WEATHERINGWEATHERING

Definition:-Definition:-

Any of the chemical or mechanical processes by Any of the chemical or mechanical processes by which rocks exposed to the weather undergo changes which rocks exposed to the weather undergo changes in character and break down.in character and break down.

Agents act to physically disintegrate and Agents act to physically disintegrate and chemically decompose the rock and the chemically decompose the rock and the minerals of the land surface, thus freeing minerals of the land surface, thus freeing elements and rendering them more mobile. elements and rendering them more mobile. This process is called weathering.This process is called weathering.

The breakdown do the materials of The breakdown do the materials of Earth’s crust into smaller pieces.Earth’s crust into smaller pieces.

WEATHERING & WEATHERING & GRADATIONGRADATION

The process by which land is leveled The process by which land is leveled off through erosion or the off through erosion or the transportation or deposition of transportation or deposition of sediments,sediments,

Especially the process by which a Especially the process by which a riverbed is brought to a level where it riverbed is brought to a level where it is just able to transport the amount of is just able to transport the amount of sediment delivered to it.sediment delivered to it.

• GradationGradation– Erosion: Removal of Erosion: Removal of

materialmaterial– Deposition: Filling of Deposition: Filling of

depressionsdepressions– Transportation of Transportation of

materialsmaterials• Gradational agentsGradational agents– Water, wind, iceWater, wind, ice– All agents are powered by All agents are powered by

solar radiation and solar radiation and gravitygravity

EXPLANIATIEXPLANIATIONON

Weathering Weathering processprocess

Weathering can be divided into Weathering can be divided into three typesthree types

MECHANICAL WEATHERINGMECHANICAL WEATHERING

CHEMICAL WEATHERINGCHEMICAL WEATHERING

BIOTIC WEATHERINGBIOTIC WEATHERING

Mechanical Mechanical weathering weathering Rock and mineral fragments are Rock and mineral fragments are

reduced to small size by purely reduced to small size by purely physical means, without change in physical means, without change in composition.composition.

TYPES OF MECHANICAL WEATHERINGTYPES OF MECHANICAL WEATHERING

There are many types of MECHANICAL There are many types of MECHANICAL WEATHERING such asWEATHERING such as

FORST WEDGING FORST WEDGING

SALT CRYSTALLIZATIONSALT CRYSTALLIZATION

SHEETINGSHEETING

EXFOLIATIONEXFOLIATION

SPHEROIDAL WEATHERINGSPHEROIDAL WEATHERING

FROST WEDGINGFROST WEDGING

A PROCESS BY WHICH WATER A PROCESS BY WHICH WATER SEEPS INTO ROCK JOINT, FREEZS SEEPS INTO ROCK JOINT, FREEZS AND WEDGES LIKE ROCK APART.AND WEDGES LIKE ROCK APART.

WATER SEEPS INTO THE ROCK WATER SEEPS INTO THE ROCK FRACTURES, EXPANDS AS IT FRACTURES, EXPANDS AS IT CHANGES INTO ICE, AND DISLODGES CHANGES INTO ICE, AND DISLODGES ROCKS. THE PROCESS IS CALLED ROCKS. THE PROCESS IS CALLED FORST WEDGING.FORST WEDGING.

SALT SALT CRYSTALLIZATIONCRYSTALLIZATION

WHEN WATER PRESENT IN THE PORES OF WHEN WATER PRESENT IN THE PORES OF ROCK EVAPORATES MINUTE SALT ROCK EVAPORATES MINUTE SALT CRYSTALLS ARE PRECIPITATED. THIS CRYSTALLS ARE PRECIPITATED. THIS PROCESS IS CALLED SALT PROCESS IS CALLED SALT CRYSTALLIZAYION.CRYSTALLIZAYION.

SHEETING

A TYPE OF JOINTING PARALLEL TO THE ROCK SURFACE CAUSE BY PRESSURE RELEASE.

EXFOLIATIONEXFOLIATION

THE FLAKING OR STRIPPING OF A ROCK BODY IN CONCENTRIC LAYERS.

SPHEROIDAL SPHEROIDAL EWATHERINGEWATHERING THE PEELING OF

A SMALL ROCK BODIES INTO ONIONLIKE LAYERS

CHEMICAL CHEMICAL WEATHERINGWEATHERING

THERE ARE VARIOUS TYPES OE CHEMICAL THERE ARE VARIOUS TYPES OE CHEMICAL WATHERING SUCH ASWATHERING SUCH AS

DIRECT SOLUTIONDIRECT SOLUTION

HYDROLYSISHYDROLYSIS

OXIDATIONOXIDATION

THIS IS A PROCESS IN WHICH THIS IS A PROCESS IN WHICH

SOME OF THE MINERALS GET SOME OF THE MINERALS GET

DISSOLVED IN WATER. THEY ARE DISSOLVED IN WATER. THEY ARE

THEREFORE REMOVED IN THEREFORE REMOVED IN

SOLUTION. ROCK SALT AND SOLUTION. ROCK SALT AND

GYPSUM ARE REMOVED IN BY THIS GYPSUM ARE REMOVED IN BY THIS

PROCESS.PROCESS.

DIRECT SOLUTIONDIRECT SOLUTION

HYDROLYSHYDROLYSISIS THIS IS A PROCESS BY WHICH THIS IS A PROCESS BY WHICH

WATER IS ABSORBED BY THE WATER IS ABSORBED BY THE MINERAL OF THE ROCK.MINERAL OF THE ROCK.DUE TO THE ABSORBTION OF DUE TO THE ABSORBTION OF WATER BY THE ROCK ITS VOLUME WATER BY THE ROCK ITS VOLUME INCREASES AND THE GRAINS LOSE INCREASES AND THE GRAINS LOSE THEIR SHAPE.THEIR SHAPE.

THE REACTION BETWEEN THE THE REACTION BETWEEN THE MUNERALS, ESPECIALLY SILICATES MUNERALS, ESPECIALLY SILICATES AND WATER.AND WATER.

OXIDATIOOXIDATIONN THIS IS A PROCESS IN WHICH THIS IS A PROCESS IN WHICH

ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN REACTS WITH ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN REACTS WITH THE ROCK TO PRODUCE OXIDE IS THE ROCK TO PRODUCE OXIDE IS CALLED OXIDATION. CALLED OXIDATION.

RUSTINGRUSTING

RATE OF RATE OF WATHERINGWATHERING

THE RATE AT WHICH ROCKS THE RATE AT WHICH ROCKS DISINTIGRATE DEPNDS BOTH ON THE TYPE DISINTIGRATE DEPNDS BOTH ON THE TYPE OF ROCK INVOLVED AND THE EXTERNAL OF ROCK INVOLVED AND THE EXTERNAL FORCES TO WHICH THE ROCK S EXPOSED.FORCES TO WHICH THE ROCK S EXPOSED.

BOWEN’S REACTIONBOWEN’S REACTION

The process that breaks down rock The process that breaks down rock through chemical changes.through chemical changes.

The agents of chemical weatheringThe agents of chemical weatheringWaterWaterOxygenOxygenCarbon dioxideCarbon dioxideLiving organismsLiving organismsAcid rainAcid rain

Water weathers rock by dissolving itWater weathers rock by dissolving it

Iron combines with Iron combines with oxygen in the oxygen in the presence of water in a presence of water in a processes called processes called oxidationoxidation

The product of The product of oxidation is rustoxidation is rust

COCO22 dissolves in rain water and creates dissolves in rain water and creates carbonic acidcarbonic acid

Carbonic acid easily weathers limestone and Carbonic acid easily weathers limestone and marblemarble

Lichens that grow on rocks produce weak Lichens that grow on rocks produce weak acids that chemically weather rockacids that chemically weather rock

Compounds from burning coal, oil and gas Compounds from burning coal, oil and gas react chemically with water forming acids.react chemically with water forming acids.

Acid rain causes very rapid chemical Acid rain causes very rapid chemical weatheringweathering

EROSIONEROSION

PROCESS OF REMOVING EARTH MATERIALS FROM THEIR ORIGINAL SITES THROUGH WEATHERING AND TRANSPOORT.

THE WEARING AWAY OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE BY ANY NATUAL PROCESS.

TYPES OF TYPES OF EROSIONEROSIONTHERE ARE VARIOUS TYPES OF EROSION. THERE ARE VARIOUS TYPES OF EROSION.

SOME OF IT ARE MENTIONED HERE:-SOME OF IT ARE MENTIONED HERE:-

WATER EROSIONWATER EROSION

WIND EROSIONWIND EROSION

GLACIAER EROSIONGLACIAER EROSION

SEA EROSIONSEA EROSION

SOIL EROSIONSOIL EROSION

WATER WATER EROSIONEROSION

Water erosion occurs from the chemicals in the water, and the force of the flow of water in the river. There are many chemicals in the water of a river, and those chemicals can break down certain rocks, such as limestone or chalk.

This eroded rock is carried down the river. Sometimes, a crack or crevice develops. When the force of the flowing river smashes into that crack, the rock can break away, and again be carried down the river.

WATER WATER EROSIONEROSION

WIND WIND EROSIONEROSION

LIGHT OBJECTS, SUCH AS ROCKS AND PEBBLES ARE CARRIED BY THE WIND AND CAN HIT LANDFORMS, ERODING MATERIALS OFF THEM, THAT ARE CARRIED OFF IN THE WIND.

WIND EROSION, THOUGH IT MAY BE SMALL WHERE YOU LIVE, CAN TAKE QUITE A TOLL ON AREAS OF THE WORLD COVERED IN DESERT. WIND EROSION IS SIMPLE

WIND WIND EROSIONEROSION

GLACIER EROSION ICE EROSION, BESIDES THAT OF HAIL, ICE EROSION, BESIDES THAT OF HAIL,

COMES MOSTLY IN THE FORM OF GLACIER COMES MOSTLY IN THE FORM OF GLACIER EROSION. GLACIERS ARE GIANT BODIES EROSION. GLACIERS ARE GIANT BODIES OF ICE THAT CAN PICK UP HUGE PIECES OF ICE THAT CAN PICK UP HUGE PIECES OF ROCK, SOME EVEN AS BIG AS HOUSES. OF ROCK, SOME EVEN AS BIG AS HOUSES. A COMBINATION OF THE WATER, ICE, AND A COMBINATION OF THE WATER, ICE, AND PICKED UP SEDIMENT, CREATE A PICKED UP SEDIMENT, CREATE A POWERFUL ERODING MACHINE. POWERFUL ERODING MACHINE.

GLACIERS CAN CARRY ALMOST GLACIERS CAN CARRY ALMOST ANYTHING, AND LIKE SANDPAPER, THE ANYTHING, AND LIKE SANDPAPER, THE SEDIMENT JUST KEEPS INCREASING. SEDIMENT JUST KEEPS INCREASING. GLACIERS ARE SUCH A POWERFUL FORCE GLACIERS ARE SUCH A POWERFUL FORCE THAT THEY CAN CARVE VALLEYS, DEPOSIT THAT THEY CAN CARVE VALLEYS, DEPOSIT MORAINES, OR LEAD TO THE CREATION OF MORAINES, OR LEAD TO THE CREATION OF LANDFORMS SUCH AS DELTA'S LANDFORMS SUCH AS DELTA'S

GLACIER GLACIER EROSIONEROSION

SEA EROSION

EROSION IN THE SEA ALSO OCCURS. THE EROSION IN THE SEA ALSO OCCURS. THE SALTS AND OTHER CHEMICALS CAN ERODE SALTS AND OTHER CHEMICALS CAN ERODE WEAK ROCKS ON THE COAST, SUCH AS WEAK ROCKS ON THE COAST, SUCH AS LIMESTONE AND CHALK. THE ERODED LIMESTONE AND CHALK. THE ERODED MATERIALS ARE CARRIED UP THE SHORE MATERIALS ARE CARRIED UP THE SHORE BY THE MEANS OF A LONG SHORE DRIFT.BY THE MEANS OF A LONG SHORE DRIFT.

WAVES CRASHING AGAINST THE SHORE WAVES CRASHING AGAINST THE SHORE CAN CREATE AIR PRESSURE INSIDE CAN CREATE AIR PRESSURE INSIDE CRACKED ROCKS, THAT CAN EVENTUALLY CRACKED ROCKS, THAT CAN EVENTUALLY BREAK THEM. FURTHERMORE, IF ROCKS, BREAK THEM. FURTHERMORE, IF ROCKS, PEBBLES OR SEDIMENT IS CARRIED IN THE PEBBLES OR SEDIMENT IS CARRIED IN THE WAVES, THEY CAN SMASH UP AGAINST THE WAVES, THEY CAN SMASH UP AGAINST THE SHORE AND ERODE IT EVEN MORE.SHORE AND ERODE IT EVEN MORE.

SOIL EROSIONSOIL EROSION

SOIL EROSION PAYS THE BIGGEST PRICE

TO FARMERS. FLOODING, WIND ETC. CAN

CARRY THE TOPSOIL AWAY FROM

FARMLANDS, AND MAKE THE SOIL

UNFERTILE.

Process by which rocks are broken down into smaller pieces by external conditions.

Types of Physical weatheringFrost heaving and Frost wedgingPlant rootsFriction and impactBurrowing of animalsTemperature changes

The process by which water, ice, wind or gravity moves fragments of rock and soil.

Rivers, streams, and runoff

Glaciers

Landslides, mudslides, slump and creep

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