WEATHER MODIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES- [Cloud … 2/S-V/IV Muralikrishna.pdfWEATHER MODIFICATION...
Transcript of WEATHER MODIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES- [Cloud … 2/S-V/IV Muralikrishna.pdfWEATHER MODIFICATION...
WEA
TH
ER
MO
DIF
ICA
TIO
N
TEC
HN
OLO
GIE
S-[C
loud
Seedin
g in the c
onte
xt of
pre
sent C
CC
-C
oncern
for
Clim
ate
Change]
Dr I V
M
ura
li K
rishna
PhD
(IIS
c-B
angalo
re)
Jaw
aharlal N
ehru
Technolo
gic
al
Univ
ers
ity, H
YD
ER
AB
AD
500085
India
ivm
@ie
ee.o
rg
JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA
MADHANAMU ANDHRA
PRADESH 2007
Cloud Seeding ---
•T
he fi
rst f
acto
r to
con
side
r in
my
pres
enta
tion
is th
e at
mos
pher
ic m
oist
ure.
C
loud
s ar
e fo
rmed
by
the
liftin
g of
moi
st a
ir w
hich
coo
ls b
y ex
pans
ion
as it
re
ache
s fa
lling
pre
ssur
es a
t hig
her
leve
ls;
•C
loud s
eedin
g is
the
pro
cess
of In
ject
ing N
ucl
eiin
to
the
clo
ud t
o e
nhan
ce a
clo
ud’s
abili
ty to p
roduce
ra
in –
•Ess
ential
ly
we
conve
rt t
he
Mois
ture
to C
loud
dro
ple
t –
whic
h in
turn
bec
om
es R
ain d
rop -
••D
elivery
of th
e n
ucle
i in
to the c
loud is
basic
ally
Delivery
of th
e n
ucle
i in
to the c
loud is
basic
ally
usin
g a
ircra
ft. A
nd R
ockets
/ M
issiles can als
o
usin
g a
ircra
ft. A
nd R
ockets
/ M
issiles can als
o
be
be
used. Inte
rnational convention now
is
to
call
it as PRECIPITATION ENHANCEMENT
JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA
MADHANAMU ANDHRA
PRADESH 2007
Why is Injection of Nuclei
required?
Moisture particles
Average rain drop is
about 2-3 m
m.
Rain drop form
s around a Nuclei
Coalesence –
Collision-Coalescenceprocess
JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA
MADHANAMU ANDHRA
PRADESH 2007
Cold Cloud
Freezing Level (Temperature 0 Degrees)
JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA
MADHANAMU ANDHRA
PRADESH 2007
Warm
Cloud
Freezing Level (Temperature 0 Degrees)
JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA
MADHANAMU ANDHRA
PRADESH 2007
Hygroscopic Seeding
JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA
MADHANAMU ANDHRA
PRADESH 2007
Cloud seeding System O
rientation
JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA
MADHANAMU ANDHRA
PRADESH 2007
Prospects
•A s
cie
ntifically d
esig
ned e
xperi
ment w
ill pro
vid
e a
nsw
ers
to
many o
f th
e q
uestions a
bout utility
of clo
ud s
eedin
g
•Stu
dy o
f clo
ud p
rocesses is v
ery
im
port
ant fo
r unders
tandin
g the e
ffect of seedin
g
•A d
ense g
round n
etw
ork
of ra
inguages w
ill help
in
validating the s
eedin
g e
ffects
.
A c
oord
inate
d e
ffort
s involv
ing c
loud s
tudie
s, observ
ational
gro
ups a
nd m
odellin
g s
tudie
s w
ill im
pro
ve the p
rospects
of
the o
pera
tional clo
ud s
eedin
g e
xperi
ments
.
JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA
MADHANAMU ANDHRA
PRADESH 2007
•1880
First known attem
pt at cloud seeding.
U.S. Departm
ent of Agriculture sponsored
General R. G. Dyrenforth for cloud seeding.
•1910
Kites with dynam
ites were used. After the
kites had risen to 100 feet high or higher, the
dynam
ite would be detonated.
•1946
Schaefer in USA showed that pellets of
dry ice could rapidly glaciate a laboratory cloud.
•1947 Australia started cloud seeding experim
ents
85 cloud seeding projects in 26 countries have been undertaken in the
last 50 years
History of Cloud Seeding
JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA
MADHANAMU ANDHRA
PRADESH 2007
Cloud Seeding Around the World
JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA
MADHANAMU ANDHRA
PRADESH 2007
Some of the M
ain Cloud Seeding Countries
•U
SA
•C
anada
Mexico
•N
ew Z
eala
nd
•C
hin
a
•A
rgen
tina
South
Afr
ica
UA
E
Saudi A
rabia
Thailand
Isra
el
Jord
an
Aust
ralia
JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA
MADHANAMU ANDHRA
PRADESH 2007
IND
IAN
CLO
UD
SEED
ING
EFFO
RTS
JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA
MADHANAMU ANDHRA
PRADESH 2007
•1957-1
966
National Physic
al Labora
tory
Conducte
d e
xperim
ents
usin
g g
round-
based genera
tors
, in N
ort
h India
•1973-1
974 -
IITM
, usin
g A
ircra
ft, over
catc
hm
ent of R
ihand reserv
oir in U
P
•1975 Lin
ganam
akki R
eserv
oir in K
arn
ata
ka
•
Cloud Seeding in India
JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA
MADHANAMU ANDHRA
PRADESH 2007.
This
photo
, show
ing
rain
aft
er seedin
g,
was taken d
uri
ng the
India
n C
loud S
eedin
g
Stu
die
s c
onducte
d
by IIT
M, (India
n
Institu
te o
f Tro
pic
al
Mete
oro
logy) P
une
CLO
UD
SEED
NG
IN
IN
DIA
(contd
)
-1976-1
986 -
Experim
ents
by IIT
M o
n
Warm
C
louds
JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA
MADHANAMU ANDHRA
PRADESH 2007
History -Cloud Seeding in India
(contd..)
•1983-
Tam
il N
adu G
ovt contr
acte
d a
ircra
ft for
Clo
ud s
eedin
g
•1984-1
987-TN
Govern
ment b
ought a
ircra
ft a
nd
opera
ted it fo
r 3-4
years
. A
ircra
ft w
as s
old
in
1987/8
8 as it w
as found d
ifficult to
m
ain
tain
it.
•1993-9
4A
gain
Tam
il N
adu G
overn
ment contr
acte
d
Air
cra
ft for
Clo
ud S
eedin
g
JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA
MADHANAMU ANDHRA
PRADESH 2007
History -Cloud Seeding in India
(contd..)
Duri
ng the p
eri
od b
etw
een
1994-2
003, th
ere
was n
o
clo
ud s
eedin
g d
one in
India
.
Why?
JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA
MADHANAMU ANDHRA
PRADESH 2007
Reason for this gap?
•Veri
fication o
f th
e c
laim
s o
f enhancin
g r
ain
fall
was a
difficult task.
•A
ctu
al lo
cation o
f Seedin
g w
as b
ased o
n m
anual
trackin
g b
y the p
ilots
.
•There
was n
o w
ay to fin
d o
ut in
real tim
e w
hat
happened.
•Experi
ments
could
not be o
bserv
ed b
y a
ll.
JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA
MADHANAMU ANDHRA
PRADESH 2007
Reason for this gap?
•Som
e q
uestions a
bout th
e e
ffic
iency o
f th
e o
pera
tions
Answ
er -
Air
cra
ft u
sed w
ere
very
pri
mitiv
e
•There
were
no s
ophis
ticate
d w
eath
er
radars
, capable
of analy
zin
gth
e s
ituation.
Answ
er -
Seedable
clo
uds identification b
ecam
e just gam
e p
layin
g
•Success d
epended g
reatly o
n the m
ete
oro
logis
t’s o
wn a
bility.
Answ
er –
Rate
of fa
ilure
s h
igh
•C
alc
ula
tion, com
puta
tion a
nd a
naly
sis
were
mostly m
anual / prim
itiv
e c
om
pute
r syste
ms.
Answ
er -
Seeded M
ate
rial did
not becom
e the n
ucle
i for ra
in d
rop form
ation
•N
o c
ontr
ol of dis
pers
al of nucle
i.
Answ
er –
resulted in
Under seedin
g / o
ver seedin
g
•Pro
bably
there
was n
o n
eed –
Answ
er -IM
D d
ata
show
ed the p
eriod is r
easonably
Wet w
ith n
orm
alc
y p
revailin
g in m
ore
than 8
0
perc
ent of th
e c
ountr
y
JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA
MADHANAMU ANDHRA
PRADESH 2007
What H
appened b
etw
een 1994-2
003
•Spin
off b
oons o
f In
form
ation a
nd c
om
munic
ation
Technolo
gie
s -
Radar
/ G
PS / H
igh R
esolu
tion S
ate
llite
Data
/ H
ard
ware
syste
ms and F
lare
Technolo
gy b
ecam
e
available
without re
str
ictions
•M
ore
countr
ies e
xperi
mente
d w
ith c
loud s
eedin
g.
•C
ountr
ies lik
e C
hin
a / T
hailand / U
AE have launched C
loud
seedin
g activitie
s
•In
dia
did
not e
xperim
ent furt
her
aft
er 11 y
ear
IITM
experi
ence
JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA
MADHANAMU ANDHRA
PRADESH 2007
Recent W
eath
er M
odific
ation E
xperiences
in India
•2003
Karn
ata
ka
1 A
ircra
ft +
2 R
adar
•2003
Andhra
Pra
desh
1 A
ircra
ft
•2003
Mahara
shtr
a1 A
ircra
ft +
1 R
adar
•2004
Mahara
shtr
a2 A
ircra
ft +
2 R
adars
•2004 A
ndhra
Pra
desh
2 A
ircra
ft +
2 R
adars
•2005
Andhra
Pra
desh
2 A
ircra
ft +
2 R
adars
•2006
Andhra
Pra
desh
2 A
ircra
ft +
2 R
adars
•2006
Andhra
Pra
desh
2 A
ircra
ft +
2 R
adars
•2007 A
ndhra
Pra
desh 2
Aircra
fts +
2R
adars
JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA
MADHANAMU ANDHRA
PRADESH 2007
JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA
MADHANAMU ANDHRA
PRADESH 2007
Technological Im
pact of the New M
illenium
•G
lobal Positio
nin
g S
yste
m
•A great deal of inform
ation from the signals coming from the
of any G
PS System ( Eg NAVSTAR,
GLONASIS, GALILEO)
•Galileo -The European Program for Global Navigation
Services –India also is a partner
•G
alile
o s
ate
llites.-
The n
avig
ation s
ignals
can b
e e
ffic
iently u
sed for
accura
tely
dete
rmin
ing 1
) atm
ospheric p
rofile
s o
ver w
ide a
reas ,
inclu
din
g d
ensity, pre
ssure
, m
ois
ture
conte
nt and w
ind p
attern
s.
•C
ontinuous m
easure
ment of atm
ospheric p
ara
mete
rs w
ill pro
vid
e
valu
able
data
for w
eath
er fo
recasting a
nd –
over th
e longer te
rm –
for
clim
ate
monitoring.
•The G
alile
o s
yste
m w
ill als
o h
elp
in s
tudie
s o
f th
e s
ea and o
ceans,
inclu
din
g s
urv
eys w
ith b
uoys flo
ating o
n c
urr
ents
and tid
es.
JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA
MADHANAMU ANDHRA
PRADESH 2007
Technological Im
pact of the
1990s
•Soft
ware
–O
pera
tional packages to a
id the a
naly
sis
and
unders
tandin
g o
f th
e c
loud m
icro
physic
al
para
mete
rs
–Tra
ckin
g o
f th
e c
loud / a
ircra
ft m
ovem
ent
JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA
MADHANAMU ANDHRA
PRADESH 2007
Technological Im
pact of the
1990s
•R
eal tim
e d
ata
lin
k
–Enable
s real tim
e tra
nsm
issio
n o
f lo
cation a
nd
seedin
g, to
help
in v
erification
•In
tern
et
–H
elp
ed p
eople
acro
ss the g
lobe to s
ee w
hat is
happenin
g.
JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA
MADHANAMU ANDHRA
PRADESH 2007
The c
hain
of events
associa
ted to seedin
g m
ay b
e s
um
mari
zed a
s follow
s:
JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA
MADHANAMU ANDHRA
PRADESH 2007
Infrastructure
Typic
al pro
gra
m
infr
astr
uctu
re o
f a
pro
ject.
AP Cloud seeding Project -2007
Evalu
ation o
f ra
dar,
air
cra
ft,
and s
eedin
g m
ate
rials
used in
the p
rogra
m
JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA
MADHANAMU ANDHRA
PRADESH 2007
Radar
Our R
adar
at A
nanth
pur in
2007
AIRCRAFTS
•Tw
o T
win
Cessna
Turb
o-C
harg
ed 340A
aircra
ft and
one C
essna 1
88 A
gw
agon p
rovid
ed
airborn
e clo
ud seedin
g fo
r In
dira
Megham
adhanam
u 2
006.
•O
pera
tions c
arr
ied o
ut fr
om
-H
ydera
bad
-B
angalo
re
-Tirupati
Aircrafts used in
seeding
Operations
Analysis of rainfall samples from the
seeded area and its correlation with
presence of seeded m
aterial in rainfall
samples to revise the area of influence
zone assumed
Conta
iner
s fo
r th
e ra
in w
ate
r sa
mple
collec
tion w
ere
sent
to
the
vari
ous
dis
tric
t co
llec
tors
/
CP
Os
by JN
TU
. C
ontr
ol
sam
ple
s are
co
llec
ted b
y J
NT
U.
Analy
sis
of
the
sam
ple
s co
llec
ted and analy
zed at
vari
ous
Nati
onal L
abora
tori
es
Rura
l W
ate
r Supply
Cir
cle
(R
WS)
Gro
und W
ate
r D
epart
ment (G
WD
)
India
n Institu
te o
f C
hem
ical Technolo
gy (IIC
T)
National G
eophysic
al R
esearc
h Institu
te (N
GR
I)
Jaw
aharl
al N
ehru
Technolo
gic
al U
niv
ers
ity
The
chem
ical
analy
sis
was
usi
ng
Ato
mic
A
bso
rpti
on
Spec
trophoto
met
er &
F
lam
e P
hoto
met
er fo
r th
e ch
emic
al
elem
ents
that
are
pre
sent
in t
he
flare
s use
d.
Tota
l quantity
of ra
infa
ll e
nhanced
by c
loud s
eedin
g fallin
g w
ithin
the
zone o
f in
fluence
•In
the s
tate
of A
ndhra
Pra
desh R
ain
fall e
nhancem
ent
by c
loud s
eedin
g p
roje
ct is
bein
g c
arr
ied o
ut fo
r th
e
last 4 y
ears
on a
larg
e s
cale
in a
bout 600 M
andals
.
•The o
pera
tions c
arr
ied o
ut during 2
003 a
nd 2
004
earl
ier
did
not use techniq
ues o
f w
arm
clo
ud s
eedin
g
and m
ostly u
sed E
jecta
ble
s w
hic
h a
re s
uitable
only
fo
r cold
clo
ud s
eedin
g.
•A
s s
uch, due to lack o
f pro
per opera
tional
infr
astr
uctu
re a
nd inappro
pri
ate
seedin
g techniq
ues
adopte
d, up to the y
ear
2004 the o
pera
tions d
id n
ot
giv
e s
ignific
ant re
sults.
•The o
pera
tions d
uri
ng the last 3 y
ears
fro
m 2
005
onw
ard
s involv
ed p
redom
inantly h
ygro
scopic
seedin
g w
ith tw
o “
C”
Band R
adars
locate
d a
t H
ydera
bad a
nd A
nanta
pur
and tw
o A
ircra
fts to c
over
12 d
istr
icts
in A
P.
“AUGMENTATION OF RAINFALL IN ANDHRA PRADESH”
RA
IN F
ALL E
NH
AN
CEM
EN
T T
HR
OU
GH
CLO
UD
SE
ED
ING
2
007 IN
AP, IN
DIA
-Report
on 1
20 D
ays o
f O
pera
tion.
S U
M M
A R
Y
DIS
TR
ICT W
ISE C
UM
ULA
TIV
E SU
MM
AR
Y O
F C
LO
UD
SEED
ING
OPER
ATIO
NS F
OR
TH
E P
ER
IOD
16TH
JU
LY T
O 1
2th
Novem
ber (1
20 D
ays)
Dis
tric
tN
o o
f
Mandals
Mandals
subje
cte
d to
seedin
g influence
No .of Fla
res b
urn
t in
the
dis
tric
t
Cum
ula
tive
Rain
fall
with in z
one
of in
fluence
Avera
ge
Rain
fall
per
Rain
gauge
No. of
Avera
ge
Rain
y
days o
ut
of 120
days
Date
s o
n w
hic
h the d
istr
icts
were
under
the s
eedin
g
influence
Gro
ss
Net
Hygro
sB
IP40 k
m in m
mm
mdays
Guntu
r57
( 30)
102 (73)
35
(24)
14
11999.9
(1260)
18
( 17 )
31
July
:17,2
0,2
1,2
2,2
4,2
7,2
8,3
0,3
1
Aug: 1,4
,5,1
9,2
2,2
4, 30 ;
Sep: 9,1
1,1
5, [19]
Pra
kasam
56
(44)
89 (73)
40
(33)
18
11995.7
(1913)
21
( 22 )
26
July
: 19, 20, 24, 26,2
7,3
0
Aug:1
,4, 7,1
1,2
4,2
6; Sep:1
5,1
7
[14]
Nellore
46
(40)
16
( 11 )
11
( 7)
41
429.0
(138)
24
( 14 )
29
July
: 26. A
ug:2
6 O
ct:18,1
9 ,29 [5
]
Chitto
or
66
( 65)
191 (190)
55 (54)
30
63144.0
(3093)
19
( 18)
30
July
: 24, 25; A
ug:9
,23,2
4,2
6,3
1
Sep: 3, 5, 6,9
,14,1
5,1
6,1
9,2
8,2
9,3
0 O
ct:
19,2
0,2
2,2
4,2
5,2
6 [2
4]
Kadapa
51
( 47)
256
(234)
46
( 43)
27
85216.7
(4914)
20
(19)
30
July
:23,2
5 A
ug:2
0,2
3,2
4,2
5,2
6, 29, 31
Sep: 3
,9, 12,1
5,1
6,1
7,1
9 ,30
Oct:
19,2
0,2
2,2
4,2
5,2
6,2
9,3
0 [24]
Ananta
pur
63
( 63)
431 (431)
63
(63)
110
20
6773.2
(6773)
16
(16)
24
July
: 17, 18, 21, 24.
Aug:4
,10,1
1,1
9,2
0,2
1,2
2,2
3,2
4,2
5,2
6, 27,
29, 31 Sep: 3, 5 ,9,1
0,1
3,1
5,1
6,1
7,1
9,3
0
Oct : 5 ,21,2
2,2
3,2
4,2
6,2
8,2
9,3
0 [3
7]
Kunro
ol
54
(46)
249 (216)
54
(46)
36
75038.7
(4242)
21
( 19)
26
July
:17,1
9,2
2,2
3,2
4,2
5,2
6,2
7,3
0
Aug:4
,7,1
2,1
9,2
1,2
2 ,23,2
4,2
5, 26,2
9
Sep: 2,1
6,1
7 O
ct:
20, 21,3
0 [28]
Mahabubnagar
64
( 64 )
522 (522)
64
(64)
120
16
9838.4
(9838)
20
(20 )
23
July
:17,1
8,2
3,2
4,2
5,2
6,2
7,3
0,3
1
Aug:1
,4,5
,6,7
,8,9
,12,1
8,1
9,2
0, 21, 24, 25,
26, 27,2
9,3
0, 31 S
ep :1 2
,3 , 4
,
10,1
3,1
6,1
7,1
9 ,29,3
0 O
ct:
2 ,19,2
1,2
2,2
3 ,
Nov2,5
,6 , [48]
Rangare
ddy
37
(22)
347 (208)
37
(22)
40
68050.1
(5111)
24
( 23)
26
July
: 17, 18, 2
2, 26, 27, 29, 31
Aug:1
,2,4
,5,6
,7,9
,12,1
8 ,20, 24, 25 , 2
7, 31
Sep:1
,2 ,3, 4, 6
,12,1
3,1
5,1
6,1
7,1
9,2
9,3
0
Oct:
2,7
,20,2
1,2
3 N
ov2,6
, [4
1]
Medak
46
(19)
177 (110)
43
(18)
28
22352.4
(1341)
13
( 12)
21
July
:23,2
5,2
6,2
8,3
1
Aug:1
,2,5
,6,7
,9,1
2,1
6, 20, 31
Sep: 6,1
2 ,30 O
ct: 2
,7 , [2
0]
Kari
mnagar
57
( 08)
242
(42)
54
( 8)
29
44277.1
(710)
17
( 16 )
25
July
: 2
3,2
8,3
1
Aug: 2,7
,16, 20 ,22 S
ep: 3, 6, 12,1
4
[12]
Nalg
onda
59
( 50 )
514
(457)
59
(50)
91
10
8579.6
(7375)
17
( 17 )
26
July
: 17 ,19,2
0,2
1,2
2,2
3,2
4,2
7,2
8,2
9,3
0,3
1
Aug: 1,2
,4,5
,6,7
,19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27,
30, 31 S
ep: 2,6
, 9,1
3,1
5,1
6,1
7,1
9,3
0 O
ct:
7,2
0,2
1,2
3,2
4 [41]
Tota
l656 (498)
3136
(2567)
561
(432)
547
82
57694.8
(46708)
•The im
ages o
f th
e c
louds a
ppeare
d o
n the d
ispla
y o
f TIT
AN
softw
are
for
the s
eedin
g
day o
f 02/0
9/2
007.
Image o
f th
e T
AR
GET c
loud [tr
ack n
o 6
41] at th
e c
entr
e o
f th
e red c
ircle
,
whic
h is in the s
outh
east direction to the J
NTU
RA
DA
R .
Contr
ol clo
ud
Target cloud 641
Images o
f both
TA
RG
ET a
nd C
ON
TR
OL c
louds a
fter seedin
g
Variation o
f volu
me o
f seeded a
nd a
n u
nseeded c
loud o
n 0
2-0
9-2
007, fo
r
every
5m
inute
s fro
m the tim
e o
f seedin
g.
VO
LU
ME
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
05
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
TIM
E [m
in]
VOL[Km3]
SEEDED
UNSEEDED
Variation o
f A
RE
A o
f both
seeded a
nd u
nseeded c
louds for every
5
min
ute
s fro
m the tim
e o
f seedin
g.
AR
EA
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
05
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
TIM
E [m
in]
AREA [Km2]
SEEDED
UNSEEDED
Variation o
f th
e P
-FLU
X o
f seeded a
nd u
nseeded c
loud for every
5m
inute
s.
PR
EC
IPIT
AT
ION
FLU
X
0
50
100
150
200
250
05
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
TIM
E [m
in]
P.FLUX [m3/Sec]
SEEDED
UNSEEDED
Variation o
f C
LO
UD
MA
SS o
f seeded a
nd u
nseeded c
loud for every
5
min
ute
s fro
m the tim
e o
f seedin
g
CLO
UD
MAS
S
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
05
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
TIM
E [m
in]
MASS [Kilotons]
SEEDED
UNSEEDED
Variation o
f VIL
of seeded a
nd u
nseeded c
loud for every
VE
RT
ICAL IN
TE
GR
AT
ED
LIQ
UID
CO
NT
EN
T
0123456789
05
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
TIM
E [m
in]
VIL [Kg/m2]
SEEDED
UNSEEDED
Variation o
f TH
ICK
NESS o
f th
e s
eeded a
nd u
nseeded c
loud for every
5m
inute
s fro
m the tim
e o
f seedin
g.
TH
ICK
NES
S
0123456789
05
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
TIM
E [m
in]
THICKNESS [Km]
SEEDED
UNSEEDED
RA
DA
R D
ER
IVED
CLO
UD
PA
RA
METER
S
SEED
ED
Vs U
NSEED
ED
SEED
ED
TIM
E (G
MT):09:3
3
DA
TE:2
2-0
9-2
007
MA
ND
AL:K
ON
DU
RG
DIS
TR
ICT:M
AH
AB
OO
BN
AG
AR
S.NO.
VARIABLES
SEEDED
CLOUD
TRACK NO.
119
UNSEEDED
CLOUD
TRACK NO.
109
SEEDED
Vs
UNSEEDED
PERCENTAGE
INCREASED
(%)
1.
LifeTim
e(m
in)
120
60
2100
2.
Area(km
2)
41.31
12.25
3.37
237
3.
Volume(km
3)
113.4
33.1
3.43
242.6
S.N
O.
VA
RIA
BLE
SS
EED
ED
CLO
UD
TR
AC
K
NO
.119
UN
SEE
DED
CLO
UD
TR
AC
K N
O.
109
SE
ED
ED
Vs
UN
SEE
DED
PE
RC
EN
TA
GE
INC
RE
AS
ED
(%)
4.
CloudTop(km)
6.18
6.12
1.01
10
5.
CloudMass
(kilotons)
30.22
8.53
3.54
254
6.
Pflux(m
3/sec)
49.63
14.7
3.38
238
7.
Pmass(kilotons)
(=Pflux*Lifetime)357.3
52.9
6.75
575
8.
VIL(kg/m
2)
2.66
1.68
1.58
58
9.
Cloud
Thickness(km)
4.65
4.61
1.01
10
S.N
O.
VA
RIA
BLE
SS
EED
ED
CLO
UD
TR
AC
K
NO
.119
UN
SEE
DED
CLO
UD
TR
AC
K N
O.
109
SE
ED
ED
Vs
UN
SEE
DED
PE
RC
EN
TA
GE
INC
RE
AS
ED
(%)
10.
LW
C(=
VIL
/
Clo
ud T
hic
kness)
(gm
/m3)
0.5
40.3
61.5
656
11.
Eff
icie
ncy
(= P
mass / C
loud
Mass)
11.8
26.2
1.9
191
12.
Rain
(=Pm
ass/
Are
a) (m
m)
8.6
04.3
02.0
100
13.
Rain
Rate
(Z/2
00)0
.625
mm
/hr
11.7
98.6
52.7
4174
14.
Gro
und
Measure
ment -
Rain
mm
/24hr
444.9
(37
Mandals
0.0
--
District
District
District
District
No o
f M
an
dals
in in
flu
ence
d
zon
e w
ith
rep
etit
ion
No o
f
days
seed
ed
Tota
l
Rain
fall
in
Zon
e of
Infl
uen
ce
in m
m
Aver
age
Rain
fall
per
Rain
gau
ge
in
mm
Guntur
Guntur
Guntur
Guntur
8+
1*
384.6
9.4
Prakasam
Prakasam
Prakasam
Prakasam
27+
33*
12
851.8
14.2
Nellore
Nellore
Nellore
Nellore
31+
96*
13
2708.6
21.3
Chittoor
Chittoor
Chittoor
Chittoor
49+
75*
10
1777.1
14.3
Kadapa
Kadapa
Kadapa
Kadapa
48+
94*
20
1440.5
10.1
Anantapur
Anantapur
Anantapur
Anantapur
41+
47*
18
733.2
8.3
Kurnool
Kurnool
Kurnool
Kurnool
38+
31*
15
627.9
9.1
Mahaboobna
Mahaboobna
Mahaboobna
Mahaboobna
gar
gar
gar
gar
46+
58*
14
1022.4
9.8
Rangareddy
Rangareddy
Rangareddy
Rangareddy
26+
34*
9724.5
12.1
Nalgonda
Nalgonda
Nalgonda
Nalgonda
44+
83*
92190.1
17.2
358+
552*=
910
12160
14.4
GIS
mandal m
aps
Evalu
ation T
echniq
ues
Meth
ods o
f E
valu
ation
•Physic
al Evalu
ation C
om
ple
te
physic
al –
dynam
ical n
um
erical m
odel
•R
andom
ization T
echniq
ues
Half the c
louds a
re s
eeded a
nd the
oth
er half n
ot seeded
JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA
MADHANAMU ANDHRA
PRADESH 2007
JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA
MADHANAMU ANDHRA
PRADESH 2007
Achie
vem
ents
-S
trength
s
•The first Technolo
gic
al U
niv
ers
ity in the c
ountr
y to c
arr
y o
ut opera
tions on
very
larg
e s
cale
•A
bility to b
ring in the late
st te
chnolo
gy thro
ugh w
orld c
lass o
rganiz
ations,
equip
ment and e
xpert
s in the fie
ld o
f w
eath
er m
odific
ation.
•A
dapt th
e late
st te
chnolo
gy to India
n c
onditio
ns.
•C
loud s
eedin
g d
esig
n, pla
nnin
g a
nd Im
ple
menta
tion
•Flight pla
nnin
g a
nd A
via
tion e
xperience to im
ple
ment th
e s
olu
tions.
•First to
cre
ate
Rain
Wate
r chem
ical chara
cte
ristics base d
ata
w
ith a
bout 2100
wate
r sam
ple
s
JNTU PROJECT -MEGHA
MADHANAMU ANDHRA
PRADESH 2007
Looking back and front
“W
eath
er m
odific
ation
as a
means for glo
bal peace ”
Thank Y
ou