Intro to Weather Clip

Weather by Brainpop

1) What cycle is the basis of our weather?

2) What causes precipitation to occur?

3) Where do storms usually occur?

WeatherWeather Temporary behavior of

atmosphere (what’s going on at any certain time)

Small geographic area

Can change rapidly

WeatherWeather--The study of weather is meteorology

--Someone who studies weather is called a meteorologist

Climate Types by Brainpop

1.What is climate?

2.Where are tropical climates most likely to be?

3.What does “arid” mean?

ClimateClimate Long-term behavior of

atmosphere (100+ years)

LargeLarge geographic area

Very slowslow to change

POLAR90o -60o latitudeCool summers, cold year-

roundDry

TEMPERATE60o-30o latitudeTrue SeasonsVariety of climate patternsModerate precipitation

(rain/snow)

TROPICAL30o - equatorNo winter, warm year-roundHigh temp, rainfall, humidity

What Factors Affect What Factors Affect Weather & Climate?Weather & Climate?

1.1. The The SunSun

2.2. The WaterThe Water Cycle Cycle

3.3. The AtmosphereThe Atmosphere

4.4. The The OceanOcean

How Does the Sun How Does the Sun Affect WeatherAffect Weather??

It warms the atmosphere & oceansIt creates climate zonesIt keeps the water cycle goingIt affects weather patterns

REVIEWDefine weather:

Temporary behavior of the atmosphere, small area, and rapid change

Define climate:Long term behavior of atmosphere, large area, and slow change

What four factors affect the weatherSun, atmosphere, water cycle, and oceans

How Does the SunHow Does the SunAffect WeatherAffect Weather??

RadiatioRadiationn: energy transferred as waveswaves

The Sun and Weather

BrainPOP

How Does the Sun Affect How Does the Sun Affect WeatherWeather??

ConductiConductionon: energy transferred when moleculemoleculess bump together

The heat makes the copper atoms vibrate faster. These atoms in turn make the atoms near them vibrate faster. In this way the heat energy is gradually transferred along the rod from the hot end towards the cooler end.

Good conductors of heat: Copper, gold, AluminiumInsulators (poor conductors): Wood, plastic, glass, china, cork A saucepan is made of aluminium or copper which is a good conductor of heat. The handle is made of plastic or wood which is a poor conductor

How Does the Sun Affect How Does the Sun Affect WeatherWeather??

ConvectionConvection: transfer of heat by FLOWFLOW of material; happens after the other two…

The Sun and Weather

The Sun and Weather

The Sun and Weather

The Sun and Weather

REFOCUSThree types of heating:

RadiationConvectionconduction

REVIEWDefine weatherThree types of climatesThree types of energy transference

The Water Cycle by Brainpop

1)What process must happen for clouds to form?

2)What is “collection”?

3)Name one way to conserve water.

The Water The Water CycleCycle

All the water on the planet is recycled in this manner!

Parts of the CycleParts of the Cycle

EvaporationEvaporation—Water going from a liquid to a gas (gains energy from the sun)

Evaporation

Parts of the CycleParts of the Cycle

*Transpiration—evaporation of water from/out of plants. Locate this on the diagram!

transpiration

Parts of the CycleParts of the CycleCondensationCondensation—Water going from a gas to a liquid (cools or loses energy)

When this happens in the atmosphere, CLOUDS form.

Parts of the CycleParts of the Cycle

Precipitation—when water falls out the atmosphere. Forms when the water droplets in clouds become too heavy to stay up.

Rain Clip

How Hail is Formed

Parts of the CycleParts of the Cycle

CollectionCollection- - Water collects into streams, rivers, ponds, lakes, and oceans.

The Water CycleThe Water Cycle

Water Cycle by Brainpop

Earth’s Atmsophere by Brainpop

1. What is ozone?

2. What layer of the atmosphere does weather occur in?

3. What 2 gases compose the most of Earth’s Atmosphere?

How does the atmosphere How does the atmosphere affect weather?affect weather?

The atmosphere is a mixture of gases that surrounds the EarthHas five different layers; each has different properties

We’ll label them in just a minute…

Air Temperature and Pressure change with altitudeWeather occurs in the layer closest to Earth (troposphere)

How does the atmosphere How does the atmosphere affect weather?affect weather?

The atmosphere is a mixture of gases that surrounds the EarthHas five different layers; each has different properties

We’ll label them in just a minute…

Air Temperature and Pressure change with altitudeWeather occurs in the layer closest to Earth (troposphere)

TroposphereStratosphere

Mesosphere

Ionosphere

Exosphere

Thermosphere

Write in the Write in the labels!labels!

Ozone layer

FrontsFronts = places where air masses meet4 Types: Warm, Cold, Occluded, StationaryEach kind can bring different kinds of weather

Air MassesAir Masses= body of air with a certain temperature and moisture level

Can be warm or cold

Can contain a lot of moisture or not a lot of moisture

Occluded Front: Stationary Front:

Short Heavy Rains

Gentile Winds Light RainsDrying of Air Mass

Long Rains

•http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/crclm/act/gifs/fpr2.gif

•http://www.mesoscale.iastate.edu/agron206/animations/05_cnWfronts.html

REVIEW

Humidity by Brainpop

1. What single factor controls humidity?

2. What temperature air can hold the most water molecules?

3. What causes water to evaporate into the atmosphere?

Relative HumidityRelative Humidity Measure of the amount of

moisturemoisture in the air compared to what the air could hold

How “full” of water the air is Expressed as % 100% relative humidity =

saturatedsaturated air

Relative Humidity Test Applethttp://itg1.meteor.wisc.edu/wxwise/relhum/

rhac.html

Relative HumidityRelative Humidity

Controlled by temperatureControlled by temperature1. WarmWarm air holds more moisture than cool air (more space for water vapor between air molecules)2. As air warmswarms, relative humidity decreasesdecreases3. As air coolscools, relative humidity increasesincreases

Dew PointDew Point =Temperature at which the air is

saturated (100% relative humidity)

Several events can occur when the dew point temp. is reached:

1. If dew point temp. is above 1. If dew point temp. is above freezing:freezing:

a. water vapor condenses as liquidliquidb. dew will form on surfaces

c. cloud droplets will form in air

Dew PointDew Point

2. If dew point temp. is 2. If dew point temp. is below freezing:below freezing:a. water vapor condenses as a solidb. frost on surfacesc. snow (or hail) in the air

Humidity Clip

RRaaiinnbboowwss

Caused by sunshinesunshine on raindrops White light (all colors) is refracted

(bent) into colors as it enters and exits the drop

To see a rainbow you must have the sun behindbehind you and raindrops in the air

Diagram:

BrainPOP

Rainbow by Brainpop

How does Air Pressure How does Air Pressure affect weather?affect weather?

How much the earth’s atmosphere is pressing down on us

Measured with a BAROMETER

If it CHANGES, then new weather is on the way:

Falling Air Pressure = stormy weather comingRising Air Pressure = fair weather comingSteady Air Pressure = no change is coming

Animations

http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es1902/es1902page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization

How does the Ocean affect How does the Ocean affect weather?weather?

Ocean currents affect the temperature of the land they pass byCold ocean currents = cooling effectWarm ocean currents = warming effectTemperature changes affect pressure – which then creates WINDSWinds blow this cooling or warming effect over the land

http://earth.rice.edu/MTPE/hydro/hydrosphere/topics/Ocean_Atm_Circ_ElNino.mov

http://www.wunderground.com/MAR/

Ocean CirculationOcean Circulationhttp://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es2401/es2401page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization

WindsWinds = created from differences in air pressure

Moves from areas of HIGH to LOW pressureGreater the difference in pressure, the FASTER the wind blowsMeasured with wind vanes and anemometers or you can estimate with the Beaufort Wind Scale

BrainPOP

Land & Sea Land & Sea BreezesBreezes

http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es1903/es1903page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization

Global WindsGlobal WindsThousands of kilometers long; can cause weather to move in different directions

Jet stream, prevailing westerlies, doldrums, horse latitudes, trade winds

Global WindsGlobal WindsCaused by the temperature difference in different regions

Hot Tropical Regions—causes air to rise

Cold polar Regions—causes air to sink

http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/tlw3/eBridge/Chp29/animations/ch29/global_wind_circulation.swf

Global WindsGlobal WindsAlso affected by Earth’s Spin

Coriolis EffectCoriolis Effect = causes winds to curve to the right in the N. Hemisphere; to the left in the S. Hemisphere http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es1904/es1904page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization

Color in the chart…Color in the chart…

HORSE LATITUDESHORSE LATITUDES

HORSE LATITUDESHORSE LATITUDES

NE TRADE WINDSNE TRADE WINDSDOLDRUMSDOLDRUMSSE TRADE WINDSSE TRADE WINDS

PREVAILING WESTERLIESPREVAILING WESTERLIES

PREVAILING WESTERLIESPREVAILING WESTERLIES

NORTH EASTERLIESNORTH EASTERLIES

SOUTH EASTERLIESSOUTH EASTERLIES

Where is the Jet Where is the Jet Stream?Stream?

Winds by Brainpop

1. What does warm air do?

2. What do you call winds that blow all the time in the same part of the world?

3. What are jet streams?

ThunderstormsRequires a mature cumulonimbuscumulonimbus

cloud

Signs

a. Sudden reversal of wind directionb. Noticeable increaseincrease in wind speedc. Sudden drop in temperature

Possible weather:a. heavy rainsrains (flash floods)b. lightning (forest fires)c. thunderthunder (frightens animals)d. hail (crop damage)e. tornadoesf. strong, gusty winds

Thunderstorm by Brainpop

Thunderstorms

Safety Rules Stay indoorsindoors Prepare for lightning, strong

winds Listen on radio/TV for tornado

watch/warning Thunderstorms don’t last longlong

Lightning Lightning StormStorm Cumulonimbus cloud becomes

electrically charged and ground below has opposite charge

Lightning stroke: flow of currentcurrent thru air (a poor conductor) from the – to the +Lightning can flow from cloud to ground, cloud to cloudcloud, and from ground to cloudBright light is caused by glowingglowing air molecules heated by the currentLightning follows the path of least resistanceresistance (easiest way to positive)Lightning rod offers lightning an easyeasy, safe path to the ground (+)

ThunderThunder is the shock wave caused by the explosive expansion of heated air

Sound travels @ about 11001100 ft/sec in air

5,280 ft in one mileDistance from you to lightning =

number of secondsseconds between seeing the flash and hearing the thunder divided by 5.

(5,280 ft / 1100 ft/sec = 5 seconds)

Safety rules for lightning storms Stay indoors Stay away from anything that conducts

electricity (stove, sink, telephone, TV) Get out of the water and off of small

boats Stay away from open doors, windows,

fireplaces Stay in your car (very safe place to be) Don’t stand under lone trees or in open

places Avoid hilltops If your hair stands on end, or your skin

tingles, drop to the ground but try to keep as little contact with the ground as possible

TornadoTornado Counterclockwise column of rotating air

extending from cumulonimbus cloud Per square foot, is the most destructive

atmospheric event Rated by wind speed (F1 to F5) “Tornado season” = April, May, June Tornadoes that form over water are

called “waterspouts”

Behavior of a tornado is unpredictable

Typical tornado will:1. Occur between 3-7 pm2. Travel 4 miles3. Be 300-400 m wide4. Travel 25-40 mi/hour5. Have wind speeds up to 300300 mi/hr6. Produce extremely low pressure7. Be darkdark due to debris picked up

Tornado by Brainpop

Safety Rules1. Rule #1: Take immediate action!2. Move awayaway from tornado’s path

Tornado’s path

Move away at a right angle

3. Lie flatflat in nearest ditch, etc.4. At home

a. open windows, doorsb. seek shelter in basement or under heavy table in middle of house

On the trail of a tornado

Tropical CycloneTropical CycloneNicknamesNicknames

1. Atlantic: hurricane2. SE Asia, Japan: typhoon3. Australia: willy-willy4. Indian Ocean: cyclone

Tropical CycloneTropical CycloneRated by wind speed (category 1 to 5)Starts and grows over warm ocean waterComposed of bands of thunderstorms spiraling counterclockwise around a low pressure center

Characteristics Several hundredhundred miles wide Last many daysdays (even weeks) Winds from 74-20074-200 mi/hr Contains an “eye”

a. Small region of low pressureb. Surrounded by highest windsc. Calm, peaceful, sunny weatherd. Last for about 1 hour as hurricane

passes by

Hurricanes by Brainpop

Safety Rules Prepare for high windswinds Prepare for floodingflooding (greatest source of damage)

a. Up to 20 in. of rainb. Flooding by coastal water

3. Prepare for thunderstormsthunderstorms 4. Have on hand stored food,

water, blankets, candles, matches, radio, etc.

5. Seek sheltershelter Hurricanes Clip

WHAT IS CLIMATE?The behavior of the atmosphere over a long period of time.

Large geographical area.

Slow to change.

Climatic ChangeSeasons

El Nino and La Nina

Climatic ChangeWhat Causes Climate Change

Climatic ChangeGlobal Warming

Climatic ChangeCarbon Cycle

Land Biomes by BrainpPOP

1.What is a Biome?

2.What Biomes are at the equator?

3.How can biomes change?

BiomesBiomesAquatic = Two basic regions

Marine and Freshwater

Desert = Four basic types

Hot and Dry, Semiarid, Coastal, and Cold

Forest = Three major types of forests, classed according to latitude:

Tropical, Temperate, and Boreal forests (taiga)

Grassland = Two main divisions of grasslands: Tropical grasslands, called savannas, and temperate grasslands.

Tundra = Two types:Arctic tundra and Alpine tundra

AquaticAquaticWater is the common link among the five biomes.Makes up the largest part of the biosphere.Covers nearly 75% of the Earth’s surface.

DesertDesertDeserts cover about one fifth of the Earth’s surface and occur where rainfall is less than 50 cm/year

There are few large mammals in deserts because most are not capable of storing sufficient water.

ForestForestToday, forests occupy approximately one-third of Earth’s land area,

Tropical forests= Greatest diversity of species Temperate Forests= Well-defined seasons. Boreal forests, or taiga= Largest terrestrial biome.

Occurring between 50 and 60 degrees north latitudes

GrasslandGrasslandGrasslands are characterized as lands dominated by grasses rather than large shrubs or trees. Savanna is grassland with scattered individual trees. Temperate grasslands are characterized as having grasses as the dominant vegetation. Trees and large shrubs are absent.

TundraTundraExtremely cold climate Low biotic diversity Simple vegetation structure Short season of growth

ADAPTATIONOrganisms adapt to there environment

Adaptations can be structural or behavioralSome structural adaptations are HAIR, and

PINE NEEDLESSome behavioral adaptations are

HIBERNATION, ESTIVATION, and SWEATING

HibernationEuropean hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus)

metabolic depression in animals, characterized by lower body temperature, slower breathing, and lower metabolic rate. Hibernating animals conserve food, especially during winter when food is short, tapping energy reserves, body fat, at a slow rate.

ESTIVATIONFat-tailed Dwarf Lemur (Cheirogaleus medius)

Sleeps 7 months out of the yearthe lemur does not control its body temperature while hibernating. Like other fat-tailed lemurs, is able to store fat in its tail, and this provides a source of energy during its period of dormancy.