Weather Effects on Pests and Diseases• Using long-term experimental data, relations were

developed for forewarning the incidence of variousinsect pests and diseases. For example, DSS formanagementofbacterial leaf spot ingrapes,powderymildew incidence in ber were developed for Bijapurand,foraphidincidenceinsunfloweratAkola.Locationspecific critical weather parameters favouring severaldiseasesindifferentcropswereidentified.

• Crop specific pest-disease-weather relationships weredevelopedfor14targetedinsectpestsand12diseasesinsixcrops.Adecisionsupportmodelforleafspotingroundnut, a degree-daymodel for aphids inmustardandneuralnetworkmodelforyellowstemborerinriceandAmericanbollwormincottonweredeveloped.

• Thehotspotareasofteamosquitobugacrossthecashewcultivated regions of the country were demarcatedconsideringoptimumnighttemperaturesduringflushingandfloweringstagebyThrissurcentre.

• RH of about 90 per cent, night temperature less than20°CandcloudyconditionsfavouredthedevelopmentofblastdiseaseinriceatPalampur.

• Maximum temperature in the range of 30 to 31 °C,minimum temperature 23 to 24 °C, morning relativehumidityof91to92%andeveningrelativehumidityof62to63%werefoundcongenialforpeaksemilooperpopulationinsoybeanatAkola.

Relationship of Tmax and morning RH with sunflower aphid incidence at Akola

Agromet Advisories• AllcentersissueAgrometAdvisoryServicestwiceaweek,regularly.• Issueofmicro-level(blocklevel)agrometadvisorieshasbeeninitiatedatsixcentersviz.Bijapur,

Bhubaneswar,Udaipur,Raipur,KovilpattiandJammu.• NationalAgrometAdvisoryServicebulletinsareissuedincollaborationwithIMDduringsouthwest

monsoonsince2014.• Bulletinsonstatusofmonsoonandcontingencyplansforrainfalldeficit/excessareasduringsouthwest

monsoonseasonareissued.• About 370 farmers’ awareness programswere conducted to educate on the ill-effects of climate

changeandmanagementpracticestomitigatetheiradverseeffects.Allputtogether,55912farmers(Male-44246,Female-11666)werebenefitted.

• EconomicimpactofAgrometAdvisoryServicesaremonitoredregularly.

Extreme weather assessment• Acomprehensivestudyonhailstormswas

made by analyzing long-term hailstormdataofdifferentstatesofthecountry.

• Acomprehensivebulletinondistrict-levelcropweathercalendarsofmajorcrops inIndiawasprepared.

• Bulletinsonagrometeorologyofimportantcrops in different states/agro-climaticregionswerepreparedbyanalyzinglong-term experimental data of individualAICRPAM centers. These include -

Outreach Activities• Awebsitewww.cropweatheroutlook.inisinoperationatAICRPAM

CoordinatingUnit (CRIDA)forbetterdisseminationofweather-basedagro-advisoriespreparedatCooperatingCentresofProject.Inthiswebsite,weeklycropcontingencyplansforrainfedregionsatthecountrylevelareprovidedandthewebsitehasbeenhyperlinkedtoICARwebsiteatHeadquarters.

• Anotherwebsitewww.aicrpam-nicra-aws.indisplaysrealtimeandpast24hoursweatherdatafrom100locationsofthecountry.

Capacity Building• About53trainingprogramswereconductedforscientistsintheprojectaswellasthescientistsfrom

otheragriculturalinstitutionsanduniversities.• Toenhancetheskillsoftheprojectscientists,recentlythree‘outputorientedcapacityenhancement

programs’wereconducted.

Software• WeatherCock v1.0 - to analyze climatic data for characterizing crop

growingenvironments.• PETCalculatorv3.0-toestimatethepotentialevapotranspirationdemands

by using appropriate approach depending on the data availability of agivenlocation.

• Relatorv1.0- toestimate thereliabilityofestimated/deriveddatasetbycomparingwithoriginal/observeddatasetusing16statisticaltools.

Leaf curl disease incidence in cotton in relation to meteorological parameters at Hisar

Future Plans•Strengtheningofagrometdatabasesatindividualcentresforimprovingregional/micro-levelplanning.•PreparationofState-wiseAgroclimaticAtlas forall thestatesandweather-basedDSSformajorcrops indifferentseasons.

•Studiesonclimateextremesandtheirprobabilities,delineationofhotspotsandregionsvulnerabletoclimatechangeandtheirimpactonagriculturalcrops.

•ValueadditiontoagrometinformationforimprovingtheefficiencyofagrometadvisoriesanditsdisseminationinlocallanguagesusinglatestICTs.

•Developmentofdroughtmonitoringindicatorsbycombiningtheclimateandremotesensinginformationandpreparationofdroughtvulnerabilitymaps.

•Developmentofsimplecrop-weatherrelationshipsforuseinAAS.•Studies on dynamics of pests and diseases in a cropping system mode as influenced by weather fordevelopment of thumb rules for forewarningmodels and Decision Support Systems, which are farmer-friendlyandeconomicallyviable.

•Developmentofweatherbasedinsuranceproductsfordifferentcrops.•Modelingimpactsofclimatechange/variabilityonagriculturalsystems.•Agrometeorologicalstudiesinhorticulture,livestockandagricultureinhill(northeast)andislandregions.

For further details, contact:

Director, ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (or)Project Coordinator, All India Coordinated Research Project on Agrometeorology, CRIDA, Santoshnagar Post, HYDERABAD – 500 059, Telangana State, India.Telephone: +91 (40) 24530177 / 24530828; Fax: +91 (40)24534909 / 24531802 Email: director@crida.in/pcagromet@gmail.com Web: www.crida.in; www.cropweatheroutlook.in Compiled by: V.U.M. Rao, B. Bapuji Rao, P. Vijaya Kumar, A.V.M. Subba Rao, M.A. Sarath Chadran & I.R. Khandgonda.

soybean (Vidarbha, Maharashtra); wheat (Gujarat, Punjab, HP,SouthernregionofRajasthanandEasternregionofUP);rice(MPand Chhattisgarh); mustard (Haryana and New alluvial zone ofW.Bengal);fingermillet(SouthernKarnataka,Karnataka);maize(TamilNadu) and rabi sorghum (western region ofMaharashtraandnorthernregionofKarnataka).

LinkagesOver the past 30 years, AICRPAM developedlinkages with various State, National andInternational Institutions, Agencies for improvingresearch, infrastructure development, technicalsupportandAgroAdvisoryServices.

AwardsForoutstandingworkonclimaticvariabilityand development ofreal-timecontingencyplans, AICRP onAgrome teo ro logywasawardedChaudharyDevilaloutstandingAllIndiaCoordinatedResearchProjectaward-2013byICAR.

PublicationsType of

PublicationsCooperating

CentresCoordinating

UnitBooks 50 11BookChapters 148 51Bulletins/Manuals 257 40ResearchPapers 2987 235

HailfrequencyinIndia(1972-2011)

Impact oncrops

• Druing1972-2011,highestfrequency(>30)haileventsarenoticedin:Nagpur(MH),Shimla(HP)&Kamrup(Assam)

• HailstormcanoccursporadicallyinIndiaasalocalphenomenonorevencoverlargegeographicalareasasithappenedduring2014

GenesisThefruitsoftremendousprogressmadebyICARandSAUsinagriculturalandalliedsectors,areunabletoperformtotheirpotentialduetotheoftenerraticmonsoonandfrequentextremeweather.Tailoring the Indian agriculture to cope with these weather abnormalities meets augmentation ofthe future food and nutritional security.This calls for a greater role for discipline ofAgriculturalMeteorology. Realizing its importance, the National Commission onAgriculture (NCA) in 1976recommendedestablishmentofDepartmentofAgriculturalMeteorologyinallSAUs.Consequently,AICRPAMwascommissionedatCRIDA,Hyderabadin1983.

MandateAICRPAMconductsbothbasicandoperationalresearchcoveringallagro-ecologies.Eachcentrehasoneortwomandatecropsbesidesclimaticcharacterizationandstudiesonclimatevariability/change.Bi-weeklyAgrometAdvisoryService(AAS)bulletinsareissuedbasedonresearchoutputfromlong-termexperimentationandaredisseminatedtofarmingcommunitythroughdifferentcommunicationmedia.Farmerawarenessprogramsonclimatechangeandrelatedissuesareconductedregularly.Theprojectconsistsof111staffthatincludes37scientific,62technicaland12administrative.

Milestones• LaunchofcoordinatingunitatCRIDA,Hyderabadwith10

cooperatingcenters-1983.• Additionoftwomorecenters-1989.• Implementation of Indo-US Sub-project - Infrastructure

andcapacitybuildingofscientists-1988.• Additionof13newcenters-1995-96.• Joint issue of weather-based agro-advisories with

NCMRWF-1990.• EstablishmentofnationallevelAgrometDatabank-1998.• Launchofwww.cropweatheroutlook.inwebsite-2003.• Networkof100AutomaticWeatherStations(AWS)-2011.• Additionof10newcenters(Provisional)-2015.

• Toprovideweather-basedagroadvisoriesusingmediumrangeweatherforecastandICT• TocollectandupdateweatherdataintheAgrometDatabankatCRIDA

Toachievetheaboveobjectives,researchiscarriedoutinfivethematicareas:• AgroclimaticCharacterization• Crop-WeatherRelationships• Crop-WeatherModelling• Effectofweatheronpestsanddiseases• AgrometAdvisoryServices

Project AccomplishmentsAgroclimatic Characterization• Climatic resources atmicro level

(block or tehsil) in respectivestates/agroclimatic regions wereanalysed and Agroclimatic.Atlases were prepared for A.P.,Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Rajasthan,Kerala and W.Bengal states tooptimize natural resource basedcropplanning.

• LocationspecificCrop–WeatherCalendars (CWC) for differentcropsweredeveloped.

• State-wise crop growingenvironments for major rainfedandirrigatedcropsandplantationcrops were delineated based onrainfall, temperature and PETindices.

• Variability and trends in keyclimaticelementswereassessed.

• Spatial distribution maps ofmonthly weather parameters,viz., maximum and minimumtemperatureandrainfallandthoseof derived indices like aridityindex and moisture adequacyindex during monsoon seasonweredeveloped.

Crop-Weather Relationships• Phenophase specific critical weather elements were

identified for major field and orchard crops spread overvariousagroclimaticzones.Theseformbasisindesigningthelocationspecificagrometadvisories.

• Sowing windows were identified using long-term cropweatherdataforprincipalcropsandagro-climaticzones.

• In eastern India, using block-level daily rainfall, cropstatisticsandsoilinformation,climaticconstraintsforlowproductivityofricewereidentified.

• Thematic maps of weekly rainfall and temperaturedeparturesaswellassoilmoistureindex(SMI)mapswerepreparedforcontingentcropplansinundividedA.P.

• Adryspellofmorethan15daysdurationduringpodfillingstagewasidentifiedasclimaticriskinrainfedgroundnutasitreducedyieldby60-75percent.

• Seasonal and stage specificcropwater requirementwereworkedoutforimportantcrops,viz.,rice(725mm),wheat(274-467mm),maize(491-561mm),sorghum(380mm),pearlmillet (250mm), fingermillet (280mm), soybean(667mm),groundnut(494mm),mustard(301mm),cotton(310mm)andchickpea(210mm).

• DependenceofcardamomproductivityinKeralaonwaterdeficitduringsummerwasassessed.

• AtLudhiana,waterproductionfunctionsweredevelopedforwheat,raya,gram,sunflower,soybean,groundnutandgreengram.Trends in a) Annual and b) Southwest monsoon rainfall (1901-2013)

Trends in a) annual and b) kharif season minimum temperature (1971-2009)

Stress degree days based relation for optimizing pearl millet grain yield

Critical temperature for tea leavesproduction at Palampur

Relationship of canopy temperature and yield in mustard at Faizabad

Effect of minimum temperature during reproductive period on wheat yield

Relationship between water use efficiency and groundnut pod yields at Anand

Influence of length of dry spell during 51-80 ± 5 DAS on groundnut yields at Anantapur

• Weatherbasedthumbrulesduringdifferentphenophasesofriceandwheat topredictyieldsweregenerated.

• Weather indices inwheat, groundnut and cotton required forweather based crop insuranceweredevelopedbasedonlong-termexperimentaldataatsomecentres.

Kanpur

Ranchi

Raipur

Y= 10256.13 -381.74X R2 = 0.89**

0100020003000400050006000

12.0 13.0 14.0 15.01 6.01 7.0 18.0

Tmin. (0C)

Yie

ld (

kg/h

a)

Objectives• Tostudytheagriculturalclimateinrelationtocropplanningandassessmentofcropproduction

potentialsindifferentagroclimaticregions• Toestablishcrop-weatherrelationshipsforallthemajorrainfedandirrigatedcropsindifferent

agroclimaticregions• Toevaluatedifferenttechniquesofmodificationofcropmicro-climateforimprovingthewateruse

efficiencyandproductivityofthecrops• Tostudytheinfluenceofweatherontheincidenceandspreadofpestsanddiseasesoffieldcrops

a)

a)

b)

b)

Crop Growth Modeling• Process-basedcropsimulationmodels,viz.,DSSAT,PNUTGRO,BRASSICA,CERES,INFOCROP,

WHEATGROandRODMOD,formajorcropslikerice,wheat,sorghum,groundnut,soybeanandmustardwerevalidatedandcustomizedfordifferentagro-ecologies.

• Database on phenology, drymatter partitioning andGDD requirement of cropsviz., rice,wheat,maize,sorghum,pearlmillet,fingermillet,pigeonpea,chickpea,soybean,cotton,groundnut,greengram,mustard,sunflower,safflowerandamaranthuswascreated.

• Formats for collection ofminimumdata set (MDS) for 16major cropswas initiated.TheMDSformatfacilitatesdatausageincropweatherrelations,cropsimulationmodelinganddevelopmentofinsuranceproducts.

• Annualrainfalldataof1140stationsinrainfeddistrictsofthecountrywereanalyzedandregionsvulnerabletoclimatechangewereidentified.TheimpactsofclimatechangeoncropwaterrequirementandlengthofgrowingseasonofwheatinIndo-GangeticPlainsandonyieldofmajorcropsinotherregionswerestudied.

• Climatechangeimpactonriceandwheatcrops were studied for several locationsusingDSSAT4.5model.A2°Cincreaseresulted in 15-17 per cent decrease ingrainyieldofbothcropsbutbeyondthatlimitthedecreasewasveryhighinwheatin Punjab. Management options likeadjustingplantingtimetominimizeyieldlosses were assessed for different cropsandlocationsthroughmodeling. DSSAT-rice predicted yields for different planting

conditions at Ranchi

GenesisThefruitsoftremendousprogressmadebyICARandSAUsinagriculturalandalliedsectors,areunabletoperformtotheirpotentialduetotheoftenerraticmonsoonandfrequentextremeweather.Tailoring the Indian agriculture to cope with these weather abnormalities meets augmentation ofthe future food and nutritional security.This calls for a greater role for discipline ofAgriculturalMeteorology. Realizing its importance, the National Commission onAgriculture (NCA) in 1976recommendedestablishmentofDepartmentofAgriculturalMeteorologyinallSAUs.Consequently,AICRPAMwascommissionedatCRIDA,Hyderabadin1983.

MandateAICRPAMconductsbothbasicandoperationalresearchcoveringallagro-ecologies.Eachcentrehasoneortwomandatecropsbesidesclimaticcharacterizationandstudiesonclimatevariability/change.Bi-weeklyAgrometAdvisoryService(AAS)bulletinsareissuedbasedonresearchoutputfromlong-termexperimentationandaredisseminatedtofarmingcommunitythroughdifferentcommunicationmedia.Farmerawarenessprogramsonclimatechangeandrelatedissuesareconductedregularly.Theprojectconsistsof111staffthatincludes37scientific,62technicaland12administrative.

Milestones• LaunchofcoordinatingunitatCRIDA,Hyderabadwith10

cooperatingcenters-1983.• Additionoftwomorecenters-1989.• Implementation of Indo-US Sub-project - Infrastructure

andcapacitybuildingofscientists-1988.• Additionof13newcenters-1995-96.• Joint issue of weather-based agro-advisories with

NCMRWF-1990.• EstablishmentofnationallevelAgrometDatabank-1998.• Launchofwww.cropweatheroutlook.inwebsite-2003.• Networkof100AutomaticWeatherStations(AWS)-2011.• Additionof10newcenters(Provisional)-2015.

• Toprovideweather-basedagroadvisoriesusingmediumrangeweatherforecastandICT• TocollectandupdateweatherdataintheAgrometDatabankatCRIDA

Toachievetheaboveobjectives,researchiscarriedoutinfivethematicareas:• AgroclimaticCharacterization• Crop-WeatherRelationships• Crop-WeatherModelling• Effectofweatheronpestsanddiseases• AgrometAdvisoryServices

Project AccomplishmentsAgroclimatic Characterization• Climatic resources atmicro level

(block or tehsil) in respectivestates/agroclimatic regions wereanalysed and Agroclimatic.Atlases were prepared for A.P.,Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Rajasthan,Kerala and W.Bengal states tooptimize natural resource basedcropplanning.

• LocationspecificCrop–WeatherCalendars (CWC) for differentcropsweredeveloped.

• State-wise crop growingenvironments for major rainfedandirrigatedcropsandplantationcrops were delineated based onrainfall, temperature and PETindices.

• Variability and trends in keyclimaticelementswereassessed.

• Spatial distribution maps ofmonthly weather parameters,viz., maximum and minimumtemperatureandrainfallandthoseof derived indices like aridityindex and moisture adequacyindex during monsoon seasonweredeveloped.

Crop-Weather Relationships• Phenophase specific critical weather elements were

identified for major field and orchard crops spread overvariousagroclimaticzones.Theseformbasisindesigningthelocationspecificagrometadvisories.

• Sowing windows were identified using long-term cropweatherdataforprincipalcropsandagro-climaticzones.

• In eastern India, using block-level daily rainfall, cropstatisticsandsoilinformation,climaticconstraintsforlowproductivityofricewereidentified.

• Thematic maps of weekly rainfall and temperaturedeparturesaswellassoilmoistureindex(SMI)mapswerepreparedforcontingentcropplansinundividedA.P.

• Adryspellofmorethan15daysdurationduringpodfillingstagewasidentifiedasclimaticriskinrainfedgroundnutasitreducedyieldby60-75percent.

• Seasonal and stage specificcropwater requirementwereworkedoutforimportantcrops,viz.,rice(725mm),wheat(274-467mm),maize(491-561mm),sorghum(380mm),pearlmillet (250mm), fingermillet (280mm), soybean(667mm),groundnut(494mm),mustard(301mm),cotton(310mm)andchickpea(210mm).

• DependenceofcardamomproductivityinKeralaonwaterdeficitduringsummerwasassessed.

• AtLudhiana,waterproductionfunctionsweredevelopedforwheat,raya,gram,sunflower,soybean,groundnutandgreengram.Trends in a) Annual and b) Southwest monsoon rainfall (1901-2013)

Trends in a) annual and b) kharif season minimum temperature (1971-2009)

Stress degree days based relation for optimizing pearl millet grain yield

Critical temperature for tea leavesproduction at Palampur

Relationship of canopy temperature and yield in mustard at Faizabad

Effect of minimum temperature during reproductive period on wheat yield

Relationship between water use efficiency and groundnut pod yields at Anand

Influence of length of dry spell during 51-80 ± 5 DAS on groundnut yields at Anantapur

• Weatherbasedthumbrulesduringdifferentphenophasesofriceandwheat topredictyieldsweregenerated.

• Weather indices inwheat, groundnut and cotton required forweather based crop insuranceweredevelopedbasedonlong-termexperimentaldataatsomecentres.

Kanpur

Ranchi

Raipur

Y= 10256.13 -381.74X R2 = 0.89**

0100020003000400050006000

12.0 13.0 14.0 15.01 6.01 7.0 18.0

Tmin. (0C)

Yie

ld (

kg/h

a)

Objectives• Tostudytheagriculturalclimateinrelationtocropplanningandassessmentofcropproduction

potentialsindifferentagroclimaticregions• Toestablishcrop-weatherrelationshipsforallthemajorrainfedandirrigatedcropsindifferent

agroclimaticregions• Toevaluatedifferenttechniquesofmodificationofcropmicro-climateforimprovingthewateruse

efficiencyandproductivityofthecrops• Tostudytheinfluenceofweatherontheincidenceandspreadofpestsanddiseasesoffieldcrops

a)

a)

b)

b)

Crop Growth Modeling• Process-basedcropsimulationmodels,viz.,DSSAT,PNUTGRO,BRASSICA,CERES,INFOCROP,

WHEATGROandRODMOD,formajorcropslikerice,wheat,sorghum,groundnut,soybeanandmustardwerevalidatedandcustomizedfordifferentagro-ecologies.

• Database on phenology, drymatter partitioning andGDD requirement of cropsviz., rice,wheat,maize,sorghum,pearlmillet,fingermillet,pigeonpea,chickpea,soybean,cotton,groundnut,greengram,mustard,sunflower,safflowerandamaranthuswascreated.

• Formats for collection ofminimumdata set (MDS) for 16major cropswas initiated.TheMDSformatfacilitatesdatausageincropweatherrelations,cropsimulationmodelinganddevelopmentofinsuranceproducts.

• Annualrainfalldataof1140stationsinrainfeddistrictsofthecountrywereanalyzedandregionsvulnerabletoclimatechangewereidentified.TheimpactsofclimatechangeoncropwaterrequirementandlengthofgrowingseasonofwheatinIndo-GangeticPlainsandonyieldofmajorcropsinotherregionswerestudied.

• Climatechangeimpactonriceandwheatcrops were studied for several locationsusingDSSAT4.5model.A2°Cincreaseresulted in 15-17 per cent decrease ingrainyieldofbothcropsbutbeyondthatlimitthedecreasewasveryhighinwheatin Punjab. Management options likeadjustingplantingtimetominimizeyieldlosses were assessed for different cropsandlocationsthroughmodeling. DSSAT-rice predicted yields for different planting

conditions at Ranchi

GenesisThefruitsoftremendousprogressmadebyICARandSAUsinagriculturalandalliedsectors,areunabletoperformtotheirpotentialduetotheoftenerraticmonsoonandfrequentextremeweather.Tailoring the Indian agriculture to cope with these weather abnormalities meets augmentation ofthe future food and nutritional security.This calls for a greater role for discipline ofAgriculturalMeteorology. Realizing its importance, the National Commission onAgriculture (NCA) in 1976recommendedestablishmentofDepartmentofAgriculturalMeteorologyinallSAUs.Consequently,AICRPAMwascommissionedatCRIDA,Hyderabadin1983.

MandateAICRPAMconductsbothbasicandoperationalresearchcoveringallagro-ecologies.Eachcentrehasoneortwomandatecropsbesidesclimaticcharacterizationandstudiesonclimatevariability/change.Bi-weeklyAgrometAdvisoryService(AAS)bulletinsareissuedbasedonresearchoutputfromlong-termexperimentationandaredisseminatedtofarmingcommunitythroughdifferentcommunicationmedia.Farmerawarenessprogramsonclimatechangeandrelatedissuesareconductedregularly.Theprojectconsistsof111staffthatincludes37scientific,62technicaland12administrative.

Milestones• LaunchofcoordinatingunitatCRIDA,Hyderabadwith10

cooperatingcenters-1983.• Additionoftwomorecenters-1989.• Implementation of Indo-US Sub-project - Infrastructure

andcapacitybuildingofscientists-1988.• Additionof13newcenters-1995-96.• Joint issue of weather-based agro-advisories with

NCMRWF-1990.• EstablishmentofnationallevelAgrometDatabank-1998.• Launchofwww.cropweatheroutlook.inwebsite-2003.• Networkof100AutomaticWeatherStations(AWS)-2011.• Additionof10newcenters(Provisional)-2015.

• Toprovideweather-basedagroadvisoriesusingmediumrangeweatherforecastandICT• TocollectandupdateweatherdataintheAgrometDatabankatCRIDA

Toachievetheaboveobjectives,researchiscarriedoutinfivethematicareas:• AgroclimaticCharacterization• Crop-WeatherRelationships• Crop-WeatherModelling• Effectofweatheronpestsanddiseases• AgrometAdvisoryServices

Project AccomplishmentsAgroclimatic Characterization• Climatic resources atmicro level

(block or tehsil) in respectivestates/agroclimatic regions wereanalysed and Agroclimatic.Atlases were prepared for A.P.,Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Rajasthan,Kerala and W.Bengal states tooptimize natural resource basedcropplanning.

• LocationspecificCrop–WeatherCalendars (CWC) for differentcropsweredeveloped.

• State-wise crop growingenvironments for major rainfedandirrigatedcropsandplantationcrops were delineated based onrainfall, temperature and PETindices.

• Variability and trends in keyclimaticelementswereassessed.

• Spatial distribution maps ofmonthly weather parameters,viz., maximum and minimumtemperatureandrainfallandthoseof derived indices like aridityindex and moisture adequacyindex during monsoon seasonweredeveloped.

Crop-Weather Relationships• Phenophase specific critical weather elements were

identified for major field and orchard crops spread overvariousagroclimaticzones.Theseformbasisindesigningthelocationspecificagrometadvisories.

• Sowing windows were identified using long-term cropweatherdataforprincipalcropsandagro-climaticzones.

• In eastern India, using block-level daily rainfall, cropstatisticsandsoilinformation,climaticconstraintsforlowproductivityofricewereidentified.

• Thematic maps of weekly rainfall and temperaturedeparturesaswellassoilmoistureindex(SMI)mapswerepreparedforcontingentcropplansinundividedA.P.

• Adryspellofmorethan15daysdurationduringpodfillingstagewasidentifiedasclimaticriskinrainfedgroundnutasitreducedyieldby60-75percent.

• Seasonal and stage specificcropwater requirementwereworkedoutforimportantcrops,viz.,rice(725mm),wheat(274-467mm),maize(491-561mm),sorghum(380mm),pearlmillet (250mm), fingermillet (280mm), soybean(667mm),groundnut(494mm),mustard(301mm),cotton(310mm)andchickpea(210mm).

• DependenceofcardamomproductivityinKeralaonwaterdeficitduringsummerwasassessed.

• AtLudhiana,waterproductionfunctionsweredevelopedforwheat,raya,gram,sunflower,soybean,groundnutandgreengram.Trends in a) Annual and b) Southwest monsoon rainfall (1901-2013)

Trends in a) annual and b) kharif season minimum temperature (1971-2009)

Stress degree days based relation for optimizing pearl millet grain yield

Critical temperature for tea leavesproduction at Palampur

Relationship of canopy temperature and yield in mustard at Faizabad

Effect of minimum temperature during reproductive period on wheat yield

Relationship between water use efficiency and groundnut pod yields at Anand

Influence of length of dry spell during 51-80 ± 5 DAS on groundnut yields at Anantapur

• Weatherbasedthumbrulesduringdifferentphenophasesofriceandwheat topredictyieldsweregenerated.

• Weather indices inwheat, groundnut and cotton required forweather based crop insuranceweredevelopedbasedonlong-termexperimentaldataatsomecentres.

Kanpur

Ranchi

Raipur

Y= 10256.13 -381.74X R2 = 0.89**

0100020003000400050006000

12.0 13.0 14.0 15.01 6.01 7.0 18.0

Tmin. (0C)

Yie

ld (

kg/h

a)

Objectives• Tostudytheagriculturalclimateinrelationtocropplanningandassessmentofcropproduction

potentialsindifferentagroclimaticregions• Toestablishcrop-weatherrelationshipsforallthemajorrainfedandirrigatedcropsindifferent

agroclimaticregions• Toevaluatedifferenttechniquesofmodificationofcropmicro-climateforimprovingthewateruse

efficiencyandproductivityofthecrops• Tostudytheinfluenceofweatherontheincidenceandspreadofpestsanddiseasesoffieldcrops

a)

a)

b)

b)

Crop Growth Modeling• Process-basedcropsimulationmodels,viz.,DSSAT,PNUTGRO,BRASSICA,CERES,INFOCROP,

WHEATGROandRODMOD,formajorcropslikerice,wheat,sorghum,groundnut,soybeanandmustardwerevalidatedandcustomizedfordifferentagro-ecologies.

• Database on phenology, drymatter partitioning andGDD requirement of cropsviz., rice,wheat,maize,sorghum,pearlmillet,fingermillet,pigeonpea,chickpea,soybean,cotton,groundnut,greengram,mustard,sunflower,safflowerandamaranthuswascreated.

• Formats for collection ofminimumdata set (MDS) for 16major cropswas initiated.TheMDSformatfacilitatesdatausageincropweatherrelations,cropsimulationmodelinganddevelopmentofinsuranceproducts.

• Annualrainfalldataof1140stationsinrainfeddistrictsofthecountrywereanalyzedandregionsvulnerabletoclimatechangewereidentified.TheimpactsofclimatechangeoncropwaterrequirementandlengthofgrowingseasonofwheatinIndo-GangeticPlainsandonyieldofmajorcropsinotherregionswerestudied.

• Climatechangeimpactonriceandwheatcrops were studied for several locationsusingDSSAT4.5model.A2°Cincreaseresulted in 15-17 per cent decrease ingrainyieldofbothcropsbutbeyondthatlimitthedecreasewasveryhighinwheatin Punjab. Management options likeadjustingplantingtimetominimizeyieldlosses were assessed for different cropsandlocationsthroughmodeling. DSSAT-rice predicted yields for different planting

conditions at Ranchi

GenesisThefruitsoftremendousprogressmadebyICARandSAUsinagriculturalandalliedsectors,areunabletoperformtotheirpotentialduetotheoftenerraticmonsoonandfrequentextremeweather.Tailoring the Indian agriculture to cope with these weather abnormalities meets augmentation ofthe future food and nutritional security.This calls for a greater role for discipline ofAgriculturalMeteorology. Realizing its importance, the National Commission onAgriculture (NCA) in 1976recommendedestablishmentofDepartmentofAgriculturalMeteorologyinallSAUs.Consequently,AICRPAMwascommissionedatCRIDA,Hyderabadin1983.

MandateAICRPAMconductsbothbasicandoperationalresearchcoveringallagro-ecologies.Eachcentrehasoneortwomandatecropsbesidesclimaticcharacterizationandstudiesonclimatevariability/change.Bi-weeklyAgrometAdvisoryService(AAS)bulletinsareissuedbasedonresearchoutputfromlong-termexperimentationandaredisseminatedtofarmingcommunitythroughdifferentcommunicationmedia.Farmerawarenessprogramsonclimatechangeandrelatedissuesareconductedregularly.Theprojectconsistsof111staffthatincludes37scientific,62technicaland12administrative.

Milestones• LaunchofcoordinatingunitatCRIDA,Hyderabadwith10

cooperatingcenters-1983.• Additionoftwomorecenters-1989.• Implementation of Indo-US Sub-project - Infrastructure

andcapacitybuildingofscientists-1988.• Additionof13newcenters-1995-96.• Joint issue of weather-based agro-advisories with

NCMRWF-1990.• EstablishmentofnationallevelAgrometDatabank-1998.• Launchofwww.cropweatheroutlook.inwebsite-2003.• Networkof100AutomaticWeatherStations(AWS)-2011.• Additionof10newcenters(Provisional)-2015.

• Toprovideweather-basedagroadvisoriesusingmediumrangeweatherforecastandICT• TocollectandupdateweatherdataintheAgrometDatabankatCRIDA

Toachievetheaboveobjectives,researchiscarriedoutinfivethematicareas:• AgroclimaticCharacterization• Crop-WeatherRelationships• Crop-WeatherModelling• Effectofweatheronpestsanddiseases• AgrometAdvisoryServices

Project AccomplishmentsAgroclimatic Characterization• Climatic resources atmicro level

(block or tehsil) in respectivestates/agroclimatic regions wereanalysed and Agroclimatic.Atlases were prepared for A.P.,Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Rajasthan,Kerala and W.Bengal states tooptimize natural resource basedcropplanning.

• LocationspecificCrop–WeatherCalendars (CWC) for differentcropsweredeveloped.

• State-wise crop growingenvironments for major rainfedandirrigatedcropsandplantationcrops were delineated based onrainfall, temperature and PETindices.

• Variability and trends in keyclimaticelementswereassessed.

• Spatial distribution maps ofmonthly weather parameters,viz., maximum and minimumtemperatureandrainfallandthoseof derived indices like aridityindex and moisture adequacyindex during monsoon seasonweredeveloped.

Crop-Weather Relationships• Phenophase specific critical weather elements were

identified for major field and orchard crops spread overvariousagroclimaticzones.Theseformbasisindesigningthelocationspecificagrometadvisories.

• Sowing windows were identified using long-term cropweatherdataforprincipalcropsandagro-climaticzones.

• In eastern India, using block-level daily rainfall, cropstatisticsandsoilinformation,climaticconstraintsforlowproductivityofricewereidentified.

• Thematic maps of weekly rainfall and temperaturedeparturesaswellassoilmoistureindex(SMI)mapswerepreparedforcontingentcropplansinundividedA.P.

• Adryspellofmorethan15daysdurationduringpodfillingstagewasidentifiedasclimaticriskinrainfedgroundnutasitreducedyieldby60-75percent.

• Seasonal and stage specificcropwater requirementwereworkedoutforimportantcrops,viz.,rice(725mm),wheat(274-467mm),maize(491-561mm),sorghum(380mm),pearlmillet (250mm), fingermillet (280mm), soybean(667mm),groundnut(494mm),mustard(301mm),cotton(310mm)andchickpea(210mm).

• DependenceofcardamomproductivityinKeralaonwaterdeficitduringsummerwasassessed.

• AtLudhiana,waterproductionfunctionsweredevelopedforwheat,raya,gram,sunflower,soybean,groundnutandgreengram.Trends in a) Annual and b) Southwest monsoon rainfall (1901-2013)

Trends in a) annual and b) kharif season minimum temperature (1971-2009)

Stress degree days based relation for optimizing pearl millet grain yield

Critical temperature for tea leavesproduction at Palampur

Relationship of canopy temperature and yield in mustard at Faizabad

Effect of minimum temperature during reproductive period on wheat yield

Relationship between water use efficiency and groundnut pod yields at Anand

Influence of length of dry spell during 51-80 ± 5 DAS on groundnut yields at Anantapur

• Weatherbasedthumbrulesduringdifferentphenophasesofriceandwheat topredictyieldsweregenerated.

• Weather indices inwheat, groundnut and cotton required forweather based crop insuranceweredevelopedbasedonlong-termexperimentaldataatsomecentres.

Kanpur

Ranchi

Raipur

Y= 10256.13 -381.74X R2 = 0.89**

0100020003000400050006000

12.0 13.0 14.0 15.01 6.01 7.0 18.0

Tmin. (0C)

Yie

ld (

kg/h

a)

Objectives• Tostudytheagriculturalclimateinrelationtocropplanningandassessmentofcropproduction

potentialsindifferentagroclimaticregions• Toestablishcrop-weatherrelationshipsforallthemajorrainfedandirrigatedcropsindifferent

agroclimaticregions• Toevaluatedifferenttechniquesofmodificationofcropmicro-climateforimprovingthewateruse

efficiencyandproductivityofthecrops• Tostudytheinfluenceofweatherontheincidenceandspreadofpestsanddiseasesoffieldcrops

a)

a)

b)

b)

Crop Growth Modeling• Process-basedcropsimulationmodels,viz.,DSSAT,PNUTGRO,BRASSICA,CERES,INFOCROP,

WHEATGROandRODMOD,formajorcropslikerice,wheat,sorghum,groundnut,soybeanandmustardwerevalidatedandcustomizedfordifferentagro-ecologies.

• Database on phenology, drymatter partitioning andGDD requirement of cropsviz., rice,wheat,maize,sorghum,pearlmillet,fingermillet,pigeonpea,chickpea,soybean,cotton,groundnut,greengram,mustard,sunflower,safflowerandamaranthuswascreated.

• Formats for collection ofminimumdata set (MDS) for 16major cropswas initiated.TheMDSformatfacilitatesdatausageincropweatherrelations,cropsimulationmodelinganddevelopmentofinsuranceproducts.

• Annualrainfalldataof1140stationsinrainfeddistrictsofthecountrywereanalyzedandregionsvulnerabletoclimatechangewereidentified.TheimpactsofclimatechangeoncropwaterrequirementandlengthofgrowingseasonofwheatinIndo-GangeticPlainsandonyieldofmajorcropsinotherregionswerestudied.

• Climatechangeimpactonriceandwheatcrops were studied for several locationsusingDSSAT4.5model.A2°Cincreaseresulted in 15-17 per cent decrease ingrainyieldofbothcropsbutbeyondthatlimitthedecreasewasveryhighinwheatin Punjab. Management options likeadjustingplantingtimetominimizeyieldlosses were assessed for different cropsandlocationsthroughmodeling. DSSAT-rice predicted yields for different planting

conditions at Ranchi

Weather Effects on Pests and Diseases• Using long-term experimental data, relations were

developed for forewarning the incidence of variousinsect pests and diseases. For example, DSS formanagementofbacterial leaf spot ingrapes,powderymildew incidence in ber were developed for Bijapurand,foraphidincidenceinsunfloweratAkola.Locationspecific critical weather parameters favouring severaldiseasesindifferentcropswereidentified.

• Crop specific pest-disease-weather relationships weredevelopedfor14targetedinsectpestsand12diseasesinsixcrops.Adecisionsupportmodelforleafspotingroundnut, a degree-daymodel for aphids inmustardandneuralnetworkmodelforyellowstemborerinriceandAmericanbollwormincottonweredeveloped.

• Thehotspotareasofteamosquitobugacrossthecashewcultivated regions of the country were demarcatedconsideringoptimumnighttemperaturesduringflushingandfloweringstagebyThrissurcentre.

• RH of about 90 per cent, night temperature less than20°CandcloudyconditionsfavouredthedevelopmentofblastdiseaseinriceatPalampur.

• Maximum temperature in the range of 30 to 31 °C,minimum temperature 23 to 24 °C, morning relativehumidityof91to92%andeveningrelativehumidityof62to63%werefoundcongenialforpeaksemilooperpopulationinsoybeanatAkola.

Relationship of Tmax and morning RH with sunflower aphid incidence at Akola

Agromet Advisories• AllcentersissueAgrometAdvisoryServicestwiceaweek,regularly.• Issueofmicro-level(blocklevel)agrometadvisorieshasbeeninitiatedatsixcentersviz.Bijapur,

Bhubaneswar,Udaipur,Raipur,KovilpattiandJammu.• NationalAgrometAdvisoryServicebulletinsareissuedincollaborationwithIMDduringsouthwest

monsoonsince2014.• Bulletinsonstatusofmonsoonandcontingencyplansforrainfalldeficit/excessareasduringsouthwest

monsoonseasonareissued.• About 370 farmers’ awareness programswere conducted to educate on the ill-effects of climate

changeandmanagementpracticestomitigatetheiradverseeffects.Allputtogether,55912farmers(Male-44246,Female-11666)werebenefitted.

• EconomicimpactofAgrometAdvisoryServicesaremonitoredregularly.

Extreme weather assessment• Acomprehensivestudyonhailstormswas

made by analyzing long-term hailstormdataofdifferentstatesofthecountry.

• Acomprehensivebulletinondistrict-levelcropweathercalendarsofmajorcrops inIndiawasprepared.

• Bulletinsonagrometeorologyofimportantcrops in different states/agro-climaticregionswerepreparedbyanalyzinglong-term experimental data of individualAICRPAM centers. These include -

Outreach Activities• Awebsitewww.cropweatheroutlook.inisinoperationatAICRPAM

CoordinatingUnit (CRIDA)forbetterdisseminationofweather-basedagro-advisoriespreparedatCooperatingCentresofProject.Inthiswebsite,weeklycropcontingencyplansforrainfedregionsatthecountrylevelareprovidedandthewebsitehasbeenhyperlinkedtoICARwebsiteatHeadquarters.

• Anotherwebsitewww.aicrpam-nicra-aws.indisplaysrealtimeandpast24hoursweatherdatafrom100locationsofthecountry.

Capacity Building• About53trainingprogramswereconductedforscientistsintheprojectaswellasthescientistsfrom

otheragriculturalinstitutionsanduniversities.• Toenhancetheskillsoftheprojectscientists,recentlythree‘outputorientedcapacityenhancement

programs’wereconducted.

Software• WeatherCock v1.0 - to analyze climatic data for characterizing crop

growingenvironments.• PETCalculatorv3.0-toestimatethepotentialevapotranspirationdemands

by using appropriate approach depending on the data availability of agivenlocation.

• Relatorv1.0- toestimate thereliabilityofestimated/deriveddatasetbycomparingwithoriginal/observeddatasetusing16statisticaltools.

Leaf curl disease incidence in cotton in relation to meteorological parameters at Hisar

Future Plans•Strengtheningofagrometdatabasesatindividualcentresforimprovingregional/micro-levelplanning.•PreparationofState-wiseAgroclimaticAtlas forall thestatesandweather-basedDSSformajorcrops indifferentseasons.

•Studiesonclimateextremesandtheirprobabilities,delineationofhotspotsandregionsvulnerabletoclimatechangeandtheirimpactonagriculturalcrops.

•ValueadditiontoagrometinformationforimprovingtheefficiencyofagrometadvisoriesanditsdisseminationinlocallanguagesusinglatestICTs.

•Developmentofdroughtmonitoringindicatorsbycombiningtheclimateandremotesensinginformationandpreparationofdroughtvulnerabilitymaps.

•Developmentofsimplecrop-weatherrelationshipsforuseinAAS.•Studies on dynamics of pests and diseases in a cropping system mode as influenced by weather fordevelopment of thumb rules for forewarningmodels and Decision Support Systems, which are farmer-friendlyandeconomicallyviable.

•Developmentofweatherbasedinsuranceproductsfordifferentcrops.•Modelingimpactsofclimatechange/variabilityonagriculturalsystems.•Agrometeorologicalstudiesinhorticulture,livestockandagricultureinhill(northeast)andislandregions.

For further details, contact:

Director, ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (or)Project Coordinator, All India Coordinated Research Project on Agrometeorology, CRIDA, Santoshnagar Post, HYDERABAD – 500 059, Telangana State, India.Telephone: +91 (40) 24530177 / 24530828; Fax: +91 (40)24534909 / 24531802 Email: director@crida.in/pcagromet@gmail.com Web: www.crida.in; www.cropweatheroutlook.in Compiled by: V.U.M. Rao, B. Bapuji Rao, P. Vijaya Kumar, A.V.M. Subba Rao, M.A. Sarath Chadran & I.R. Khandgonda.

soybean (Vidarbha, Maharashtra); wheat (Gujarat, Punjab, HP,SouthernregionofRajasthanandEasternregionofUP);rice(MPand Chhattisgarh); mustard (Haryana and New alluvial zone ofW.Bengal);fingermillet(SouthernKarnataka,Karnataka);maize(TamilNadu) and rabi sorghum (western region ofMaharashtraandnorthernregionofKarnataka).

LinkagesOver the past 30 years, AICRPAM developedlinkages with various State, National andInternational Institutions, Agencies for improvingresearch, infrastructure development, technicalsupportandAgroAdvisoryServices.

AwardsForoutstandingworkonclimaticvariabilityand development ofreal-timecontingencyplans, AICRP onAgrome teo ro logywasawardedChaudharyDevilaloutstandingAllIndiaCoordinatedResearchProjectaward-2013byICAR.

PublicationsType of

PublicationsCooperating

CentresCoordinating

UnitBooks 50 11BookChapters 148 51Bulletins/Manuals 257 40ResearchPapers 2987 235

HailfrequencyinIndia(1972-2011)

Impact oncrops

• Druing1972-2011,highestfrequency(>30)haileventsarenoticedin:Nagpur(MH),Shimla(HP)&Kamrup(Assam)

• HailstormcanoccursporadicallyinIndiaasalocalphenomenonorevencoverlargegeographicalareasasithappenedduring2014

Weather Effects on Pests and Diseases• Using long-term experimental data, relations were

developed for forewarning the incidence of variousinsect pests and diseases. For example, DSS formanagementofbacterial leaf spot ingrapes,powderymildew incidence in ber were developed for Bijapurand,foraphidincidenceinsunfloweratAkola.Locationspecific critical weather parameters favouring severaldiseasesindifferentcropswereidentified.

• Crop specific pest-disease-weather relationships weredevelopedfor14targetedinsectpestsand12diseasesinsixcrops.Adecisionsupportmodelforleafspotingroundnut, a degree-daymodel for aphids inmustardandneuralnetworkmodelforyellowstemborerinriceandAmericanbollwormincottonweredeveloped.

• Thehotspotareasofteamosquitobugacrossthecashewcultivated regions of the country were demarcatedconsideringoptimumnighttemperaturesduringflushingandfloweringstagebyThrissurcentre.

• RH of about 90 per cent, night temperature less than20°CandcloudyconditionsfavouredthedevelopmentofblastdiseaseinriceatPalampur.

• Maximum temperature in the range of 30 to 31 °C,minimum temperature 23 to 24 °C, morning relativehumidityof91to92%andeveningrelativehumidityof62to63%werefoundcongenialforpeaksemilooperpopulationinsoybeanatAkola.

Relationship of Tmax and morning RH with sunflower aphid incidence at Akola

Agromet Advisories• AllcentersissueAgrometAdvisoryServicestwiceaweek,regularly.• Issueofmicro-level(blocklevel)agrometadvisorieshasbeeninitiatedatsixcentersviz.Bijapur,

Bhubaneswar,Udaipur,Raipur,KovilpattiandJammu.• NationalAgrometAdvisoryServicebulletinsareissuedincollaborationwithIMDduringsouthwest

monsoonsince2014.• Bulletinsonstatusofmonsoonandcontingencyplansforrainfalldeficit/excessareasduringsouthwest

monsoonseasonareissued.• About 370 farmers’ awareness programswere conducted to educate on the ill-effects of climate

changeandmanagementpracticestomitigatetheiradverseeffects.Allputtogether,55912farmers(Male-44246,Female-11666)werebenefitted.

• EconomicimpactofAgrometAdvisoryServicesaremonitoredregularly.

Extreme weather assessment• Acomprehensivestudyonhailstormswas

made by analyzing long-term hailstormdataofdifferentstatesofthecountry.

• Acomprehensivebulletinondistrict-levelcropweathercalendarsofmajorcrops inIndiawasprepared.

• Bulletinsonagrometeorologyofimportantcrops in different states/agro-climaticregionswerepreparedbyanalyzinglong-term experimental data of individualAICRPAM centers. These include -

Outreach Activities• Awebsitewww.cropweatheroutlook.inisinoperationatAICRPAM

CoordinatingUnit (CRIDA)forbetterdisseminationofweather-basedagro-advisoriespreparedatCooperatingCentresofProject.Inthiswebsite,weeklycropcontingencyplansforrainfedregionsatthecountrylevelareprovidedandthewebsitehasbeenhyperlinkedtoICARwebsiteatHeadquarters.

• Anotherwebsitewww.aicrpam-nicra-aws.indisplaysrealtimeandpast24hoursweatherdatafrom100locationsofthecountry.

Capacity Building• About53trainingprogramswereconductedforscientistsintheprojectaswellasthescientistsfrom

otheragriculturalinstitutionsanduniversities.• Toenhancetheskillsoftheprojectscientists,recentlythree‘outputorientedcapacityenhancement

programs’wereconducted.

Software• WeatherCock v1.0 - to analyze climatic data for characterizing crop

growingenvironments.• PETCalculatorv3.0-toestimatethepotentialevapotranspirationdemands

by using appropriate approach depending on the data availability of agivenlocation.

• Relatorv1.0- toestimate thereliabilityofestimated/deriveddatasetbycomparingwithoriginal/observeddatasetusing16statisticaltools.

Leaf curl disease incidence in cotton in relation to meteorological parameters at Hisar

Future Plans•Strengtheningofagrometdatabasesatindividualcentresforimprovingregional/micro-levelplanning.•PreparationofState-wiseAgroclimaticAtlas forall thestatesandweather-basedDSSformajorcrops indifferentseasons.

•Studiesonclimateextremesandtheirprobabilities,delineationofhotspotsandregionsvulnerabletoclimatechangeandtheirimpactonagriculturalcrops.

•ValueadditiontoagrometinformationforimprovingtheefficiencyofagrometadvisoriesanditsdisseminationinlocallanguagesusinglatestICTs.

•Developmentofdroughtmonitoringindicatorsbycombiningtheclimateandremotesensinginformationandpreparationofdroughtvulnerabilitymaps.

•Developmentofsimplecrop-weatherrelationshipsforuseinAAS.•Studies on dynamics of pests and diseases in a cropping system mode as influenced by weather fordevelopment of thumb rules for forewarningmodels and Decision Support Systems, which are farmer-friendlyandeconomicallyviable.

•Developmentofweatherbasedinsuranceproductsfordifferentcrops.•Modelingimpactsofclimatechange/variabilityonagriculturalsystems.•Agrometeorologicalstudiesinhorticulture,livestockandagricultureinhill(northeast)andislandregions.

For further details, contact:

Director, ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (or)Project Coordinator, All India Coordinated Research Project on Agrometeorology, CRIDA, Santoshnagar Post, HYDERABAD – 500 059, Telangana State, India.Telephone: +91 (40) 24530177 / 24530828; Fax: +91 (40)24534909 / 24531802 Email: director@crida.in/pcagromet@gmail.com Web: www.crida.in; www.cropweatheroutlook.in Compiled by: V.U.M. Rao, B. Bapuji Rao, P. Vijaya Kumar, A.V.M. Subba Rao, M.A. Sarath Chadran & I.R. Khandgonda.

soybean (Vidarbha, Maharashtra); wheat (Gujarat, Punjab, HP,SouthernregionofRajasthanandEasternregionofUP);rice(MPand Chhattisgarh); mustard (Haryana and New alluvial zone ofW.Bengal);fingermillet(SouthernKarnataka,Karnataka);maize(TamilNadu) and rabi sorghum (western region ofMaharashtraandnorthernregionofKarnataka).

LinkagesOver the past 30 years, AICRPAM developedlinkages with various State, National andInternational Institutions, Agencies for improvingresearch, infrastructure development, technicalsupportandAgroAdvisoryServices.

AwardsForoutstandingworkonclimaticvariabilityand development ofreal-timecontingencyplans, AICRP onAgrome teo ro logywasawardedChaudharyDevilaloutstandingAllIndiaCoordinatedResearchProjectaward-2013byICAR.

PublicationsType of

PublicationsCooperating

CentresCoordinating

UnitBooks 50 11BookChapters 148 51Bulletins/Manuals 257 40ResearchPapers 2987 235

HailfrequencyinIndia(1972-2011)

Impact oncrops

• Druing1972-2011,highestfrequency(>30)haileventsarenoticedin:Nagpur(MH),Shimla(HP)&Kamrup(Assam)

• HailstormcanoccursporadicallyinIndiaasalocalphenomenonorevencoverlargegeographicalareasasithappenedduring2014

Weather Effects on Pests and Diseases• Using long-term experimental data, relations were

developed for forewarning the incidence of variousinsect pests and diseases. For example, DSS formanagementofbacterial leaf spot ingrapes,powderymildew incidence in ber were developed for Bijapurand,foraphidincidenceinsunfloweratAkola.Locationspecific critical weather parameters favouring severaldiseasesindifferentcropswereidentified.

• Crop specific pest-disease-weather relationships weredevelopedfor14targetedinsectpestsand12diseasesinsixcrops.Adecisionsupportmodelforleafspotingroundnut, a degree-daymodel for aphids inmustardandneuralnetworkmodelforyellowstemborerinriceandAmericanbollwormincottonweredeveloped.

• Thehotspotareasofteamosquitobugacrossthecashewcultivated regions of the country were demarcatedconsideringoptimumnighttemperaturesduringflushingandfloweringstagebyThrissurcentre.

• RH of about 90 per cent, night temperature less than20°CandcloudyconditionsfavouredthedevelopmentofblastdiseaseinriceatPalampur.

• Maximum temperature in the range of 30 to 31 °C,minimum temperature 23 to 24 °C, morning relativehumidityof91to92%andeveningrelativehumidityof62to63%werefoundcongenialforpeaksemilooperpopulationinsoybeanatAkola.

Relationship of Tmax and morning RH with sunflower aphid incidence at Akola

Agromet Advisories• AllcentersissueAgrometAdvisoryServicestwiceaweek,regularly.• Issueofmicro-level(blocklevel)agrometadvisorieshasbeeninitiatedatsixcentersviz.Bijapur,

Bhubaneswar,Udaipur,Raipur,KovilpattiandJammu.• NationalAgrometAdvisoryServicebulletinsareissuedincollaborationwithIMDduringsouthwest

monsoonsince2014.• Bulletinsonstatusofmonsoonandcontingencyplansforrainfalldeficit/excessareasduringsouthwest

monsoonseasonareissued.• About 370 farmers’ awareness programswere conducted to educate on the ill-effects of climate

changeandmanagementpracticestomitigatetheiradverseeffects.Allputtogether,55912farmers(Male-44246,Female-11666)werebenefitted.

• EconomicimpactofAgrometAdvisoryServicesaremonitoredregularly.

Extreme weather assessment• Acomprehensivestudyonhailstormswas

made by analyzing long-term hailstormdataofdifferentstatesofthecountry.

• Acomprehensivebulletinondistrict-levelcropweathercalendarsofmajorcrops inIndiawasprepared.

• Bulletinsonagrometeorologyofimportantcrops in different states/agro-climaticregionswerepreparedbyanalyzinglong-term experimental data of individualAICRPAM centers. These include -

Outreach Activities• Awebsitewww.cropweatheroutlook.inisinoperationatAICRPAM

CoordinatingUnit (CRIDA)forbetterdisseminationofweather-basedagro-advisoriespreparedatCooperatingCentresofProject.Inthiswebsite,weeklycropcontingencyplansforrainfedregionsatthecountrylevelareprovidedandthewebsitehasbeenhyperlinkedtoICARwebsiteatHeadquarters.

• Anotherwebsitewww.aicrpam-nicra-aws.indisplaysrealtimeandpast24hoursweatherdatafrom100locationsofthecountry.

Capacity Building• About53trainingprogramswereconductedforscientistsintheprojectaswellasthescientistsfrom

otheragriculturalinstitutionsanduniversities.• Toenhancetheskillsoftheprojectscientists,recentlythree‘outputorientedcapacityenhancement

programs’wereconducted.

Software• WeatherCock v1.0 - to analyze climatic data for characterizing crop

growingenvironments.• PETCalculatorv3.0-toestimatethepotentialevapotranspirationdemands

by using appropriate approach depending on the data availability of agivenlocation.

• Relatorv1.0- toestimate thereliabilityofestimated/deriveddatasetbycomparingwithoriginal/observeddatasetusing16statisticaltools.

Leaf curl disease incidence in cotton in relation to meteorological parameters at Hisar

Future Plans•Strengtheningofagrometdatabasesatindividualcentresforimprovingregional/micro-levelplanning.•PreparationofState-wiseAgroclimaticAtlas forall thestatesandweather-basedDSSformajorcrops indifferentseasons.

•Studiesonclimateextremesandtheirprobabilities,delineationofhotspotsandregionsvulnerabletoclimatechangeandtheirimpactonagriculturalcrops.

•ValueadditiontoagrometinformationforimprovingtheefficiencyofagrometadvisoriesanditsdisseminationinlocallanguagesusinglatestICTs.

•Developmentofdroughtmonitoringindicatorsbycombiningtheclimateandremotesensinginformationandpreparationofdroughtvulnerabilitymaps.

•Developmentofsimplecrop-weatherrelationshipsforuseinAAS.•Studies on dynamics of pests and diseases in a cropping system mode as influenced by weather fordevelopment of thumb rules for forewarningmodels and Decision Support Systems, which are farmer-friendlyandeconomicallyviable.

•Developmentofweatherbasedinsuranceproductsfordifferentcrops.•Modelingimpactsofclimatechange/variabilityonagriculturalsystems.•Agrometeorologicalstudiesinhorticulture,livestockandagricultureinhill(northeast)andislandregions.

For further details, contact:

Director, ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (or)Project Coordinator, All India Coordinated Research Project on Agrometeorology, CRIDA, Santoshnagar Post, HYDERABAD – 500 059, Telangana State, India.Telephone: +91 (40) 24530177 / 24530828; Fax: +91 (40)24534909 / 24531802 Email: director@crida.in/pcagromet@gmail.com Web: www.crida.in; www.cropweatheroutlook.in Compiled by: V.U.M. Rao, B. Bapuji Rao, P. Vijaya Kumar, A.V.M. Subba Rao, M.A. Sarath Chadran & I.R. Khandgonda.

soybean (Vidarbha, Maharashtra); wheat (Gujarat, Punjab, HP,SouthernregionofRajasthanandEasternregionofUP);rice(MPand Chhattisgarh); mustard (Haryana and New alluvial zone ofW.Bengal);fingermillet(SouthernKarnataka,Karnataka);maize(TamilNadu) and rabi sorghum (western region ofMaharashtraandnorthernregionofKarnataka).

LinkagesOver the past 30 years, AICRPAM developedlinkages with various State, National andInternational Institutions, Agencies for improvingresearch, infrastructure development, technicalsupportandAgroAdvisoryServices.

AwardsForoutstandingworkonclimaticvariabilityand development ofreal-timecontingencyplans, AICRP onAgrome teo ro logywasawardedChaudharyDevilaloutstandingAllIndiaCoordinatedResearchProjectaward-2013byICAR.

PublicationsType of

PublicationsCooperating

CentresCoordinating

UnitBooks 50 11BookChapters 148 51Bulletins/Manuals 257 40ResearchPapers 2987 235

HailfrequencyinIndia(1972-2011)

Impact oncrops

• Druing1972-2011,highestfrequency(>30)haileventsarenoticedin:Nagpur(MH),Shimla(HP)&Kamrup(Assam)

• HailstormcanoccursporadicallyinIndiaasalocalphenomenonorevencoverlargegeographicalareasasithappenedduring2014