aquél aquélla aquéllos aquéllas that one, those ones(over there)

7.1- REFLEXIVE VERBS:Reflexive verbs are used when the subject is DOING and RECEIVING the action (someone is doing something to or for themself). The pronoun “SE” is attached to the infinitive of reflexive verbs. When the verb is conjugated and reflexive, you MUST use a reflexive pronoun, and the verb form and pronoun you use will agree with the SUBJECT of the sentence.

Here are the REFLEXIVE pronouns:

EX: Mi padre se afeita todos los días. EX: Nosotros nos bañamos después de nadar. Placement of reflexive pronouns: Reflexive pronouns follow the same rules as DOPs/IOPs. They can go before a conjugated verb or attached to an infinitive.

me noste osse se


7.2: INDEFINITE AND NEGATIVE WORDSIndefinite and negative words refer to people and things that are not specific. In Spanish the indefinite words have corresponding negative words, which are opposite in meaning. Negative words can be placed either before the verb or after the verb. However if they are after the verb, you must make the verb negative with the word NO.

EX: Nunca como el pescado. / No como el pescado nunca.

7.3: El Pretérito de SER/IRSER/IR

fui fuimosfuiste fuisteisfue fueron


7.4: VERBS LIKE GUSTARConstructions with GUSTAR and verbs like gustar do not have an exact translation in English.


clarifying phrase i.o.p verbo subject of verb(gives more info about IOP) (tells you who (based on the (dictates verb form)

likes it) subject of verb)

8.1: PRETERIT OF IR-STEM CHANGING VERBSAR and ER verbs that stem change in the present tense DO NOT stem change in the preterit. IR verbs that stem change in the present tense DO stem change in the preterit, but only in the 3rd person singular and plural (the basement forms.) NOTE that the stem changes in the preterit are not always the same as the stem changes in the present tense: (O-U or E-I)

INFINITIVE PRESENT TENSE PRETERIT TENSEMORIR o-ue MUERE o-u MURIÓ

DORMIR(SE) o-ue (SE) DUERME o-u (SE) DURMIÓ

PREFERIR e-ie PREFIERE e-i PREFIRIÓVENIR e-ie VIENE e-i VINO (IRREG)

SENTIR(SE) e-ie (SE) SIENTE e-i (SE) SINTIÓ

DECIR e-i DICE e-i DIJO (IRREG)PEDIR e-i PIDE e-i PIDIÓ

REPETIR e-i REPITE e-i REPITIÓSERVIR e-i SIRVE e-i SIRVIÓ

CONSEGUIR e-i CONSIGUE e-i CONSIGUIÓSEGUIR e-i SIGUE e-i SIGUIÓ

VESTIRSE e-i (SE) VISTE e-i (SE) VISTIÓ

All of these verbs MUST HAVE an

IOP!!

EX: A los estudiantes les molestan los exámenes. (The students are bothered by tests.)


DESPEDIRSE e-i (SE) DESPIDE e-i (SE) DESPIDIÓ

HERE are some IR stem changing verbs you know:

8.2: DOUBLE OBJECT PRONOUNSIn Spanish, reflexive, indirect, and direct object pronouns can be used together in the same sentence. When we use two pronouns in the same sentence, they will always be TOGETHER and the order will be REFLEXIVE or INDIRECT object pronoun followed by the DIRECT object pronoun (RID).

EX: Yo te voy a comprar un anillo de plata (a ti). Te lo voy a comprar. IOP DO IO IOP DOP

When you have both a DOP and IOP in a sentence, you may NOT have “LE/LES” followed by “LO/LA/LOS/LAS”. This is called the LELO rule, and it is UNACCEPTABLE!!!

EX: Héctor le da el anillo a Estefanía. Héctor le lo da a Estefanía. ¡¡NOOO!!

Héctor se lo da a Estefanía. ¡¡Sí!!8.3: COMPARATIVES – are used to indicate which of two people or things has a lesser, equal, or greater degree of quality.


EX: Manolo no es más grande que su hermano. Manolo isn’t bigger than his brother. Yo no quiero dormir menos de nueve horas. I don’t want to sleep less than nine

hours.

EX: Tú estás tan contenta como yo. You are as happy as I am. Beatríz juega al fútbol tanto como estudia el español. Beatriz plays soccer as

much as she studies Spanish.


8.4: SUPERLATIVES- are used to express the highest or lowest degree of quality.

EX: Las profesoras de español son las mejores. Spanish teachers are the best. Nicolás es el chico menos guapo del grupo. Nick is the least handsome of the

group.

€¦ · Web view1.2 numbers 0-30 **UNO (and numbers ending in –UNO) have more than one form:...

Documents

Transcript of €¦ · Web view1.2 numbers 0-30 **UNO (and numbers ending in –UNO) have more than one form:...