IN PARTNERSHIP WITH

Weather

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See if you can guess this riddle. It’s here, it’s there, it’s everywhere. It never goes away, but it never stays exactly the same.

Lots of Weather

What a beautiful day. The sun is shining. It’s a great day to be outdoors.

Sometimes it’s hot outside. In some places, it’s hot all year.

Sometimes it rains. Raincoats and boots can keep you dry.

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Sometimes it’s cold. You need mittens to stay warm. A hat and a jacket help, too. In some places, it’s cool or cold all year.

On cold days, drops of water in the clouds form crystals. The crystals join together and form snowflakes that fall to Earth.

Weather is what the air outside is like. Weather affects the clothes we wear. It affects the things we do for fun. The things we do for fun are called recreation.

i I’ ia. I now the answer to the riddle. It’s weather!

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“A perfect day for a picnic!” “The game is rained out!” “Two feet of snow. Let’s go sledding!”

The Why of Weather

Weather can change from day to day. Sometimes it can change from hour to hour. Why? Because the air around us changes. It may get cooler or warmer. It may become dry or moist. These changes affect weather.

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Heat from the sun warms Earth. Water on Earth evaporates. That means it becomes part of the air. Clouds form.

Puffy white clouds mean good weather. But at times, water drops join together and make clouds look dark.

Big dark clouds may mean rain or snow.

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See if you can guess this riddle. It is always one of these. But it isn’t always the same one. They change over one year. Then the next year they start all over again.

Seasons After winter comes spring. The air is warm, just right for staying outdoors as much as you can.

A season is a time of year that has a certain kind of weather. Weather changes each season. How we dress and what we do for recreation changes, too. Most places have four seasons. They are spring, summer, fall, and winter.

I know the answer to the riddle. It’s seasons!

After fall comes winter. Brrrrrr. Winter is the coldest part of the year. Warm clothes are a must.

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Spring

Winter

Summer

Fall

After spring comes summer. Hot! Hot! Hot! Wear clothes that help you stay cool.

After summer comes the cool days of fall. Put on a jacket or sweater when you go out to play.

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Suppose you live in Alaska, near the top of the world. In summer, the weather is warm, but never hot. Most of the time, it’s cool or cold outside. In winter, it’s freezing!

Cold Places

It’s too cold for most plants to grow. So you eat mostly food from the ocean, such as whale, walrus, and seal.

Almost everything about your life goes with cold weather. Your clothing keeps you warm and protects your skin. It may be made of fur or leather. It may also be duffel, a thick wool cloth.

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Your family may use a snowmobile for transportation. Transportation is a way of traveling from one place to another.

You probably play hockey with your friends. You might also play games on the computer.

In the winter, you might live in an igloo while family members hunt for food. An igloo is made of blocks of snow. It is a type of shelter. A shelter is a home.

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Suppose you live near the middle part of the world. The weather is warm all year. Sometimes it’s hot. Sometimes it’s boiling!

Hot Places

Almost everything about your life goes with hot weather. Shorts, T-shirts, hats, and sandals help you stay cool. Playing outdoors is fine if it’s not too hot. Playing near water is even better.

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Plants grow well where you live, so you have plenty of fruits and vegetables to eat. Just look at those bananas and carrots. Yum!

Cars, buses, trains, and bicycles get you and your family where you need to go.

Some homes where you live have air conditioners that keep the air inside cool and comfortable.

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Suppose you live in a desert. A desert is a place that gets very little rain. You almost never see clouds in the sky. You can’t even remember the last time it rained.

Dry Places

Water is hard to find in the desert. You may have to dig holes in the sand. Or squeeze the roots of plants. Or carry water from a stream in a bucket on your back.

In a few places, you might see an oasis. An oasis is a place in a desert with water and plants. People may live near an oasis.

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In the desert, people use things nearby to build their shelter.

You might even live in a home built underground.

Or you could live in a shelter of grass laid over bent poles.

You may live in a home of dried mud bricks called adobe.

You might live in a yurt made of wool from animals.

Yurt Adobe

Grass Underground

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What if you lived in a rain forest? Rain forests are the hottest, wettest places on Earth. There is only one season here, the rainy season. In most rain forests, it rains almost every day.

Wet Places

If you live in a city, your house may be on stilts so it stays dry whatever the weather.

You and your family may live in a large house with other families. The house is made of vines and leaves from the forest.

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Fish

Acai berries

Brazil nuts

Manioc

You probably eat lots of fruits and vegetables like berries, nuts, bananas, and pineapple. Manioc, a root, is used to make flour and bread. Fish and meat are also part of your diet.

When it’s time to play, you and your friends find the river.

You probably live near a river and may go places in a canoe.

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Tornadoes, hurricanes, and thunderstorms are extreme weather. Extreme weather is different from the usual weather in a place. Extreme weather may not happen often, but when it does, watch out!

The Greatest Storms on Earth

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HurricanesA hurricane is a storm with very strong winds and lots of rain. Water may cover streets, roads, cars, and houses.

Thunder and Lightning Summer often brings thunderstorms. Thunderstorms are storms with thunder and lightning. Lightning is electricity that can hit the ground. It can hurt trees, buildings, and even people. And that’s dangerous.

Tornadoes If air is whirling around in a cone shape, it could be a tornado. Tornado winds are like a giant vacuum cleaner. They can pick up cars, houses, and everything else in their way.

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Activities

Is the weather where you live the same or different from the weather somewhere else? You and a partner can track the weather to find out. Pick another place to track the weather. It can be a community nearby or far away. Create a chart to record the weather where you live and somewhere else. For one week, write the high and low temperatures. Keep track of rainfall and sunshine. Make notes about other weather conditions. After a week, compare. Also, discuss how the week’s weather where you live affected what you did and what you wore.

Work with three classmates to make a poster for each season. Talk about what to show on the posters. You’ll want to show what the weather is like. You will also want to show how people dress and what people do. Be sure to write the name of the season on your poster and a sentence or two about the season. Then, compare your poster with the posters other groups have made.

COMPARE WEATHER

MAKE SEASON POSTERS

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HSS 1.2 Students compare and contrast the absolute and relative locations of places and people and describe the physical and/or human characteristics of places.

1.2.4 Describe how location, weather, and physical environment affect the way people live, including the effects on their food, clothing, shelter, trans-portation, and recreation.

Historical and Social Sciences Analysis Skills:

Research, Evidence, and Point of View2. Students pose relevant questions about events they encounter in histor-ical documents, eyewitness accounts, oral histories, letters, diaries, artifacts, photographs, maps, artworks, and architecture.

Historical Interpretation2. Students identify the human and physical characteristics of the places they are studying and explain how those features form the unique character of those places.

CALIFORNIA STANDARDS

• When air moves fast, the wind blows hard. What can you do for fun on windy days?

• Fog is a cloud that forms near the ground. Fog can be dangerous. It can make it hard to see objects that are far away.

• Camels are important transportation in the desert. They can go for weeks without water if they eat green plants.

Maps and GlobesWhere’s Frankie? At a friend’s house? In a store? In a forest? Somewhere in the world? Frankie is in all these places. You can use maps and globes to find Frankie.

Where We LiveWe live in different places. Big cities. Small towns. Near water. Near mountains. Pictures, maps, and models show all these places.

Yesterday and TodayThere was a time before computers, cell phones, and planes. Imagine what life was like in those days. How was it different from today? How was it the same?

LEARN MORE ONLINE!

MAKE CONNECTIONS WITH THESE RELATED TITLES

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hmhco.com

GRADE 1 TITLES

1 1686914

Rules and Laws

Maps and Globes

Where We Live

Weather

U.S. Symbols

Holidays

Yesterday and Today

The American People

Goods and Services

On the Cover: Walking through the puddles after an autumn rain. Shutterstock: Evgeny Atamanenko.

Picture Credits: Alamy: Hemis: p.8 bottom (fish drying); Janice and Nolan Braud: p.8 upper left (fur); Martin Almqvist: p.9 top left (snowmobile); Andre Hopf: p.11 bottom right (carrots); Łukasz Kupka: p.13 top left (yurt in Mongolian desert); David South: p.13 top right (adobe home, Taos Pueblo, New Mexico); Dallas & John Heaton: p.13 bottom right (Berber underground dwelling in Tunisia); BobSmithImages: p.15 top right (canoe on Amazon); Mark Green: p.15 top left (children splashing in a river); SPANI Arnaud/hemis.fr: p.14 right (Panamanian indigenous house); Fabio Pili: p.14 left (stilt houses along the river in Manaus). Getty Images: Hero Images: p.6 lower right (ice-skating); GlobalStock: p.7 upper left (family at the beach); YinYang: p.7 lower left (raking leaves); Wayne R Bilenduke: p.8 middle center (family inside igloo); Sports Illustrated: Simon Bruty: p.9 top right (hockey); Yvette Cardozo: p.9 bottom (igloo). iStock: emholk: p.2 bottom left (girls with rain boots); tacojim: p.3 top left (mother and son, cold day); shalamov: p.10 center (family on Ecuadorian beach); pressdigital: p.11 middle right (Ecuadorian bananas); BrettCharlton: p.11 top (bus); NoDerog: p.11 left (air-conditioning unit); hadynyah: p.12 right (well in the desert); heckepics: p.12 left (Oasis of El Qasr in the Sahara Desert); JannHuizenga: p.13 bottom left (San bushmen grass hut village). Shutterstock: Sergey Novikov: p.2 top (playing with leaves); MarKord: p.2 bottom right (sunscreen); YukoF: p.3 top right (playing with snow); Panksvatouny: p.5 bottom (dark clouds); herjua: p.6 upper right (watering plants); gustavomellossa: p.15 upper right (manioc); lazyllama: p.15 bottom left (acai berries); guentermanaus: p.15 lower left (Brazil nuts); Nataliia Dvukhimenna: p.15 lower left (fish); Miami2you: p.17 top (Hurricane Matthew); Dark Moon Pictures: p.16 (lightning); Stanislaw Tokarski: p.17 left (tornado); claus+mutschler: p.18 top (weather symbols); Konstantin Alekseev: p.18 bottom (logo four seasons); graphego: p.19 top left (blue Earth globe); TRINACRIA PHOTO: p.19 top center (globe); Linda Bucklin: p.19 top right (covered wagon); Oprea George: p.19 bottom (camels).

Original Illustrations:Michael Kline Illustration: Mia, pp.3–4,6,8,11–12,15,17; The Why of Weather, pp.4–5.

Editor: Jennifer DixonArt Direction: Brobel DesignDesigners: Ian Brown, Ed Gabel, David Ricculli, Jeremy RechPhoto Research: Ted Levine, Elisabeth MorganActivities Writer: Marjorie Frank

Proofreader: Jennifer DixonFact-Checker: Marjorie Frank

Author: Marjorie Frank

President and CEO: Ted LevineChairman and Founder: Mark Levine

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