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TITLE: STRONG CHEMISTRYLENGTH: 60̾GRADES: 5-12SUBJECTS: chemistry, physics, history, math, meteorology, art, language DESCRIPTION: We review the discovery of the elements and the creation of the periodic table, and how elements and matter combine to form compounds and composites. We also examine in detail how diamonds form and are commercialized around the world.

A. It’s Elemental! - Explore the discovery of the elements and the creation of the periodic table.

B. Joining Forces - Using aspirin as an example, we explain how elements and matter combine to form compounds and composites.

C. Diamonds: Our Best Friends - A detailed look at where they come from, how they form and the world diamond trade.

D. Inside the Sun - An examination of the chemical interactions that occur inside the Sun, and information about the NASA satellites that warn us of the radiation these reactions produce.

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CREDITS: María D. de Corona, university professor.

OBJECTIVES: Students will:1. Learn how the elements were discovered and the periodic table was created. 2. Discover how compounds are formed from elements, and composites from compounds.3. Find out where diamonds come from and how they form, and how they are cut and marketed. 4. Identify the interactions that occur inside the Sun and study the NASA satellites that monitor the radiation they produce.

MATERIALSMap, pencil, pen, colored pencils, graphic organizer or concept map, cardboard, Internet access via computer or tablet.

I. ACTIVATION OF PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE. DISCUSS AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1. What do you know about alchemists?2. What is the scientific method?

II. WATCH MINUTES 1 THROUGH 6 OF THE VIDEO AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

1. What is matter?

2. What is matter composed of?

3. What did the Ancient Greeks consider to be the basic elements?

4. Why did the Greek gods combine water, earth, air and fire?

5. How did bonfires embody these elements?

6. Where and when did the study of alchemy begin?

7. What did alchemists prepare?

8. What did they hope to discover?

9. Who was interested in alchemy?

10. Did alchemists follow the scientific method?

11. Why did Robert Bolye criticize alchemy in his 1661 book?

12. What did he propose?

13. What was his definition of an “element?”

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14. Who had already considered this idea?

15. Where does the word “atom” come from?

16. Why is Robert Boyle often called the father of modern chemistry?

17. How were chemical elements identified from that moment on?

18. How was heat used?

19. When did scientists determine that a substance was an element?

20. How many elements had been identified by the mid nineteenth century?

21, What aspects of those 60 elements did scientists analyze?

22. How did they begin to group the elements?

23. How did John Newlands order the elements?

24. What similarities did Newlands think existed between the elements and musical octaves?

25. What had Newlands discovered?

26. What did he call his theory?

27. Why did his theory have no effect?

III. WATCH MINUTE 5 OF THE VIDEO AND LABEL THE BOXES WITH THE FACTORS NINETEENTH-CENTURY SCIENTISTS MEASURED WHEN STUDYING THE ELEMENTOS.

ELEMENT

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IV. ACTIVATION OF PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE. DISCUSS AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

1. How many elements can you name?2. What is the Periodic Table?

V. WATCH MINUTES 6 THROUGH 8 OF THE VIDEO AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

1. Who was Dimitri Mendelev?

2. What did Mendelev try to determine based on information he had gathered about the elements known at the time?

3. What did he hope to find when he transferred this information onto 63 cards?

4. What information did each card contain?

5. How did Mendelev order the elements?

6. How did he group them?

7. What did he call the horizontal rows?

8. What did the vertical columns represent?

9. What did he do if an element broke the family pattern?

10. What did these empty spaces represent?

11. What could he predict based on the position of the missing elements?

12. When was the importance of Mendelev’s work recognized?

13. How did G.J. Mosley reorder the elements?

14. What happened when they were reordered?

15. Why is the Periodic Table the cornerstone of chemistry today?

16. How is the Periodic Table used today?

17. What has happened to the empty spaces over the years?.

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VI. WATCH MINUTES 6 THROUGH 8 OF THE VIDEO AND USE THE WORDS FROM THE LIST TO FILL IN THE MISSING WORDS.

function improvements anticipated classifiesatomic aluminum grouping yearsproperties similarities proximity merit Mendelev incorporate called elementspredicting empty characteristics discovered

The Periodic Table , organizes and distributes the different chemical __________ according to their __________ and characteristics. Its main __________ is to establish a specific order by grouping chemical elements according to their properties and ________________.

The classification system that __________ devised was not the first one based on the properties of chemical elements, but it did _________ notable____________, such as combining _______ weights and _________between elements. Its main ________, however, was _________ the existence of new elements. Mendelev left _______ spaces for elements that weren’t __________ until _______ later. He even _________ the properties of some of them: Gallium (Ga), which he called eka-aluminum because of its ________ to _________on the Periodic Table; and Germanium (Ge), which he ________ eka–silicon.

VII. ACROSTICWrite 8 statements about what you’ve seen in minutes 9 through 8 of the video. Each sentence should contain one letter of the word elements. Put the sentences in order so that the letters line up to form the word elements.

ELEMENTS

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VIII. ACTIVATION OF PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE. DISCUSS AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

1. If something hurts, what type of medicine can you take to relieve the pain?2. What substance does aspirin contain?3. Does aspirin taste good?

IX. WATCH MINUTES 8 THROUGH 14 OF THE VIDEO AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

1. What is everything that surrounds us made of?

2. What elements does dust contain, among other things?

3. Is it easy to find an element in its pure state?

4. What do elements form when they join together?

5. What can be observed when compounds are compared with the elements that form them?

6. What is formed when two or more compounds are combined?

7. What is the active ingredient in aspirin?

8. Since when has salicylic acid been used as an analgesic agent?

9. Who was Hippocrates?

10. What effect do analgesics have?

11. Which analgesic was already known by the year 400 BC?

12. How was this analgesic obtained?

13. What were some problems associated with using this solution?

14. How severe were these secondary effects?

15. What led German chemist Felix Hoffman to examine willow bark more closely?

16. How did Hoffman discover aspirin in 1897?

17. What were some of the advantages of the composite Hoffman created?

18. How much time did it take chemists to thoroughly understand the active ingredient in aspirin?

19. Who discovered how aspirin blocks pain?

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20. What recognition did he receive for this important discovery?

21. What research are scientists currently doing into the potential uses of aspirin?

22. Have we stopped using the compound Hoffman created 100 years ago?

X. WATCH MINUTES 8 THROUGH 14 OF THE VIDEO AND DECIDE IF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS ARE TRUE (T) OR FALSE (F).

1. ( ) Felix Hoffman’s father had arthritis.2. ( ) Salicylic acid was discovered in Germany in the nineteenth century.3. ( ) Compounds have the same properties as the elements they are made of.4. ( ) Aspirin is an analgesic.5. ( ) Chemists can create new materials.6. ( ) Most elements are found in their pure state.7. ( ) The active ingredient in aspirin is salicylic acid.8. ( ) Felix Hoffman won the Nobel Prize for isolating salicylic acid.9. ( ) Aspirin lowers fever.

10. ( ) Felix Hoffman created a composite.

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XI. COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING CROSSWORD PUZZLE

Across3. The smallest part of an element that can exist on its own 5. A medicine created more than 100 years ago 8. An element's characteristics are also known as its: 9. Experimentation that preceded modern chemistry

Down1. A substance made up of two or more elements 2. A substance that cannot be split or divided 3. A substance that relieves pain 4. Salicylic acid is obtained from this tree 6. The outer part of a tree trunk or branch 7. The study of chemicals

XII. ACTIVATION OF PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE. DISCUSS AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

1, What do you know about diamonds?2. Why are they so valuable?

XIII. WATCH MINUTES 14 THROUGH 15 OF THE VIDEO AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

1. Why can the atoms in most elements join together?

2. How are these chemical bonds formed?

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3. What are valence electrons?

4. What happens when an atom has a facility for sharing its electrons with other atoms?

5. Which element has this characteristic?

6. What unique characteristic does carbon have?

7. What happens when other atoms join these chains?

8. Why are organic compounds so important?

9. What happens to the carbon when the living things die?

10. What percentage of a human being is carbon?

11. What are some of the forms carbon can take?

12. What does carbon form when it is heated under great pressure in the depths of the Earth?

XIV. WATCH MINUTES 14 AND 15 OF THE VIDEO. IN THE CODE BELOW, EACH SYMBOL REPRESENTS THREE POSSIBLE LETTERS. DECIPHER THE WORDS AND USE THEM TO COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES.

+ A B and C# D E and F= G H and I* J K and L& M N and O/ P Q and R

% S T and U“ V W and X} Y and Z

1. # = + & & & # % ___________2. + % & & % ___________3. % & = # % # / ___________4 = & % = # # ___________5. + & & # % ___________6 + + / + & & ___________7. # & / + # % ___________8. + + / % ___________9. = / + / = = % # ___________ 10. + = + = & % ___________

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1. The _________ of a pencil is made of __________.2. _________ atoms bond with other _________in many ways.3. The _________ carbon forms resemble train _______.4. _________ are a form of carbon.5. Chemical _________ are the ________ that hold atoms __________.

XV. ACTIVATION OF PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE. DISCUSS AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

1. Do you know how diamonds are formed?2. What do you know about diamond mines?

XVI. WATCH MINUTES 16 THROUGH 26 OF THE VIDEO AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

1. How many atoms bond with each other to form diamonds?

2. Why are diamonds so hard?

3. How many tons of minerals must be dug to obtain a high-quality, one-carat diamond?

4. Where is one of the world’s most important diamond-trading centers located?

5. Why is it so important to be knowledgeable and experienced when cutting large gems?

6. What is a diamond in the rough?

7. Why is each diamond in the rough examined closely?

8. Why are dark-colored stones never cut through the middle?

9. How did A.D. Klein become so experienced?

10. What is kimberlite?

11. Where and how do diamonds form?

12. How do diamonds get to the surface?

13. Where in the chimney do miners place dynamite?

14. What type of explosives do the miners use?

15. What type of mine do such explosions create?

16. What used to be done when the hole was too deep for cargo trucks to enter?

17. How far down did the miners work in the open-air Finsch mine?

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18. What alternatives are there for continuing to exploit the mine?

19. Up to what distance can underground operations extend?

20. How many tons of rock can be extracted from a diamond mine each day?

21. Where are the rocks extracted from the mine taken?

22. How are diamonds separated from rocks? 23. What is the final stage of the process?

24, What type of security screening must all people leaving this area undergo?

XVII. WATCH MINUTES 19 THROUGH 28 OF THE VIDEO. MATCH THE STATEMENTS IN THE TWO COLUMNS, WRITING THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT PHRASE NEXT TO EACH NUMBER.

1. ( ) Kimberlite chimneys… (A) are measured in carats2. ( ) Kimberlite … (B) deep inside the Earth3. ( ) Fancy diamonds can be… (C) brings diamonds closer to the surface 4. ( ) Finding one single diamond… (D) are examined for their quality5. ( ) Diamonds are formed… (E) is a volcanic rock6. ( ) Kimberley… (F) bright yellow in color7. ( ) Diamonds in the rough… (G) to find diamonds8. ( ) Volcanic activity… (H) extend deep into the Earth 9. ( ) Diamonds… (I ) is a city in South Africa10.( ) You have to find a kimberlite chimney… (J) could mean moving thousands of tons of rock

XVIII. ACTIVATION OF PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE. DISCUSS AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

1. Do you know how diamonds are cut?2. Do you know what a carat is?3. Where is the city of Antwerp located?

XIX. WATCH MINUTES 26 THROUGH 35 OF THE VIDEO AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

1. How does modern technology help diamond cutters?

2. What can computers not detect?

3. What important decisions are left up to the cutter?

4. What is the unit used to measure a diamond’s weight?

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5. Which shapes of diamonds are most popular?

6. What type of cut can be given to an elongated stone?

7. Which specifications are used to provide an exact description of a specific diamond?

8. What criteria does the Gemological Institute of America (GIA) use to classify a diamond’s size, color and clarity? .

9. What are the names for the different parts of a diamond?

10. Where does the process of cutting a diamond begin?

11. How is the girdle made?

12. How many facets are initially cut in the upper and lower parts?

13. What comes after that?

14. Why are two facets added to each of the eight-point stars?

15. What happens after the facets are added?

16. How much smaller is a diamond in the rough once it has been cut and polished to remove imperfections?

17. Why do all sides of a diamond have to be worked at the same time?

18. What makes it necessary to work this way?

XX. LIST THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS IN THE CORRECT ORDER, FROM A THROUGH J.

1. ( ) The sides are cut to eliminate imperfections 2. ( ) The diamond is polished3. ( ) The upper and lower facets are cut4. ( ) Two facets are added to each lower facet5. ( ) The diamond in the rough is examined6. ( ) The girdle is shaped7. ( ) The girdle is cut where indicated to add the facets8. ( ) The table is cut9. ( ) The cut is marked10.( ) 16 facets are added

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XXI. WATCH MINUTES 35 THROUGH 48 OF THE VIDEO AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

1. Diamonds are extracted ………… a) from fast-flowing rivers b) from mountains c) from open-air mines d) from the Moon

2. The city of Antwerp is famous for ……. a) its diamond industry b) its great jewelry stores c) its antiquity d) its banks 3. The diamond industry was established in Antwerp in …….. a) the nineteenth century b) the fifteenth century c) the fourteenth century d) before the fourteenth century

4. The diamond polishing process was invented in …….. a) Antwerp b) France c) New York d) South Africa

5. Before the fourteenth century diamonds were sold…… a) as loose, uncut stones. b) cut and polished c) as they were extracted from the mines d) by their weight in carats

6. The first labor union was established in ……… a) New York in the nineteenth century b) France in the fifteenth century c) Antwerp in the eighteenth century d) Antwerp in the fifteenth century

7. …… finance most of the world trade in diamonds. a) New York banks b) Antwerp banks c) Labor unions d) The companies that control the market

8. Diamonds of any type can be most easily obtained in…… a) Mumbai b) Israel c) Antwerp d) New York

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9. The high point of the diamond trade in Antwerp is….. a) any day of the week b) Fridays c) Mondays d) Wednesdays

10. Diamonds in the rough represent approximately ….. of total diamond transactions. a) 65% b) 50% c) 60% d) 55%

11. Diamond dealers buy and sell diamonds with….. a) a legal contract b) payment in cash c) a banking transaction d) a simple handshake

12. Once the word “mazel” is spoken…… a) there’s no going back to break the deal b) it is practically impossible to break the deal c) it is easy to break the deal d) breaking the deal is very common

13. Diamonds can be exchanged easily because…….. a) they are easy to transport b) the profit is very small c) the diamond trade is centralized d) the companies are family businesses 14. Family businesses…….. a) were created only recently b) have existed for generations c) tend to disappear d) are not very efficient

15. The Romans believed that diamonds……. a) protected them from evil spirits b) were poison c) made them beautiful d) made them strong

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XXII. LABEL THE DIAGRAM WITH THE CORRECT PARTS OF A DIAMOND

1. pavilion2. lower facet3. girdle4. upper girdle facet5. culet6. star facet7. upper facet8. table

XXIII. WATCH MINUTES 17 THROUGH 49 OF THE VIDEO. USE THE TABLE BELOW TO FIND THE COORDINATES OF THE MISSING LETTERS. WRITE THE COORDINATES IN PARENTHESES UNDERNEATH EACH LETTER. FOLLOW THE EXAMPLE:

A feline: C A T (2,3) (1,5) (3,4)

5 A L G V D 4 K N T P H 3 Q C B X S 2 F U J Y Z 1 I O R E M

1 2 3 4 5

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1. It is impossible to cut the ……….. of a diamond without having a girdle.

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ (1,2) (2,3) (5,3)

2. ………… show diamond cutters where to make their cuts.

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ (2,3) (5,1) (3,4) (2,1)

3. ……………. diamonds have an elongated shape.

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____(5,1) (3,1) (1,3) (5,3)

4. Diamonds are an extremely hard……………

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____(1,1) (2,4) (4,1) (2,5)

5. Diamonds are a form of ………………

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ (2,3) (3,3) (2,1)

6. ……………… diamonds are not as beautiful as natural ones.

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ (1,5) (3,1) (1,2) (1,1) (1,5) (2,5)

7. An ………….. made in cutting a diamond could be very costly.

____ ____ ____ ____ ____(4,1) (2,1) (3,1)

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8. The Gemological Institute of America …………….. diamonds.

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____(2,3) (4,1) (3,4) (1,1)

9. ……….. diamonds come in many different colors besides white.

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ (1,2) (3,4)

10. Most ……….diamonds are cut in New York.

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ (3,5) (3,1)

11. A diamond’s ..........are strongly bonded.

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ (3,4) (2,1)

12. ……………… is named after the city of Kimberley in South Africa.

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____(1,4) (1,1) (4,1) (1,1) (3,4)

13. A diamond’s weight is measured in …………….

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ (1,5) (3,4)

14. Diamonds are …………… by shape, size, color and clarity.

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ (2,5) (5,3) (1,2) (1,1)

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15. Diamonds range in …………… from very light to dark.

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ (2,1) (2,5)

16. A 10-ton rock can produce a very …………… diamond.

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ (5,1) (2,5)

17. ……… - …… diamond mines are very deep.

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ (2,1) (4,1) (3,1)

18. Diamonds that are yellow get their color from ……………..

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____(1,1) (4,4) (2,2) (3,4) (1,1)

19. There is always great demand for ……… diamonds.

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ (2,2) (5,5)

20. Diamonds can be ………….. from open-air or subterranean mines.

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ (4,3) (3,1) (2,3) (4,1)

21. Diamonds aren’t ……………

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____(1,2) (4,5) (4,1)

22. …………… is the world’s most important diamond center.

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____(1,5) (3,1) (4,4)

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XXIV. ACTIVATION OF PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE. DISCUSS AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

1. What do you know about the Sun’s energy?

XXV. WATCH MINUTES 48 THROUGH 53 OF THE VIDEO AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

1. If we compare the size of the Earth with the size of the Sun, how many times could the Earth fit inside the Sun?

2. What percentage of the total mass of our solar system is inside the Sun?

3. Which chemical process occurs using the Sun’s energy?

4. How much energy does the Sun produce?.

5. What is the Sun made of?

6. How much hydrogen is in the Sun?

7. What process occurs inside the Sun?

8. What is the name for the part of the Sun’s atmosphere that produces light?

9. What is the temperature of the photosphere?

10. What are the other layers of the Sun’s surface called?

11. When is it possible to see the solar corona from Earth?

12. What are sunspots?

13. What is a sunspot’s average size?

14. What disturbances do sunspots cause?

15. What is a solar flare?

16. What temperature do the gases reach during a solar flare?

17. What amount of energy is released into space during a solar flare?

18. What protects us from most of the Sun’s emissions?

19. What can happen when an enormous solar flare produces a solar storm?

20. What damages did the 1989 solar storm cause?

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21. What other problems do solar storms cause?

22. Why is it important to be able to predict the arrival of a solar storm?

23. What is the effect of solar fusion reactions?

24. What types of energy does the Sun’s corona produce?

25. How do NASA satellites warn us of radiation coming from the Sun?

26. What are Van Allen belts?

27. What is a ring current?

28. What is the plasmasphere?

XXVI. WATCH MINUTES 50 THROUGH 51 OF THE VIDEO AND LABEL THE DIAGRAM WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF RADIATION.

TYPES OF RADIATION

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XXVII. WATCH MINUTES 51 THROUGH 53 OF THE VIDEO AND DESCRIBE THE TASKS PERFORMED BY EACH OF THE FOLLOWING NASA SATELLITES.

NAME TASKSOHO (Solar and Heliospheric Observatory)

ACE (Advanced Composition Explorer)

IMAGE (Imager for Magnetosphere to Aurora Global Exploration)

XXVIII. WATCH MINUTES 49 THROUGH 53 OF THE VIDEO. COMPLETE THE CAUSE AND EFFECT TABLE.

CAUSE EFFECT

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Sunlight makes ……. possible

Nuclear fusion inside the Sun ….Solar flares release ……..

Solar storms ……….

Nuclear fusion reactions…….

Understanding the Sun better ……….

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XXIX. WORD SEARCH. FIND THE FOLLOWING WORDS:

atom acid element diamond compound willow analgesic electronkimberlite carat facet Antwerphydrogen gem helium photospherechromosphere fusion radiation satelliteaspirin girdle carbon crownmazel

K Z F F A C E T B G I O C M R R E L E C T R O N CI O A J C W F D C I E C T Q A Y P J M A F S K Y HM U S G I C S B F C G M L N D Z Q V J R X E I J RB A P L D W S U D O M A R D I O E W B B V I T D OE D I R S O A T O M L N G B A Z E L J O T R E I MR I R E A E T Z L P V O E Y T R O M O N F E R A OL G I O L A E A J O R H E L I U M R B F D K T M SI F N T C D L V W U I Y K R O F W Y C E I Z A O PT P R I R G L U H N A D Z O N I E I H A J S C N EE S P I O I I A A D T R C C F L N M L A R A U D RE O F U W B T A M O Z O T E X E O D G L F A L E EL H U Y N G E T V I C G I R D L E U I M O E T G YI D S J A E N Y G P T E V B V I B T M C U W E C OC F I F I B E L E M E N T I A N A L G E S I C Z DP H O T O S P H E R E L D N U T V N B K C T T L UO V N Q U W L A T E H F W O U D A N T W E R P A F

XXX. CURRICULAR CONNECTIONS

Chemistry1. a) Break into teams and research the properties (weight, volume, shape, color, flavor, smell, hardness, conductivity, etc.) of the following elements found all around us.

Calcium (Ca) in our teeth. Graphite (a form of carbon) (C) in our pencils. Hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) in water. Neon (Ne) in bulbs and signs. Phosphorus (P) in matches. Lead (Pb) in the terminals of car batteries. Gold (Au) in jewelry. Mercury (Hg) in thermometers. Sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) in seawater and salt. Aluminum (Al) in kitchen tools. Copper (Cu) in water pipes. Krypton (Kr) on Superman’s planet.

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b) Present the results of each team’s research.

2. a) Form teams and research the therapeutic uses of aspirin in addition to relieving pain and reducing fever. b) Discuss your findings with the other teams.

Physics1. a) Break into teams and research which kinds of solar disturbances cause the aurora borealis and australis and how they are formed. b) Present the results to the other teams. (See Art)

Art1. Draw an aurora borealis or australis and display them on the classroom bulletin board. 2. Illustrate the different ways diamonds can be cut.

XXXI. GLOSSARY

AlchemyThe body of ancient doctrines and experiments, usually esoteric in nature,concerning the transmutation of base elements; the precursor to the modern science of chemistry.

AnalgesicA substance or medication that relieves pain.

CaratA unit of measurement for weighing precious stones equivalent to 0.2 grams.

CarbonA solid, non-metallic chemical element found in all organic and some inorganic

compounds. In its pure state it appears as a diamond or graphite. Its symbol is C and its atomic number is 6.

ChromosphereThe chromosphere (literally, "color sphere") is a thin layer of the Sun’s atmosphere above the photosphere and beneath the corona.

Compound In chemistry, a substance or material formed by the mechanically inseparable bonding of two or more elements.

CoronaThe outermost layer of the Sun, composed of plasma and extending more than a

million kilometers above the chromosphere. It can be seen from Earth during a total solar eclipse.

EclipseThe temporary obscuring, total or partial, of one celestial body by another.

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ElementA substance composed of atoms whose nuclei have the same number of protons, regardless of the number of neutrons.

FacetEach one of the faces or sides of a polyhedron.

Fusion pointThe point at which a solid is converted into a liquid.

GemA precious stone/mineral prized in jewelry making.

GirdleThe line separating the culet and crown of a cut stone.

KimberliteA type of igneous, potassic volcanic rock that sometimes contains diamonds. It is named after the city of Kimberley, South Africa.

Magnetic fieldA force field created as a consequence of moving electrical charges. The force of a magnetic field is measured in units called “gauss.”

MassThe amount of matter a body contains.

MatterAnything that has mass and occupies a place in space.

MazelA medieval Hebrew expression that literally means "good luck.”

MineralAn inorganic substance found on the surface or in different layers of the Earth’s crust.

Nuclear fusionA nuclear reaction produced by the union of two lightweight nuclei that results in a heavier nucleus, releasing large amounts of energy. Solar energy is the result of the nuclear fusion of hydrogen inside the Sun.

Periodic TableKnown as the Periodic Table of the Elements, periodic system or simply Periodic Table; a system designed to organize and group chemical elements according to their properties and characteristics.

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PhotosphereThe photosphere of a star is the luminous surface that outlines it. In the case of the Sun, the temperature of the photosphere is around 5,800 degrees kelvin. It is a layer of plasma approximately 300 km thick that emits light and heat, as well as radiation.

PhotosynthesisA metabolic process that occurs in certain cells of autotrophic organisms in which organic substances are synthesized from inorganic ones using luminous energy.

PlasmasphereA part of Earth’s atmosphere made up of ionized materials.Parte de la magnetosfera consistente en iones y electrones. Puede ser considerada como una extensión de la ionosfera.

PropertiesA characteristic of a material that allows it to be distinguished from or compared with another.

RadiationThe light, heat or any other type of energy a substance emits.

Valence electronsValence electrons are external electrons located in an atom’s valence or external orbit. Electrons at the external energy level are used in forming compounds. Valence electrons combine with valence electrons of other atoms to form chemical bonds.

WillowA salicacious tree or shrub that has lanceolate leaves with a fuzzy white underside and that grows along the banks of rivers and streams.