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BISHOP SCOTT BOYS’ SCHOOL (Affiliated to CBSE, New Delhi) Affiliation No.: 330726, School Campus: Chainpur, Jaganpura,
By-Pass, Patna 804453. Phone Number: 7061717782, 9798903550. , Web: www.bishopscottboysschool.com Email: [email protected]
STUDY COURSE MATERIAL - I
by. G.L Fuentes
by. James Herriot
by G.L. Fuentes.
Character Sketch of Lencho. Lencho is the protagonist or in simple words main character of the short story A Letter to God. He is a poor farmer but is very dedicated and hard-working. We find that he leaves no stone unturned to feed his family and fulfil their needs. However he is also an uneducated person and without knowledge, he is unable to make a difference between belief and reality. For him God lives on the earth and it is possible to communicate to Him. So he writes a letter to God and when he gets the money, he is not surprised at all. Rather he is angry over the employees for stealing some amount because his firmly believes that God has sent complete money. Lencho is thus very innocent as well.
Introduction. The story, "A Letter to God" by G.L Fuentes revolves around the idea of having unquestionable belief in something. The story is set in a Latin American country. Lencho, the farmer, who is the protagonist of the story, writes a letter to God seeking help from the almighty after discovering his
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entire crop yield destroyed by a devastating hailstorm. Although, his wishes get fulfilled partially, if not completely, he is ungrateful in the end and questions the honesty and modesty of the post- masters who actually helped him with money (anonymously) in the name of god.
Word meanings:-
2. Dotted: Full Of
3. Downpour: Heavy Rain
4. Intimately: Closely
5. Exclaimed- cry out suddenly in surprise, strong emotion, or pain.
6. Regarded- Consider Or Think Of In A Specified Way
7. Draped- Adorn, Cover, Or Wrap (Someone Or Something)
8. Hailstones- A Pellet Of Hail
9. Resemble- Have A Similar Appearance To Or Qualities In Common With (Someone Or
Something); Look Or Seem Like.
10. Exposing- make (something) visible by uncovering it.; reveal
A Letter to God Summary. The story, "A Letter to God" by G.L. Fuentes depicts unwavering faith of a farmer in God. It begins with a farmer, named Lencho expecting for a rain shower to nourish his field of corn. He is confident that his harvest is going to yield him huge profits just like it does every year. To his utmost excitement, rainfall did happen but sooner, it turned into a hailstorm destroying his entire crop field. The damage posed a threat to the family's survival as their entire livelihood was dependent on the year's produce. Although disheartened, the family had robust belief in the almighty. Lencho, despite having worked day and night at the field, knew how to write and thus, decided to write a letter to God explaining his situation and asking for help. He went to town to post his letter addressed "To God". The letter on being noticed by the postmaster, at first amused him, but then motivated him want to do something for the farmer so as to keep his immense belief intact. He contributes from his salary and collects money from his colleagues and friends who willingly contributed for an act of charity. To his dismay, he could only collect 70 pesos which he wrapped in an envelope to make it seem like a reply from the deity. On having found the letter, the writer (Lencho) is not at all shocked, but instead, he gets angry on finding that the amount is less than what he had expected. He again writes a letter to God conveying his disappointment and distrust in the employees of the post office who he thought had stolen the remaining amount.
Video related: https://youtu.be/VHhkNhzVGFM
Question and Answers.
Q1. What did Lencho hope for? A. Lencho hoped for a rain shower for his crop field.
Q2. Why did Lencho say the raindrops were like 'new coins'?
A. After the rain shower, everything was going as per Lencho's plan and he had immense confidence that his harvest would yield substantial profits. Thus, he referred to the droplets as "new coins, the larger ones being equivalent to ten pesos and smaller ones, five pesos.
Q3. How did the rain change? What happened to Lencho's fields?
A. Soon after the rainfall had begun, the wind became strong leading to a hailstorm. As a result of which, Lencho's crop fields got withered, the trees had shed their leaves and the flowers had fallen.
Q4. What were Lencho's feelings when the hail stopped?
A. Lencho was extremely disheartened and his soul was filled with immense sadness. Q5. Who or what did Lencho have faith in? What did he do?
A. Lencho had unwavering faith in God. Thus, he decided to write a letter to God conveying his grievances and asking for 100 pesos for survival and rejuvenation of crops.
Q6. Who read the letter?
A. A postman who was also an employee of the post office read the letter.
Q7. What did the postmaster do then? A. The postmaster was amazed at Lencho's unshakeable faith in the deity and thus, to retain it, he decided to collect money for him from his friends and colleagues.
Q8. Was Lencho surprised to find a letter for him with money in it?
A. Lencho was not at all surprised on seeing the letter because this is what he was expecting. Instead, he was angry when he found that the amount was less than what he had asked for.
Q9. What made him angry?
A. Lencho was displeased when he found that the money was less than what he had asked for.
Q10. Who does Lencho have complete faith in? Which sentences in the story tell you this? A. Lencho has immense faith in God. These lines are evident to this fact: "Lencho showed not the slightest surprise on seeing the money; such was his confidence - but he became angry when he counted the money. God could not have made a mistake, nor could he have denied Lencho what he had requested."Â•
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Q11. Why does the postmaster send money to Lencho? Why does he sign the letter 'God'? A. The postmaster did not want to shake the writer's faith in the almighty, and thus, out of virtuous intentions, decided to collect money for "an act of charity"Â•. He also signed the letter in the name of God to conceal his identity as he wanted Lencho to think it was actually a reply from God.
Q12. Did Lencho try to find out who had sent the money to him? Why/Why not?
A. No, Lencho did not try to find out the sender because he was very optimistic about the existence of almighty and that, his letter is actually received and replied to, by God. It was his unshakeable faith that made him not question the identity of the sender.
Q13. Who does Lencho think has taken the rest of the money? What is the irony in the situation? (Remember that the irony of a situation is an unexpected aspect of it. An ironic situation is strange or amusing because it is the opposite of what is expected.)
A. Lencho thought that it is the postmaster or the employees of the post-office who had stolen his remaining amount, as is evident from his second letter to God where he requests the deity not to send money by mail next time. The irony here is that, it was actually the postmaster and the employees who had collected the money out of their clean intent to keep Lencho's faith intact, but are the ones who ended up getting blamed for stealing the missing amount.
Q 14. Are there people like Lencho in the real world? What kind of a person would you say he is? You may select appropriate words from the box to answer the question.
Greedy, naive, stupid, ungrateful, Selfish, comical, unquestioning
A. No, it is hard to find people like Lencho in reality. Lencho is naive and unquestioning because of his lack of judgement about the actual physical existence of God. He did not question receiving an actual reply from the almighty. Also, he is ungrateful in some manner because on seeing 70 pesos, he is not happy but instead, complained about the missing 30 pesos.
Q15. There are two kinds of conflict in the story: between humans and nature, and between humans themselves. How are these conflicts illustrated?
A. The story "A Letter to God" depicts two types of conflicts; one between man and nature and the other among men themselves. In the beginning of the story, the farmer hopes for a rain shower for the benefit of his corn field. On actually receiving rain, he becomes overjoyed and starts thinking about all the profit that would come in. Not much later, his joy is turned into sorrow when the wind becomes strong leading to a hailstorm. This depicts the disagreement between man and nature wherein humans want the nature to act according to their aspirations. The second divergence arises when Lencho starts doubting the honesty of the post-office employees who actually helped him with the money anonymously. This is the conflict among men themselves, wherein, we are ready to trust in the idea of God's existence but we are not ready to trust each other.
DAY-3
by James Herriot.
Introduction to the lesson Tricki, a small dog, is pampered and overfed by his rich mistress. He falls seriously ill and his mistress consults a veterinary surgeon. Does he perform an operation? Does the dog recover? This story is about Tricki, a dog who is the pet of a rich lady named Mrs. Pumphrey. She loves her dog very much and is unable to refuse him anything he wants. Tricki, is fond of eating cream cakes and chocolates. So one day when Mrs. Pumphrey is out with Tricki for a walk the narrator sees them and stops to talk. While talking to Mrs. Pumphrey he realises that she has been overfeeding Tricki and also had been giving him things that he shouldn’t eat due to which Tricki had started looking like a bloated sausage. Soon Tricki got unwell and Mrs. Pumphrey has to call Mr. Herriot (narrator) for help. She does not want to send him away but the only way suggested by Mr. Herriot is to get him hospitalised for 15 days. Then the story unfolds into how he gets well.
Summary The story starts when Mrs. Pumphrey, a rich lady takes her dog out for a walk. A nearby veterinary doctor who knows the lady sees the dog and is shocked as he sees that the dog looks like a bloated sausage with a leg at each end. He advises her to stop giving him unhealthy things to eat but Mrs. Pumphrey is not able to refuse him. Soon he falls sick and the doctor is called. The narrator, Mr. Herriot then somehow takes Tricki, the dog to the hospital even though he knows that Mrs. Pumphrey is not ready to leave her dog and nearly fainted just by hearing these words.Then he takes the dog along and puts a bed for him in his surgery. The dog doesn't move much nor eats anything for the first two days. On the second day he looks around and whimpers a bit. He wanted to go out on the third day and started playing with the bigger dogs when he was taken out. He also licked the bowls of other dogs clean on the third day. Then his condition started improving very fast. He started fighting for his meals with other dogs. Then when this news reached Mrs. Pumphrey, she started sending him eggs as she thought that Tricki was recovering from an illness and needed energy foods. Mr. Herriot and his partners started eating those eggs for morning breakfast. Then for improving Tricki’s blood, Mrs. Pumphrey started sending in bottles of wine which was again consumed by Mr. Herriot. He used to take two glasses before lunch and some more glasses while having his lunch. Then when she started sending in bottles of brandy for Tricki that was the time when Mr. Herriot thought that he would really like to keep Tricki as a permanent guest in the surgery. Mr. Herriot used to be really happy someday by having two extra eggs every morning. Then having few glasses of wine in the afternoon and closing the day by having brandy at night. But then he took a wise decision and called up Mrs. Pumphrey as she was really worried and on this side Tricki was ready to be taken back home. Tricki was really happy to see his mistress and jumped into the car. Mrs. Pumphrey
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said that she won't be able to ever thank him for what he had done and also, that his surgery had been successful as Tricki was now cured. Related video. https://youtu.be/UmNBUlkiZGs
Word Meanings. 1. Mistress- a woman in a position of authority or control.
2. Bloated- excessive in size or amount.
3. Sausage- an item of food in the form of a cylindrical length of minced pork or other meat
encased in a skin, typically sold raw to be grilled or fried before eating.
4. Bloodshot- (of the eyes) inflamed or tinged with blood, typically as a result of tiredness.
5. Rheumy- watery.
6. Lolled- sit, lie, or stand in a lazy, relaxed way.
7. Hastened- be quick to do something.
8. Listless- lacking energy or enthusiasm.
9. Malnutrition- lack of proper nutrition
10. Cod liver oil- oil pressed from the liver of cod
11. Relent- become less severe or intense.
12. Lumbago- pain in the muscles and joints of the lower back.
13. Jostling- push, elbow, or bump against (someone) roughly, typically in a crowd.
14. Scrimmages- a confused struggle or fight.
15. Trampled- tread on and crush.
16. Squashed- flat, soft, or out of shape as a result of being crushed or squeezed with force.
17. Shaggy- long, thick, and unkempt.
18. Hovered- remain poised uncertainty in one place or between two states.
19. Anxiously- feeling or showing worry, nervousness, or unease about something with an
uncertain outcome.
20. Bulletins- a short official statement or broadcast summary of news.
21. Convalescing- recover one's health and strength over a period of time after an illness or
medical treatment.
DAY-4
Question and Answers. Q1. What kind of a person do you think the narrator, a veterinary surgeon, is? Would you say he is tactful as
well as full of commonsense?
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Ans. The narrator, a veterinary doctor is a very compassionate and an honest man as he does not
unnecessarily operate upon Tricki. He goes out of the way to guide Mrs. Pumphrey that she should
start keeping a strict check on Tricki’s diet and his exercise schedule. He is tactful because he knows
how to get Tricki to the hospital and his common sense can be seen by the simple fact that he just
changed the eating and exercise schedule of Tricki which helped him recover from his problems. He
did not unnecessarily put him on medicines.
Q2. Do you think Tricki was happy to go home? What do you think will happen now?
Ans. Yes, Tricki was as happy to go home as much as he was staying in the surgery. He was happy
staying in the surgery because he got many friends which he did not have at home and was happy to
go back home because he did not have his lavish lifestyle at the surgery. His excitement to go back
home can be seen from the fact that as soon as he saw his mistress, he jumped back into the car and
started licking her face and roaming around in excitement. I think now he will be fine at home as
well because earlier Mrs. Pumphrey did not take Mr. Herriot’s advice seriously which led to Tricki’s
hospitalization.
Q3. Do you think this is a real-life episode, or mere fiction? Or is it a mixture of both?
Ans. I feel that this story is a mixture of both because it is not a new thing that rich people overfeed
their dog or maintain excessive wardrobes for their pets but for a doctor to go out of his way to help
another person who doesn't want his advice is unusual. A doctor being so honest that he doesn't
wrongly treat the dog and instead, just works on him by keeping him in his surgery and trackS his
health by feeding him less and maintains a regular exercise schedule seems to be more of a fiction.
Q4. Why is Mrs Pumphrey worried about Tricki?
Ans. Mrs. Pumphrey was worried about Tricki as Tricki was not eating anything, not even his
favourite dishes. Tricki was vomiting and lied down on the rug, panting. He did not even want to go
out for walks or anything.
Q5.What does she do to help him? Is she wise in this?
Ans. She calls the doctor to see him as he was unwell. Yes, she was wise this time as earlier, she was
acting foolish by overfeeding him. The doctor told her that Tricki needed to be hospitalized. She was
crying over it but later accepted that she needed to listen to the doctor.
Q6. Who does ‘I’ refer to in this story?
Ans. “I” refers to the narrator who is a veterinary doctor, Mr. Herriot.
Q7 .Is the narrator as rich as Tricki’s mistress?
Ans. According to the story, the narrator is not as rich as Mrs. Pumphrey because Mr. Herriott is able
to provide Tricki with a box bed whereas in Mrs. Pumphrey’s house he has his own bed, different
bowls to eat and servants at his disposal. Then Tricki’s mistress used to send two dozen eggs, wine
and brandy everyday for Tricki’s recovery. Towards the end of chapter, Tricki’s mistress comes in
30 feet of gleaming black metal which is obviously a luxury car. So, it can be seen that Tricki’s
mistress used to live a very luxurious life in comparison to the narrator.
Q8.How does he treat the dog?
Ans. He treats the dog very well. He knows that Tricki does not need medicinal treatment but
requires a change in his lifestyle. He gives him only water for two days and then he sees that Tricki
has started licking the empty food bowls and started mixing up with other dogs. Then he gives him
food and Tricki starts to recover well. Then soon after living there for a few days, he is much better
and goes back home.
Q9. Why is he tempted to keep Tricki on as a permanent guest?
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Ans. He is tempted to keep Tricki as a permanent guest because Mrs. Pumphrey wants Tricki to
recover quickly. So she used to send two dozen eggs, wine bottles and brandy everyday. Mr. Herriot
knew that there was no need of giving Tricki all that so he used to eat the extra eggs and drink the
wine
with his partners. With all that food and drinks coming in, Mr. Herriot used to be very happy so he
was tempted to keep Tricki on as a permanent guest.
Q10. Why does Mrs Pumphrey think the dog’s recovery is “a triumph of surgery”?
Ans. Tricki had recovered completely in two weeks. He had been turned into a hard muscle animal.
Upon seeing Mrs. Pumphrey, Tricki ran towards her, jumped on her lap and started licking her face.
She was overwhelmed to see Tricki all well and so she says as a token of gratitude that it was “a
triumph of surgery”.
Formal letters.
A formal letter is one written in a formal and ceremonious language and follows a certain stipulated format.
Such letters are written for official purposes to authorities, dignitaries, colleagues, seniors, etc and not to
personal contacts, friends or family. A number of conventions must be adhered to while drafting formal
letters.
Promotion Letter
Sales Letters
Recovery Letters
Sender’s address
Complaint letter.
A Complaint Letter is a type of letter written to address any type wrong doing, offence, grievance,
resentment arising out of a product, service etc. Complaint Letter writing is not only a pre-warning for the
offender but also a chance for them to rectify their act in time.
Q. Write a letter to M/s. Oxford Publishing House, London complaining that the books sent by
them were not those you had ordered for. Ask for replacement. You are Varun Joshi, Sector-
20, Chandigarh.
Examination Hall,
Sector-20, Chandigarh.
Respected Sir/Madam,
On February 1, 2019 I bought a book set (Order No. 000154) to be delivered to Chandigarh,
Sector-20.
To my dismay, I have not received the set I ordered for and have instead, received the
wrong book set. I am highly disappointed.To resolve the problem, I would appreciate it if you
could replace the wrong book set with the one originally ordered. Please let me know as soon as
possible what action you propose to take.I look forward to hearing from you within the next
ten days.
Enclosed are copies of the transaction document and the receipt.
I look forward to your reply and a resolution to my problem and will wait until the
aforementioned time before seeking help from a consumer protection agency or the Better
Business Bureau. Please contact me at the above address or by phone at 098100XXXXX.
Yours sincerely,
Varun Joshi
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Inquiry letters.
Inquiry Letter is a letter written to request information and/or ascertain its authenticity. A letter of inquiry
deals with various matters like job vacancies, funding, grants, scholarships, projects, sales, pre-proposals and
others. The term is common in various business setups as it implies fund request or pre-proposal
information.
Q. Write a letter to M/s Vikrant Electronics, Circular Road, Bengaluru asking for the price list
of pre-recorded music cassettes of some of the latest Hindi films. You may sign yourself as
David of 110, Moti Bagh, Lucknow.
110, MotiBagh
Respected Sir,
I run a music shop in Lucknow. I wish to purchase in bulk quantity some of the pre-cassettes
of some Hindi films. You are requested to let me know your price list for the music cassettes
of the following films:
Chakde India,Sarfarosh,Kesari and Jhansi - the pride of India.
Please send me the information soon so that I may place an early order.
Thanking you,
Yours faithfully,
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DAY-1
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:- https://youtu.be/tmGBwziUhD4
DAY-3 ,
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DAY-5
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ONLINE TEACHING MATERIAL
TEACHING MATERIAL
EUCLID’S DIVISION LEMMA: Let a and b b any two positive integers. Then there exist unique integers q and r such that a = bq + r, 0 ≤ r < b. Proof: Consider the following sequence . . . . . . . . .,a – 3b, a – 2b, a – b, a , a + b, a + 2b, a + 3b,. . . . . . . . . . Clearly the difference between two consecutive terms is b and it extends indefinitely in both directions. Let r be the smallest non negative term of this sequence then there exit a non-negative integer q such that a – bq = r. a = bq +r as, r is the smallest non negative integer satisfying the above result, there fore 0 ≤ r < b. Uniqueness: To prove uniqueness of q and r, let us assume that there is another pair q1 and r1 of non-negative integer satisfying the same relation ie a = bq1 + r1, 0 ≤ r1 < b We have, a = bq + r and a = bq1 + r1 bq + r = bq1 + r1 r1 – r = b ( q – q1 ) b divides ( r1 – r ) r1 – r = 0 (0 ≤ r < b and 0 ≤ r1 < b 0 ≤ r1 - r < b ) r1 = r a – r1 = a – r bq1 = bq q1 = q ( 0 ≤ r < b ) Hence the expression a = bq + r, is unique.
DAY-2
TEACING MATERIAL THEOREM: If a and b are positive integers such that a = bq + r, then every common divisor of a and b is a common divisor of b and r and vice versa. Proof: Let c be a common divisor of a and b Then c | a ( c divides a ) a = cq1, for some integer q1 and c | b ( c divides b ) b = cq2, for some integer q2 Now, a = bq + r r = a – bq r = cq1 – cq2.q r = c(q1 – q2q) c | r and c | b (c | b is given )
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c is common divisor of b and r. Hence a common divisor of a and b is a common divisor of b and r. Conversely: Let d be a common divisor of b and r then d | b b = r1d, for some integer r1.
And d | r r = r2d, for some integer r2 We have, a = bq + r a = r1dq + r2d
a = d (r1 q+ r2 ) d | a and d | b (d | b is given ) Hence d is a common divisor of a and b.
VIDEO-LINKS https://youtu.be/qgcgZISJlEc https://www.khanacademy.org/math/in-math-by-grade/in-in-grade-10-ncert/x573d8ce20721c073:in-in-
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In order to find the HCF of two positive integers say a and b with a b, we may follow the
following steps Step I: Apply Euclid’s division Lemma to a and b and obtain whole number q1 and r1 such that a = bq1 + r1, 0 ≤ r < b Step II: If r1 = 0 b is the HCF of a and b. Step III: If r1 ≠ 0, then apply Euclid’s division lemma to b and r1 and obtain two whole numbers q1 and r2 such that b = q1r1 +r2 Step IV: If r2 = 0, then r1 is the HCF of a and b Step V: If r2 ≠ 0, then apply Euclid’s division lemma to r1 and r2 and continue the above process till the remainder rn is zero. The divisor at this stage i.e. rn-1, or the non-zero remainder at the previous stage, is the HCF of a and b.
DOCUMENTS LINKS https://byjus.com/maths/euclid-division-lemma/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q8XlMrDkemk
DAY-5 FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF ARITHMETIC: Every composite number can be expressed (factorised) as a product of primes, and this factorization is unique except for the order in which the prime factors occur. Theorem: Let p be a prime number and a be a positive integer. If p divides a2, then p divides a. Proof: From the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic integer a can be factoriosed as the product of primes. Let a = p1p2p3…..pn be the prime factorization of a, where p1 , p2, p3, ….,pn
are primes, not necessarily distinct. Now, a = p1p2p3 …pn ( a )2 = (p1p2p3…pn).(p1p2p3…pn) ( a )2 = p12.p22.p32.…pn2. It is given that p is the prime and it divides a2.Therefore, p is a prime factor f a2. From the uniqueness part of the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic it follows that the only prime factors of a2 are p1,p2,p3,…,pn. Therefore, p is one of p1, p2, p3,…, pn
p p1p2p3…pn ( p divides p1p2p3…pn) pa
DOCUMENTS LINKS
EXERCISE: Type-A (Multiple choice questions)
1. For some integer m, every even integer is of the form
(A) m (B) m + 1 (C) 2m (D) 2m + 1
2. For some integer q, every odd integer is of the form
(A) q (B) q + 1 (C) 2q (D) 2q +1
3. n2 – 1 is divisible by 8, if n is
(A) an integer (B) a natural number (C) an odd integer (D) an even integer
4. If the HCF of 65 and 117 is expressible in the form 65m – 117, then the value of m is
(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 3
5. The largest number which divides 70 and 125, leaving remainders 5 and 8,respectively, is
(A) 13 (B) 65 (C) 875 (D) 1750
6. If two positive integers a and b are written as a = x3y2 and b = xy3; x, y are prime numbers, then HCF
(a, b) is
(A) xy (B) xy2 (C) x3y3 (D) x2y2
7. If two positive integers p and q can be expressed as p = ab2 and q = a3b; a, b being prime numbers,
then LCM (p, q) is
(A) ab (B) a2b2 (C) a3b2 (D) a3b3
8. The product of a non-zero rational and an irrational number is
(A) always irrational (B) always rational
(C) rational or irrational (D) one
9. The least number that is divisible by all the numbers from 1 to 10 (both inclusive) is
(A) 10 (B) 100 (C) 504 (D) 2520
10. The decimal expansion of the rational number will terminate after:
(A) one decimal place (B) two decimal places
(C) three decimal places (D) four decimal places
11. If n= 23 ×34×54×7, what is the number of consecutive zeroes in n, where n is a natural number?
(A) 10 (B) 4 (C) 3 (D) none of these
Type-B (2/3-mark questions)
Q3. Prove that 52 is an irrational number.
Q4. If √ab be an irrational number, prove that √a+√b is irrational. Q5. Prove that 3 is not a rational number. Q6. Given that HCF of 306 and 657 is 9, find the LCM of these two numbers. Q7. Explain why 3 × 5 × 7 + 7 is a composite number. Q8. Using Euclid’s division algorithm, find which of the following pairs of numbers are coprime:
(i) 231, 396 (ii) 847, 2160
Q9. Check whether 6n can end with the digit 0 for any n N
Q10. Express into decimal form. (Ans. 0.00026)
Q11. State whether 210
77 will have terminating decimal expansion or not?
Q12. Given HCF (319,377)=29, find LCM (319,377). Q13. Given LCM (26,169)= 338, write HCF (26,169).
Q14. Write down the decimal expansion of 80
13 by writing the denominator in the form 2n ×5m,
where n and m are non negative integers. Type-C (4-mark questions)
Q1. Show that every positive integer is of the form 3q or 3q + 1 or 3q + 2 for some integer q. Q2. Show that any positive odd integer is of the form 4q + 1 or 4q +3 for some integer q. Q3. Use Euclid’s division Lemma to show that the cube of any positive integer is either of the
form 9q or 9q +1 or 9q +8 for some integer q. Q4. Express the following integers as a product of its prime factors.
(i) 7325 (ii) 20570 (iii) 45470971 Q5. Prove that H.C.F of (12, 65, and 77) is relatively prime. Q6. Use Euclid’s division algorithm to find the HCF of 741, 1079. (Ans. 13) Q7. On a morning walk, three persons step off together and their steps measure 40 cm, 42 cm and
45 cm, respectively. What is the minimum distance each should walk so that each can cover the same distance in complete steps?
Q8. Use Euclid’s division algorithm to find the HCF of 56, 96, 404. (Ans. 4) Q9. Anil has two flowerbeds in his garden. One bed has 18 rows of plants and the other has 24
rows of plants. Each of the beds has the same number of plants. What is the least number of plants in each flowerbed? (Ans. 72)
Q10. Three bells ring at intervals of 4,7 and 14minutes. All three rang at 6 A.M. when will they ring together again? (Ans.6.28A.M.)
ONLINE TEST
DIKSHA LINKS
LINKS
Proof: there's an irrational number between any two rational numbers https://youtu.be/hxqo_DiL3pw
Converting a fraction to a repeating decimal https://youtu.be/Y2-tz27nKoQ
Converting repeating decimals to fractions (part 2 of 2) https://youtu.be/Ihws0d-WLzU
Few more points to discuss
Product of Two Numbers = HCF X LCM of the Two Numbers
For any two positive integers a and b, a×b=H.C.F×L.C.M.
Example – For 36 and 56, the H.C.F is 4 and the L.C.M is 504 36×56=2016 4×504=2016 Thus, 36×56=4×504

Applications of HCF & LCM in Real-World Problems
L.C.M can be used to find the points of common occurrence. This could be the common ringing of bells that ring with different frequencies, the time at which two persons running at different speeds meet, and so on.
Proof by Contradiction
In the method of contradiction, to check whether a statement is TRUE (i) We assume that the given statement is TRUE. (ii) We arrive at some result which contradicts our assumption, thereby proving the contrary. Eg: Prove that √7 is irrational. Assumption: √7 is rational. Since it is rational √7 can be expressed as
√7 =
, where a and b are co-prime Integers, b ≠ 0.
On squaring 2
2 = 7
⇒ a2 = 7b2. Hence, 7 divides a. Then, there exists a number c such that a=7c. Then, a2=49 c2. Hence, 7b2 = 49 c2 or b2 = 7c2. Hence 7 divides b. Since 7 is a common factor for both a and b, it contradicts our assumption that a and b are coprime integers. Hence, our initial assumption that √7 is rational is wrong. Therefore, √7 is irrational.
Check if a given rational number is terminating or not
If
is a rational number, then its decimal expansion would terminate if both of the following
conditions are satisfied : a) The H.C.F of a and b is 1. b) b can be expressed as a prime factorization of 2 and 5 i.e. b=2m×5n where either m or n, or both can = 0. If the prime factorization of b contains any number other than 2 or 5, then the decimal expansion of that number will be recurring
Example:
1
40 = 0.025 is a terminating decimal, as the H.C.F of 1 and 40 is 1, and the denominator (40)
can be expressed as 23×51.
1
40 = 0.428571 is a recurring decimal as the H.C.F of 3 and 7 is 1 and the denominator (7) is
equal to 7
MATHS APPLICATION ACTIVITIES
Solve the following questions
1. Use Euclid’s division lemma to show that any positive odd integer is of the form 4q+1 or 4q+3
where q is a positive integer.
2. Use Euclid‘s division algorithm to find the HCF of 105 and 120.
3. Prove that (12)n can never end with ‘0’ for any natural number n.
4. Express 3.423423…….. in the form
, where p and q are integer and q≠ 0 .
5. If the LCM (91, 26) =182, then find the HCF (91, 26).
6. The decimal expansion of a real number is 23.123456. If it is expressed as a rational number in the
form of
, write the prime factors of q
7. Find the largest number which divide 615 and 963 leaving remainder 6 in each case.
8. Can two numbers have 18 as their HCF and 380 as their LCM ? Give reason.
Page 10 of 10
9. Find the greatest number of 6 digits exactly divisible by 24, 15 and 36.
10. Find the largest positive integer that will divide 398, 436 , and 542 leaving remainder 7 ,11 ,and 15
respectively.
11. Find the smallest number which when increase by 17 is exactly divisible by both 468 and 520.
12. Prove that √7 is an irrational number.
13. Prove that 2 + √3 is an irrational number.
14. On MG road, three consecutive traffic lights change after 36, 42, and 72 seconds. If the lights are
first switched on at 9: 00 am, at what time will they change simultaneously?
15. Without actual division, state where the rational number 183
375 is a terminating decimal expansion or
non- terminating decimal expansion.
Class X Math
ASSIGNMENTS TO BE SUBMITTED ON RE-OPENING DAY Test for Real Numbers
Max Marks : 35 Max Time : 45 mins 1. The LCM and HCF of two numbers are 240 and 12 respectively. If one of the numbers is 60, then find the other number. 3 marks
2. Without actually performing the long-division, state will have a terminating or non-terminating repeating decimal expansion. 3 marks
3. Write whether the rational number will have a terminating decimal expansion or a non-terminating repeating decimal expansion. 3 marks 4. The HCF and LCM of two numbers are 9 and 360 respectively. If one number is 45, write the other number. 3 marks 5. What is the HCF of 52 and 130? 3 marks
6. Express as a rational number in the simplest form. 4 marks
7. Prove that is an irrational number. 4 marks
8. Show that is an irrational number. 4 marks 9. Show that one and only one of n, n + 2 and n + 4 is divisible by 3. 4 marks 10. Using Euclid’s division algorithm, find the HCF of 56, 96 and 404. 4 mark
Phone Number: 7061717782, 9798903550. ,
Web: www.bishopscottboysschool.com Email: [email protected]
DAY-1
TEACHING MATERIAL :-
LIGHT : INTRODUCTION :-
"Light is a form of energy which produces the sensation of vision."
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIGHT :-
Light has dual nature that is - particle nature and wave nature both.
Particle nature :-
Wave nature :-
Light is an Electromagnetic wave propagates in vacuum also.
The speed of light in vacuum is maximum and is denoted by a constant ' C '
such that. C = 3 x 108 ms-1.
The speed of light decreases at the optical density of the medium increases.
Vacuum. >. Gas. >. Liquid. > Solid
Example :- ( Air ) ( water ) ( Glass)
When light propagates from one medium to another medium its speed and wavelength change but the frequency remains constant.
SOURCE OF LIGHT:-
1. Natural :- Sun and other Stars , Firefly etc.
2. Man Made :- Electric Bulb , Lamp , Candle etc.
MEDIUM :- the substance through which light propagates or tries to propagates.
TYPES OF MEDIUM :-
1. Transparent:- Light propagates easily. Eg:- unlpolished glass , clean wateretc
2. Translucent:- Light propagates partially. Eg:- rough ( scratched) glass , oily paper etc.
3.Opaque :- Light can't propagates. Eg :- wood , wall etc
RAY OF LIGHT :-
Diagram :-
TYPES OF BEAM :-
Reflection of light:-
the phenomenon of bouncing back of light in the same medium on striking the surface of any object.
During reflection :
TYPES OF REFLECTION:-
Incident rays are parallel and reflected rays are also parallel.
Reflecting surface is smooth and polished.
2. Irregular or Diffused :- In this case incident rays are parallel and reflected rays are not parallel.
Reflecting surface is rough.
Link :- https://www.askiitians.com/revision-notes/class-10-science/light-reflection-and-refraction/
ASSIGNMENT
1 .What do you mean by reflection of light? State the laws of reflection.
2. Draw the ray diagram for the image formation in plane mirror.
3. Defient ej following terms in case of spherical mirror.
l. Pole
PPT :-
LINK-1
https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/shreyaans/light-reflection-and-refraction-class-10-physics-complete
https://www.askiitians.com/revision-notes/class-10-science/light-reflection-and-refraction/
ASSIGNMENT
1. Draw the ray diagram of image formation in concave mirror in all the six cases.
ASSIGNMENT
1. An object is kept at a distance more than twice the focal length (F) from a concave mirror. The distance the image formed will be
(a) less then F (b) equal to F (c) between F and 2 F (d) More than 2 F
2. Beams of light are incident through the holes C and D respectively as shown in the figure. Which of the following could be inside the box?
(a) A rectangular glass slab (b) Convex lens (c) Concave lens (d) Prism
3. Name the mirror that can give an erect and enlarged image of an object?
4. The rays, parallel to the principal axis, of a spherical mirror, actually meet at a point 20 cm distant from its pole. Identify the mirror and give its focal length.
5.Which type of mirror is usually used as a rear-view mirror in motor cars?
USES OF CONVEX MIRROR :-
(i) convex mirrors are used ar a rear view mirror in vehicles beacause
VIDEO LINK
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPES QUESTIONS:-
1. An object is kept at a distance more than twice the focal length (F) from a concave mirror. The distance the image formed will be
(a) less then F (b) equal to F (c) between F and 2 F (d) More than 2 F
2. Beams of light are incident through the holes C and D respectively as shown in the figure. Which of the following could be inside the box?
(a) A rectangular glass slab (b) Convex lens (c) Concave lens (d) Prism
3. Name the mirror that can give an erect and enlarged image of an object?
4. The rays, parallel to the principal axis, of a spherical mirror, actually meet at a point 20 cm distant from its pole. Identify the mirror and give its focal length.
5.Which type of mirror is usually used as a rear-view mirror in motor cars?
6. The image formed by a concave mirror is observed to be virtual, erect and larger than the object. Where should be the position of the object?
(a) Between the principal focus and the centre of curvature. (b) At the centre of curvature
(c) Beyond the centre of curvature (d) Between the pole of the mirror and its principal focus.
7.A spherical mirror and thin spherical lens have each of focal length of -15 cm. the mirror and lens are likely to be
(a) Both concave (b) Both convex (c) The mirror is concave and the lens is convex
(d) The mirror is convex and lens is concave.
8.No matter how far you stand from a mirror, your image appears erect. The mirror is likely to be
(a) Plane
(b) Concave
(c) Convex
(d) Either concave or convex.
9.A ray AFB is incident on a spherical mirror whose centre of curvature is 2 F. In which direction will it reflect?
10.A ray of light is incident at angle of 35° to a plane surface. What will the angle of reflection?
11.. How does image changes when the face is slowly moved away from inner face of a shining spoon?
12.Due to which property of light, sharp shadow of an object is obtained?
13.Where is the image formed in a convex mirror, when the object is anywhere in front of it?
14.A person uses concave minor for shaving, where should he position his face in front of it?
15.A ray of light is incident on a concave mirror along its principal axis. What will be the angle of reflection?
SHORT ANSWER TYPES QUESTIONS:
1. A beam of rays, parallel to the principal axis, is incident on a convex mirror. Show diagrammatically, the path of these rays after reflection from the mirror.
2.Three mirrors, one plane, one concave and one convex are lying on the table. How can a person identify them without touching them or using any other apparatus or device?
3. Obtain the formula for the focal length of a lens in terms of object distance (u) and magnification (m)
4. Why do we prefer a convex mirror as a rear view mirror in vehicles?
5. Define the principle focus of a concave mirror.
6.The radius of curvature of a spherical mirror is 20 cm. what is its focal length?
7. Name a mirror that can give an erect and enlarged image of an object.
8. Why do we prefer a convex mirror as a rear-view mirror in vehicles?
9. Find the focal length of a convex mirror whose radius of curvature is 32 cm.
10.A concave mirror produces three times magnified real image of an object placed at 10 cm in front of it. Where is the image located?
11. A rod of length 10 cm lies along the principal axis of a concave mirror of 10 cm in such a way that the end closer to the pole is 20 cm away from it. Find the length of image?
12.. An object is placed at a distance of 50 cm from a convex minor. State two characteristics of the image formed.
13. Write two uses of concave mirror.
14. An object 1 cm high produces a real image 1.5 cm high, when placed at a distance of 15 cm from concave minor. Calculate the position of the image.
15. The magnification “m” for a mirror is +1 what does this signify?
LONG ANSWER TYPES QUESTIONS :-
1. An object is placed at a distance of 12 cm in front of a concave mirror. It forms a real image four times larger than the object. Calculate the distance of the image from the mirror
2. A convex mirror used on a bus has a focal length of 200 cm. If a scooter is located at 100 cm. from this mirror find the position, nature and magnification of the image formed in the mirror.
3. An object is kept at a distance of 15 cm from a
(a) convex mirror
(b) Plane mirror.
The focal length of the convex mirror and the concave lens are 10 cm each.
Draw the appropriate ray diagrams, showing the formation of image, in each of the three cases.
4. State the mirror formula for determining the focal length of spherical mirrors write the meanings of the symbols used An object is placed at a distance of 25 cm. from a concave mirror of focal length 15 cm. Calculate the distance of the image from the mirror.
5. A concave mirror is used to form an erect and enlarged image of a given object. Where is the image located with respect to the mirror? Draw the corresponding ray diagram.
6. We wish to obtain an erect image of an object, using a concave mirror of focal length 15 cm.
What should be the range of distance of the object from mirror? What is the nature of image? Is the image larger or smaller than the object? Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation in this case.
7. An object is placed at a distance of 10 cm from a convex mirror of focal length 15 cm. Find the position and nature of image.
8.The magnification produced by a plane mirror is +1. What does this means?
Page 1 of 14
STUDY COURSE MATERIAL
DAY-1
TEACHING MATERIAL
Chemical Reaction A chemical reaction is the process of breaking the chemical bonds of the reacting substances and making new bonds to form new products.
A chemical bond is the force that holds the atoms of a molecule together, as in a compound.
A chemical reaction occurs when particles collide. Eg: H2 + Cl2 ----> 2HCl
Characteristics of Chemical reactions Certain chemical reactions are characterized by changes that are quite easily observed. Evolution of gas: In many chemical reactions, one of the product is gas. Example: When zinc reacts with dilute sulphuric acid hydrogen gas is evolved, with effervescence. Zn + H2SO4 -----> ZnSO4 + H2 Note: The formation of gas bubbles in a liquid during a reaction is called effervescence. Change of colour: Certain chemical reactions are characterized by change in colour of reactants Example: Fe + CuSO4 ----> FeSO4 + Cu [Iron] [ blue solution ] [ green solution ] [ red deposit ] Formation of precipitates: Some chemical reactions are characterized by the formation of precipitate. Example: AgNO3 + NaCl ----> AgCl + NaNO3 [ white ppt ] Change of state: In many chemical reactions, a change of state is observed. Example: NH3 (g) + HCl (g) NH4Cl (s)
Chemical Equation A chemical equation is the symbolic representation of a chemical reaction using the symbols and formulae of the substances involved in the reaction. The reaction can be represented by either a word equation or a chemical equation.
Word equation: Carbon + Oxygen Carbon dioxide Chemical equation C + O2 CO2
Steps involved in writing a chemical equation: 1. Write the symbols or the formulae of the reactants on the left side with a (+) sign
between them. 2. Write the symbols or the formulae of the products on the right side with a (+) sign
between them. 3. Put the sign of an arrow () in between the reactant side and the product side. 4. Represent the reactants and the products in their molecular forms.
Skeleton equation It is defined as an equation that represents a chemical reaction but is unbalanced i.e. the total number of atoms of each element on the two sides are not equal. Example: KNO3 -----------> KNO2 + O2
Balanced equation It is an equation in which the total number of atoms of each element in the reactants, on the left side of equation is same as the number of atoms in the products formed, on the right side of equation. Example: 2 KNO3 ------------> 2 KNO2 + O2 An equation must be balanced in order to comply with the “Law of conservation of mass”. Balancing the chemical equation by hit and trial method Count the number of times an element occurs on either side and note down in following format.
Elements
Reactants Products
Now balance the elements having maximum number of occurrence or non-metal by multiplying with natural number.
Note: The multiplicative number should always note down as co-efficient.
When the number of atoms in both the reactant and product side are equal then note down the balanced chemical equation. Example: Balance the chemical equation - Pb(NO3)2 --------------> PbO + NO2 + O2
Elements Number of atoms
Page 3 of 14
N
O
6 x 2 1 x 2 + 2 x 4 + 2
Hence balanced chemical equation is 2Pb(NO3)2 -----------------> 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
VIDEO-LINKS
LINK-1
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/chemistry--of-life/chemical-bonds-and-
reactions/v/chemical-reactions-introduction
LINK-2
Fill in the blanks:-
1.Addition of hydrogen in a substance in a reaction is known as___________ reaction. 2.In a ________ reaction two or more substances combine to form a new single substance. 3.Unbalanced reactions are also known as _________
Question 4.Balance the following chemical equitations:-
a)HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 -> Ca (NO3)2 + H2O b)NaOH + H2SO4 -> Na2SO4 + H2O c)NaCI + AgNO3 -> AgCI + NaNO3 d)BaCI2 + H2SO4 -> BaSO4 + HCI
6. Oxidation and reaction
Combination reaction A reaction in which two or more substances combined together to form a single substance is called a combination reaction. A + B ---------------> AB
In combination reactions:
Example: C + O2 -------------> CO2 2Fe + 3Cl2 -----------> 2FeCl3
(ii) An element and a compound combine to give a new compound
Example: 2CO + O2 -----------> 2CO2 2SO2 + O2 ------------> 2SO3
(iii) Two or more compounds combine to form a single product.
Example: NH3 + HCl ---------------> NH4Cl
Decomposition reaction It is the breaking up of a compound either into elements or simpler compounds, such
that these products do not recombine to form the original compound.
It may occur in the presence of heat, light or by passage of an electric current.
It is of three types
(i) Thermal decomposition reaction: A decomposition reaction that is brought
about by heat is known as thermal decomposition reaction.
Examples: 2KNO3 ---------------> 2KNO2 + O2 CaCO3 ----------> CaO + CO2
(ii) Electrolytic decomposition: A decomposition reaction that is brought about by
electric current is known as electrolytic decomposition.
Examples: 2H2O --------------> 2H2 + O2 2NaCl --------------> 2Na + Cl2
(iii) Photolytic decomposition: A decomposition reaction that is brought by
light energy is known as photolytic decomposition.
Examples: 2AgNO3 -------------> 2Ag + 2NO2 + O2 2H2O2 --------------> 2H2O + O2
Page 5 of 14
Displacement reaction A chemical reaction in which a high reactive element displaces low reactive element from its salt solution is called displacement reaction. Example: Zn + CuSO4 -----------> ZnSO4 + Cu
It is of two types.
(i) Cation displacement reaction: A reaction in which high reactive metal displaces
low reactive metal from its salt solution.
Example: 2Na + ZnSO4 ---------------> Na2SO4 + Zn
(ii) Anion displacement reaction: A reaction in which high reactive anion (non-
metal) displaces less reactive anion from its solution.
Example: 2KI + Cl2 -------------> 2KCl + I2
Double displacement reaction A chemical reaction in which two compounds in a solution react to form two new compounds by mutual exchange of radicals is called double displacement reaction. AB + CD ----------------> AD + CB
It is of two types.
(i) Precipitation reaction: A chemical reaction in which two compounds in their
aqueous state react to form an insoluble salt as one of the products is known as a
precipitation reaction.
Example: BaCl2 + Na2SO4 -----------------> BaSO4 + 2NaCl [White ppt]
(ii) Neutralization reaction: The reaction between an acid and a base that forms salt
and water only is referred as a neutralization reaction.
Example: NaOH + HCl ---------------> NaCl + H2O
Exothermic reaction A chemical reaction in which heat is given out is called exothermic reaction. Example: CH4 + 2O2 --------------> CO2 + Heat
Endothermic reaction A chemical reaction in which heat is absorbed is called endothermic reaction. Example: N2 + O2 --------------------> 2NO
Oxidation Oxidation is defined as a chemical process that involves:
Addition of oxygen
2FeCl2 + Cl2 ----------> 2FeCl3 Removal of hydrogen
H2s + Cl2 --------> 2HCl + S Removal of electropositive ion
2KI + H2O2 -----------> 2KOH + I2
Page 6 of 14
Reduction is defined as a chemical process that involves: Removal of oxygen
CuO + H2 ---------> Cu + H2O Removal of electronegative ion
2FeCl3 + H2S ------------> 2FeCl2 + 2HCl + S
Addition of hydrogen
2HgCl2 + SnCl2 -----------------> Hg2Cl2 + SnCl4
Redox reaction A reaction in which oxidation and reduction take place simultaneously is known as redox reaction.
Rancidity
Rancidity is the complete or incomplete oxidation of fats and oils when exposed to air, light or moisture.
It can be prevented using the following methods:
(i) Adding antioxidants to food
(ii) Storing food in air-tight containers
(iii) Refrigerating food
VIDEO-LINKS
TEACHING MATERIAL : - ACID AND BASES
ACIDS Acids are defined as compounds which contain one or more hydrogen atom and when dissolved in water, they produce hydronium ions (H3O+).
The word ‘acid’ comes from the Latin word acidus, meaning ‘sour’.
Note: (i) At first, the acid molecule furnishes hydrogen ion i.e., H+ ion in aqueous solution. But this H+ ion cannot exist independently. Therefore, it combines with a water molecule to form hydronium ion. (ii) Hydrogen is common in all acids. Examples: Hydrochloric acid, Sulphuric acid, Nitric acid, etc. HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl- H2SO4 + H2O 2H3O+ + SO42-
The hydrated hydrogen ion that exists in the solution of acids is called a hydronium ion. H+ + H2O H3O
CLASSIFICATION OF ACIDS
Acids can be classified in following ways. 1. Depending on their sources
(a) Organic acids: Acids which are obtained usually from plants are called organic acids. They contain carbon. Examples: Oxalic acid (COOH)2 , Acetic acid (CH3COOH)
(b) Inorganic acids: Acids which are obtained usually from minerals are called inorganic acids. They do not contain carbon (except carbonic acid H2CO3). Examples: Hydrochloric acids (HCl), Sulphuric acids (H2SO4), Nitric acid (HNO3), etc.
2. Depending on their strength
Strength of an acid depends on the degree of ionization and concentration of hydronium ions produced by that acid in aqueous solution.
(a) Strong acids: Acids which vigorously ionizes in aqueous solution and produce high concentration of hydronium ions are called strong acids. Examples: All mineral acids (except carbonic acid)
(b) Weak acids: Acids which ionizes partially in aqueous solution and produce less concentration of hydronium ions are called weak acids. Examples: All organic acids, Carbonic acids.
Note:
. x 100
2. If the degree of ionization for an acid, bases or salt in aqueous solution is
greater than 30%, it is strong and if less than 30%, it is weak.
Page 9 of 14
3. Depending on their concentration
Concentration of an acid means the amount of acid present in a definite amount of its aqueous solution.
(a) Concentrated acid: An acid which contains a very small amount of water or no water is
called concentrated acid.
(b) Dilute acid: An acid which contains far more amount of water than its own mass is known as dilute acid.
Note: (i) In order to dilute an acid, pour acid into water in small amounts and stir constantly. (ii) Water is not added to acid as it is an exothermic process.
4. Depending on molecular composition
(a) Oxy-acids: Those acids which contain oxygen along with hydrogen and some other
element.
Examples: Nitric acid, Sulphuric acid, Phosphoric acid, etc.
(b) Hydracids: Those acids which contain hydrogen and a non-metallic element, and no
oxygen.
Examples: Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Hydro bromic acid (HBr), Hydro iodic acid (HI)
5. Depending on their basicity
The basicity of an acid is defined as the number of hydronium ions that can be produced by the ionization of one molecule of that acid in aqueous solution.
(a) Monobasic acids: Acids which on ionization in water produce one hydronium ion per
molecule of the acid.
Example: Hydrochloric acid, Nitric acid, Hydro bromic acid, etc. These acids have one replaceable hydrogen ion, so they ionize in one step.
HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl-
(b) Dibasic acids: Acids which on ionization in water produce two hydronium ions
per molecule of the acid. Examples: Sulphuric acid (H2SO4), Oxalic acid (H2C2O4), Sulphurous acid (H2SO3), etc.
These acids have two replaceable hydrogen ions, so they ionize in two steps.
H2SO4 + H2O H3O+ + HSO4- HSO4- + H2O H3O+ + SO42-
(c) Tribasic acids: Acids which on ionization in water produce three hydronium
ions per molecule of the acid.
Examples: Phosphoric acid (H3PO4), Phosphorous acid (H3PO3) These acids have three replaceable hydrogen ions, so they ionize in three steps.
H3PO4 + H2O H3O+ + H2PO4- H2PO4- + H2O H3O+ + HPO42- HPO42- + H2O H3O+ + PO43-
Page 10 of 14
ASSIGNMENT
1. Which one of the following is acidic? (a) Lemon juice (b) Tomatoes (c) Milk (d) All 2. Which one of the following will turn red litmus blue? (a) Vinegar (b) Baking soda solution (c) Lemon juice (d) Soft drinks 3. Which one of the following will turn blue litmus red? (a) Vinegar (b) Lime water (c) Baking soda solution (d) Washing soda solution
DAY-4
Physical properties (i) Taste: Acids have a sour taste.
(ii) Physical State: Some acids are solid and some are liquid at room temperature.
Examples:
Tartaric acid C4H6O6
Citric acid C6H8O6
Phosphoric acid H3PO4
Formic acid HCOOH
(iii) Effect on skin: All strong mineral acids have corrosive action on the skin and cause painful
burns.
Indicators Colour change in acidic medium
Litmus Blue to red
Phenolphthalein Remains colourless
Page 11 of 14
(i) Reaction with active metals: Metals react with acid to form metallic salt and hydrogen.
Active metal + Acid Salt + Hydrogen Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2 ↑ Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2 ↑
(ii) Reaction with bases: Acids neutralize bases to form salt and water only.
CuO + H2SO4 CuSO4 + H2O NaOH + HNO3 NaNO3 + H2O
(iii) Reaction with carbonates and bicarbonates: Acids liberate carbon dioxide on reaction
with metallic carbonates and bicarbonates.
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 ↑ Ca(HCO3)2 + 2HCl CaCl2 + 2H2O + 2CO2 ↑
(iv) Reaction with sulphites and bisulphites: Acids react with sulphites and bisulphites
of metals to liberate sulphur dioxide.
CaSO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + SO2 ↑ NaHSO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + SO2 ↑
(v) Reaction with sulphides: Acids react with metal sulphides to liberate hydrogen sulphide.
ZnS + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2S ↑ FeS + H2SO4 FeSO4 + H2S ↑
VIDEO-LINKS LINK 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9P-qsbmIrz4
LINK 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLJvrvyeV0Q
LINK 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Isrhnyglqf0
ASSIGNMENT 1) Take few samples of acidic solution used in your daily life and classify them according to
their sources.
2) Why does lemon juice changes the color of floor when poured?
DAY-5
TEACHING MATERIAL : -
BASES: A base is either metallic oxide or a metallic hydroxide or aqueous ammonia which reacts with hydronium ions of an acid to form salt and water only. Examples: CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2O
Mg(OH)2 + H2SO4 MgSO4 + 2H2O They contain either displaceable oxide (O2-) or displaceable hydroxide ion (OH-).
Alkalis An alkali is a basic hydroxide which when dissolved in water produces hydroxyl (OH-) ions as the only negatively charged ions.
All alkali is a base soluble in water
Examples: Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH, Caustic soda), Potassium hydroxide (KOH, caustic potash), Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2, slaked lime], etc. Note: All alkalis are bases but all bases are not alkalis. Examples: Ferric hydroxide [ Fe(OH)3], cupric hydroxide [ Cu(OH)2]
CLASSIFICATION OF BASES
1. On the basis of their strength
(a) Strong base: It undergoes almost complete ionization in aqueous solution and
produce high concentration of OH-.
Examples: NaOH, KOH etc.
(b) Weak base: It undergoes only partial ionization in aqueous solution to produce a
low concentration of OH-.
2. On the basis of their acidity
The number of hydroxyl ions [OH]- which can be produced per molecule of the base in aqueous solution.
(a) Monoacidic base: It is a base that dissociates in aqueous solution to produce one
OH- ion per molecule of that base.
Examples: NaOH, KOH and NH4OH
(b) Diacidic base: It is a base that dissociates in aqueous solution to produce two OH-
ion per molecule of that base.
Examples: Ca(OH)2 and Cu(OH)2
(c) Triacidic base: It is a base that dissociates in aqueous solution to produce three
OH- ion per molecule of that base.
Examples: Al(OH)3 and Fe(OH)3
Physical properties 1. They have a sharp and bitter taste.
2. They change the colour of indicators.
Indicators Colour change in acidic medium
Litmus Red to blue
Phenolphthalein Colourless to pink
3. They are soapy substances, i.e., they are slippery to touch.
4. They are strong electrolytes.
Page 13 of 14
5. They show a mild corrosive action (slight burn) on the skin.
Chemical properties 1. Strong alkalis absorb carbon dioxide from the air to form carbonates.
Examples: 2NaOH + CO2 Na2CO3 + H2O 2KOH + CO2 K2CO3 + H2O
2. They neutralize acids to form salt and water.
Examples: Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl CaCl2 + 2H2O Fe(OH)2 + 2HCl FeCl2 + 2H2O
3. When they are warmed with an ammonium salt, ammonia gas is given out.
Example: NH4Cl + NaOH NaCl + H2O + NH3↑ 4. They precipitate as insoluble metallic hydroxides when added to the solutions of the
salts of heavy metals like copper, iron, zinc, etc.
Example: CuSO4 + 2NH4OH (NH4)2SO4 + Cu(OH)2↓ (Pale blue)
VIDEO-LINKS
1. Differentiate between the chemical properties of acid and base.
2. Write down the bases used in our daily life . Also mention their types.
(Affiliated to CBSE, New Delhi) Affiliation No.: 330726, School Campus: Chainpur, Jaganpura,
By-Pass, Patna 804453.
INTRODUCTION
Living beings are the organisms which show all the characteristics of life i.e growth, movement,
reproduction, respiration etc.
Living beings are made up of cells, which form tissues, tissues form organs and organs form organ
systems which ultimately form a living body and this organization should be maintained by movement of
molecules around all the time as all the structures are made up of molecules.
Life processes are the maintenance functions which take place even when the organisms are in rest to
keep the living organisms alive.
Nutrition, respiration, transportation, excretion are all basic life processes in order to remain alive.
NUTRITION
Nutrition is the process of intake of source of energy i.e.food from outside the body in order to grow,
develop and synthesize proteins.
Nutrition in different organisms is fulfilled in different ways.
Some organisms use simple food material in the form of carbon dioxide and water and some use
complex food materials which is first broken down in to simpler ones and is then used by the body.
Enzymes are the biocatalysts which help in the breaking down of complex substances into simpler ones.
The method of obtaining food is different in different organisms.
Mode of nutrition can be classified into autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition based on the method of
obtaining food.
Autotrophic organisms prepare their own food by the process of photosynthesis. Example- plants
Heterotrophic organisms depend on autotrophic organisms for food. Example- human beings
AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION
The nutrition in which organisms prepare their own food from inorganic raw materials like carbon di
oxide and water is called autotrophic nutrition.
Fig. autotrophs
Green plants produce their food by the process of photosynthesis.
Fig. plants prepare their own food by photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process of production of food from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of
sunlight and chlorophyll.
Events of photosynthesis-
Carbon dioxide reduces to carbohydrates.
Green dots present in some cells of leaves are called chloroplasts which contain chlorophyll.
Fig. chloroplast
The site of photosynthesis in a cell of the leaf is chloroplasts.
Assignment
Video link: https://youtu.be/OlrKfytI4i4
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which autotrophic plants make their own food. Co2, water, chlorophyll,
and sunlight are four important requirements for this process. Photosynthesis occurs in two steps: Light
reaction and Dark Reaction.
Light Reaction – It is a light dependent reaction
Dark Reaction– It is a light-independent reaction. Learn about Dark Reaction here in more detail.
Light Reaction
The light reaction of light dependent reaction occurs in the chloroplast of the mesophyll cells of the
leaves. The chloroplasts are double-membraned cell organelles that are comprised of stacked disc-like
structures known as thylakoids. The pigment, chlorophyll, which is required for the process is present on
the
The Steps Involved in the Light Reaction
The main purpose of the light reaction is to generate organic energy molecules such as ATP and NADPH
which are needed for the subsequent dark reaction.
Chlorophyll absorbs the red and blue segment of the white light and photosynthesis occurs most
efficiently at these wavelengths.
When the light falls on the plant, the chlorophyll pigment absorbs this light and electrons in it gets
excited.
This process occurs in a complex protein system which is collectively called as a photosystem. There are
two closely linked photosystems known as PSI and PSII.
The chlorophyll pigments which are excited give up their electrons and to compensate for the loss of
electrons, water is split to release four H+ ions and four electrons and O2. The electrons that are lost
from the PSII enter into an electron transfer chain or ETC.
The electrons finally reach the reaction centre where they combine with NADP+ and reduce it to
NADPH+H plus
While the electrons are taken care of, the built up of H+ ions inside the thylakoid lumen is of equal
importance.
The hydrogen ions building up inside the lumen creates a positive gradient and in the presence of the
enzyme ATP synthetase, these H+ ions combine with the ADP in the nearby region to form ATP.
The oxygen that is a waste product is released by the plant into the atmosphere and some of it is used in
photorespiration if the plant needs to.
Assignment
Q2. What are the raw materials required for photosynthesis?
video link- https://youtu.be/7CxyYhA7Kyk
Video link https://youtu.be/SnnmmKApT-c
Opening and closing of stomatal pores
The plants obtain carbon dioxide by tiny pores called as stomata present on the surface of the leaves of
plants.
The carbon dioxide gas enters into the leaves through the stomata.
Stomatal pores are surrounded by a pair of guard cells and guard cells regulate opening and closing of
stomata.
Fig. opening and closing of stomata
Water can be lost through stomatal hence the pores are closed when not needed for photosynthesis.
When water flows into guard cells these swell causing the stomatal pores to open and the pores close if
the guard cells shrink.
The raw materials such as water, nitrogen, phosphorous etc. used in photosynthesis are also taken up by
the plants from different sources.
Water is absorbed by plants from the soil by the roots in terrestrial plants.
Nitrogen, phosphorous, iron, magnesium is taken up from soil.
Nitrogen is either taken in the form of inorganic nitrates or as organic compounds prepared by bacteria
from atmospheric nitrogen.
Assignment
Q2. What are the products formed during photosynthesis?
Video link- https://youtu.be/Sc4efTPQpL0
Video link- https://youtu.be/Sc4efTPQpL0
Light
It is one of the major factors affecting photosynthesis. Photosynthesis cannot occur in the dark and the
source of light for the plants is sunlight. Three attributes of light are important for photosynthesis:
Intensity: Photosynthesis begins at low intensities of light and increases till it is maximum at the
brightest time of the day. The amount of light required varies for different plants. Photosynthesis uses
maximum up to 1.5 % light in the process and so light is generally not a limiting factor at high intensity.
However, the light becomes a limiting factor in low intensity because no matter how much water or CO2
is present, without light photosynthesis cannot occur. At high intensities, the temperature of the plant
increases which leads to increased transpiration in the plant. This leads to the closing of the stomata
which leads to a reduced CO2 intake. Thus, leading to a reduction and finally stoppage of
photosynthesis. Therefore, excessive light inhibits photosynthesis.
Quality: Experiments conducted by Engelmann prove that the chlorophyll most effectively absorbs red
and blue wavelengths from the entire spectrum of light. Thus, maximum photosynthesis occurs when
the plant is exposed to the light of these wavelengths.
Duration: The longer the plant is exposed to light, the longer the process of photosynthesis will
continue. As long as the temperature of the plant remains balanced, photosynthesis will occur.
Carbon Dioxide Concentration
The atmosphere contains 0.03% of carbon dioxide amidst other gases. Plants take in carbon dioxide
from the air. But, since the amount of CO2 in the air is very less, it acts as a limiting factor for
photosynthesis. Experiments have been performed to study the rate of photosynthesis on increasing the
concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere.
It is seen that, when light and temperature are not the limiting factors, increasing CO2 concentration
leads to an increase in the rate of photosynthesis. But, beyond a certain limit, CO2 starts accumulating in
the plant and this leads to slowing down of the process. So, excessive CO2 inhibits photosynthesis
especially when it starts to accumulate.
Temperature
It is commonly seen in all biological and biochemical processes that they occur best in a certain optimum
range of temperature. This holds true for photosynthesis as well. It is observed that, when CO2 and light
are not limiting factors, the rate of photosynthesis increases with increase in temperatures till the
optimum level for that plant. Beyond the optimum levels on both sides of the normal range, the
enzymes are deactivated or destroyed and photosynthesis stops.
Water
Water is considered one of the most important factors affecting photosynthesis. When there is a
reduced water intake or availability, the stomata begin to close to avoid loss of any water during
transpiration. With the stomata closing down the CO2 intake also stops which affects photosynthesis.
Therefore, the effect of water on photosynthesis is more indirect than direct.
Oxygen
Optimum levels of oxygen are favourable for photosynthesis. Oxygen is needed for photorespiration in
C3 plants and the by-product of photorespiration is CO2 which is essential for photosynthesis. Also, the
energy generated during the oxygen respiration is needed for the process of photosynthesis as well.
However, an increase in the oxygen levels beyond the optimum for the plant leads to inhibition of
photosynthesis.
Assignment
Q2. How does temperature affect photosynthesis?
Video link- https://youtu.be/J0KxRX3fyoI
Assignments
1.Whydopeoplelookatmixgoalsfordevelopment?
2.Whydopeoplehavedifferentdevelopmentalgoals?
population.
Day4
SustainabilityofDevelopment
Focusingondevelopmentwithoutdamagingenvironmentalongwithconservation
ofresources.
Itincludes:
Efficientuseofexistingresources.
ConservationofNon-Renewableresources.
Usingcleanertechnologytoreducepollutionandhencedamagetothe
environment.
PPTLINK
Link1:
https://www.slideshare.net/ezhilraman/101e-1development
Link2:
https://www.slideshare.net/MausamiMondol/developmentclass-
Assignment
1.MentionanyoneindicatorofPerCapitaIncomeasanindicatorofdevelopment.
2.WhatistherankofIndiaaspertheHDIreportof2004?
3.DefineAverageIncome.
4.DifferentiatebetweenHumanDevelopmentReportandWorldDevelopment.
DAY5
Exercises:
Link1
https://byjus.com/cbse-study-material/important-questions-for-class-10-social-
science-economics-chapter-1-development/
Link2
https://www.studiestoday.com/worksheet-economics-cbse-class-10-economics-
worksheet-development-200982.html
Answer: d.alltheabove
Answer: b.SriLanka
Answer: d.Rs6000
14000+x=5000×4
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By-Pass, Patna 804453.
STUDY COURSE MATERIAL COMPUTER APPLICATION
SESSION-2021-22
CLASS-10
TEACHING MATERIAL
What is networking and example? In simple words, Network refers to a group of computers connected to each other for
sharing resources and files by using protocols and other rules. Networking is the
process of understanding or working with the network. The greatest example of
networking is the Internet. It is a group of millions of computer connected globally.
Internet Internet is the greatest factor for today’s world of information. Today we are mostly
depended on internet for information whether it is a matter of sharing data on social
media or cooking a dish or searching answers of any question or learning through
youtube or solving a technical issue or problem. In fact, the internet is a part of our
routine life. So there are a few important components of the internet which playing an
important role to supply this information to us. These include:
1. Worl Wide Web, Web Servers, Web Clients, Web sites, Web pages, web
browsers
6. Files
World Wide Web, Web Servers, Web Clients, Web sites, Web pages, web browsers
The first aspect of the web is WWW.
Worl Wide Web
World wide web is abbreviated as WWW. It is also known as W3C consortium.
Consortium means association. Every website on the internet starts WWW. It is an
association which forms a standard and rules for the redirecting information through
the internet. It provides us with information from web servers.
The next aspect of the web is a web server .
Web servers
Let us understand the server concept first. As if we need any provision item for our
home we generally buy it from a mall or provision store. So the mall or provision store
is like the server and we are a client. Similarly, servers refer to serving the data into
the network. It is one computer which holds software, data and information. A server
for the world wide web for a particular website is called webserver.
The next aspect of the web is web clients .
Web clients
Web clients are generally referred to users who are seeking information through the
world wide web. Any user who wants any information and searching on the internet is
known as a web client.
As you are familiar with the web, web sites are an important part of the web. Web Sites
Website is a collection of many related web pages. It is just like a book which contains
many pages. Webpage
A webpage is an electronic page of a website which consists of text, images,
hyperlinks, audio and video. A webpage is developed by using HTML. Web browser
A web browser is a software or application which renders a web page or website on
your computer or device. Some popular web browsers are google chrome, Mozilla
Firefox, Internet Explorer, Apple Safari etc.
DAY-2
1.
1. Developed by using a scripting language: If you want to develop a website
you need to learn some scripting language or web development or contact a
web developer or company which develops a professional website. It is
expensive and not suitable for a person who wants to develop a personal
website.
2. Content Management System: Content Management System of CMS is a
popular system to develop a website. The website developed using CMS is
known as Blogs. There are few popular CMS are as following:
Page 3 of 7
1. Blogger
2. WordPress
3. Tumblr
4. wix
A person who is developing a blog website is known as a blogger.
Newsgroups Newsgroups are groups facility provided by email service providers. Nowadays people
using Whatsapp group which is one example of the newsgroup. In newsgroups, user
can share data and information to more than one person who joined the group. Some
other good examples are telegram groups, Facebook groups etc. HTML
HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language. It is used to develop static web pages.
It is a simple scripting markup language which uses simple words in angular brackets
known as tags. You can use any text editor to write the code or script. Then you can
use a browser to view the web pages. We will cover more topics in the next unit.
Now understand the concept of the web address.
Web address Every web site has its own virtual place on the world wide web. This virtual place is
known as a web address. In other words, the web address is also known as URL
(Uniform Resource Locator), it has the following parts:
1. HTTP or HTTPS: It is a protocol which is transferring the hypertext documents
over the world wide web.
2. Domain Name: Every website has a domain name. For
example, google, yahoo, Facebook etc.
3. Top-Level Domain: Top Level Domain name is associated with types of
website. It is the last part of a web address. For Ex. .com, .org, .edu,.co.in etc.
e-mail address If you want to use the e-mail facility you need an e-mail address. E-mail is an
electronic mail. To send or receive e-mail an e-mail address is required. The e-mail
address has the following general form: emailid@domain where
emailid: is a simple username which is a combination of numbers and letters created
by the user
@domain: Refers to the domain name on which email-id is created or email-service
provider name
Downloading and uploading files Downloading files refers to saving files from the server to your computer using the
internet.
Uploading files refer to saving files from your computer to server using the internet. In
an email, the files can be attached while sending the resources.
Internet Protocols
Protocols refer to a set of rules that govern communications. There are some useful
protocols used on the internet. They are:
1.
1. TCP/IP: It stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. This
protocol helps to facilitate the logical numeric address of a computer in a
network.
2. SMTP: SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol which is responsible
for transferring emails.
3. POP3: POP stands for Post Office Protocol. It works similarly like a post
office.
4. HTTP: We already discussed earlier.
5. HTTPS: S for secured which means your connection is secure. Data which
you are sending on sites such pages are private.
6. SSH: It is an application layer protocol used to provide a secure connection
over the internet.
7. SFT: It stands for Secure File Transfer protocol. It runs over secured
connections.
8. FTP: It stands for File Transfer Protocol. It is used to transfer files over a
similar network.
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9. SCP: It stands for Secure Copy Protocol. It is responsible for transferring
files between local computer to remote computers and vice versa.
10. TELNET: It is an application-level protocol which is used to provide
interactive text-based connectivity to users.
DAY-4
Services available on the internet Internet is a major source of gathering information. So in this section, you will know
about some basic services. Some of them are :
1.
1. Information retrieval: Internet is widely used for information retrieval.
There are popular search engines like google, bing, yahoo, ask etc. providing
such information based on keywords. User can type a keyword in the search
box and google bots retrieve that information from different websites sources.
2. Locating sites using a search engine: To locate sites using a search engine,
the website should be optimized properly through SEO. SEO stands for
Search Engine Optimization. There are few techniques used to locate a site
using a search engine.
3. Finding people on the net: Social media is a great place to finding people on
the net. People who created there online profile can be found through the net
easily. Social media websites are providing this facility. Some popular
examples are Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Linkedin etc.
Web services are an important part of the internet. It provides many solutions to
common problems like interact with people, sharing information etc. These web
services are as following:
1. Chat : Chat is liver interactive services through messages on messengers.
Messengers are apps or software that allow chatting to internet users. It is also
known as Instant Messages. There are two types of IM software:
1. Web-Based: Running on the website through browsers like WhatsApp
web, Facebook Chat, Google Hangout etc.
2. Application: Through downloaded apps like WhatsApp, Facebook
messenger etc.
2. E-mail: E-mails are very popular services for communication. User can send
a piece of specific information via e-mail. It is helpful to send an invitation,
vital information, feedback etc.
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3. Video Conferencing: Video conferencing allow to join people in a virtual
meeting from their own places. In this unprecedented situations, 90% of
offices and schools are using this technique to conduct their meetings or
classes.
4. e-learning: There are many e-Learning platforms available now in the
market. By which anyone can join the courses from home and learn. For
ex. Byjus, Vedantu etc.
5. e-Banking: A few years back India enforced a cashless system to provide
strength to the online banking system. In this online banking username and
password provided to the bank account holder. He can use this banking to
perform various transactions using a web browser or using the app of their
respective banks.
6. e-shopping: e-Shopping is a part of e-Commerce. There are many websites
which provide online shopping that you may be using. For ex. amazon,
flipkart, myntra etc.
7. e-reservation: This facility allows us to book a ticket without visiting a
booking window or counter. You can book your bus tickets, train tickets, cab,
flight tickets, hotels and many more with e-reservations.
Ex. IRCTC, redbus etc.
8. e-Governance: Have you ever applied for any certificate online from the
government? e-Governance refers to the portals used to obtain an online
certificate from the government like passport, aadhar card, caste certificate,
income certificate etc.
Mobile technologies refer to a mobile system which is commonly used for
communication. But nowadays the smartphone can do almost the work which can be
done on a laptop or PC. In your syllabus following topics to be covered:
1. SMS: SMS stands for Short Message Service. It is a basic service of mobile
messages. Every mobile service provider like Airtel, Vodafone, Idea etc. You
need to buy a valid pack for sending SMS. You can send only text messages
using SMS.
2. MMS: It stands for Multimedia Messaging Service. It allows multimedia
files such as photos, videos and audio files.
3. 3G: In 3g, 3 stands for 3rd generation. It is an internet service.
4. 4G: This is an updated version of mobile internet connectivity.
2. Explain about the SMTP?
3. Explain the benefits of HTTPS and HTTP.
4. Explain e-governance and its benefit.
5. How does the search engine works?

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