Wcdma Umts-call Flow
Transcript of Wcdma Umts-call Flow
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UMTS - Call Life Cycle
Stas Shilkrut
July 2008
This Presentation based on
3G TR 25.922 version 2.0.0 paper
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Outline
WCDMA / UMTS basic WCDMA vs. CDMA2000
Air Interface (WCDMA)
3G Traffic Class QoS
Protocol Architecture
Network Architecture
Radio Resources Management Admission Control, Load Control, Packet Scheduler
Handover Control and Power Control
Call flow R99-call flow details
Reviewing UE Logs of various call services
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WCDMA vs. CDMA2000
Some of the
Major Differences
WCDMA CDMA 2000 Remarks
Spread Spectrum
Technique
5Mhz Wideband
DS-SS
Multicarrier,
3x1.25MHz
Narrowband DS-SS,
250kHz Guard Band
Multicarrier does not requires a contiguous
spectral band.
Both scheme can achieve similar
performance
Chip Rates 3.84Mcps 3.6864Mcps (1.2288
per carrier)
Chip Rate alone does not determine system
capacity
Frame Lengths 10ms 20ms for data, 5ms for
control,26ms for Sync
Response and efficiency tradeoff
Fast Power Control
Rate
1.5kHz 800Hz Higher gives better link performance
Base Station
Synchronization
Asynchronous Synchronized Asynchronous requires not timing reference
which is usually hard to acquire.
Synchronized operation usually gives better
performance
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Multiple Access Method DS-CDMA
Duplexing Method FDD/TDD
Base Station Synchronization Asynchronous Operation
Channel Separation 5MHz
Chip Rate 3.84 Mcps
Frame Length 10 ms
Service Multiplexing Multiple Services with different QoS
Requirements Multiplexed on one Connection
Multirate Concept Variable Spreading Factor and Multicode
Detection Coherent, using Pilot Symbols or Common Pilot
Multi-user Detection, Smart Antennas Supported by Standard, Optional in
Implementation
WCDMA Air Interface, Main Parameters
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DSSS - is a modulationtechnique. As with other spread spectrumtechnologies, the transmitted signaltakes up morebandwidththan the information signal that is being modulated. The name 'spread
spectrum' comes from the fact that the carrier signals occur over the full bandwidth (spectrum) ofa device's transmitting frequency.
The information signal is inherently narrowband, on the order of less than 10 KHz. The energy fromthis narrowband signal is spread over a much larger bandwidth by multiplying the informationsignal by a wideband spreading code. Direct sequence spread spectrum is the technique used inCDMA systems.
Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum
Spreading can also be achieved by hopping the narrowband information signal over a set of
frequencies. This type of spreading can be classified as Fast or Slow depending on the rate of hoppingto the rate of information:
Fast hoppingthe hopping rate is larger than the bit rate.
Slow hoppingmore than one bit is hopped from one frequency to another.
Direct-sequence spread spectrum
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_%28signal_processing%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_%28signal_processing%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation -
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UMTS FDD/TDD - radio transmission modes
UMTS FDD (Frequency Division Duplex)
190 MHz duplex distance
ca. 5MHz (variable) carrier spacing (DS CDMA Direct Sequence CDMA)
12 bands in uplink & downlink
UMTS TDD (Time Division Duplex)
5 carriers in total, 15 timeslots per frame
a user may use one or several timeslots
a timeslot can be assigned to either uplink or downlink
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UMTS Frame Structure
TPC: Transmit Power Control
FBI:Feedback Information
TFCI :Transport Format Combination Indicator
TFI: Transport Format Identifier
DPCCH: Dedicated Physical Control Channel
DPDCH: Dedicated Physical Data Channel
DPCH: Dedicated Physical Channel
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UMTS TDD Frame Structure
frame
W-TDMA/CDMA
2560 chips per slot
symmetric or asymmetric
slot assignment to up/downlink
tight synchronization needed
0 1 2 13 14 15...
data midample data
slot
625 s
10 ms
traffic burstGP
GP: Guard Period
1 radio frame (10 ms), 15*2560 chips (3.84 Mcps)
Slot iSlot 1 Slot 2 Slot 15time
In each time slot the contribution of each user, a so-called burst, is a combination of two data fields ,a
midamble and a guard period as shown in Fig. The midamble is a training sequence used particularly
for channel equalization. In terms of spectrum efficiency, this training sequence is considered as a
wasted data, which could represent up to 20% of the whole UMTS TDD physical channel
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UMTS Traffic Classes
Conversational real time traffic flows, greatest delay
sensitivity, e.g. voice or video telephony.
Streaming - real time traffic flows, medium delaysensitivity, e.g. one-way streaming media.
I nteractive - used for interactive but delay tolerant trafficflows which require smaller data error rates, e.g. webbrowsing or chat.
Background used for non-urgent, delay tolerant trafficflows that require smaller data error rates, e.g. large filedownload or email retrieval.
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3G Traffic Class QoS Requirements
Conversational
RT
Streaming
RT
Interactive
NRT
Background
NRT
Applications Audio/video
conference
Audio/video
streaming
Web browsing,
network games
File download,
emails
Reliability
control Guaranteed
no ARQ
Dynamic
unACK ARQ
Dynamic ACK
ARQ
Dynamic ACK
ARQ
Delay 100, 200, 400msec
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Standardization of WCDMA / UMTS
3GPP Release 4
3GPP Release 5-6All IP Vision
Source : Overview of UMTS, Guoyou He, Telecommunication Software and Multimedia Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology
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HSDPA
High Speed Downlink Packet Access
Standardized in 3GPP Release 5
Improves System Capacity and User Data Rates in the Downlink Direction to 10Mbpsin a 5MHz Channel
Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) Replaces Fast Power Control :
User farer from Base Station utilizes a coding and modulation that requires lower Bit Energyto Interference Ratio, leading to a lower throughput
Replaces Variable Spreading Factor :Use of more robust coding and fast Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ, retransmitoccurs only between UE and BS)
HARQprovides Fast Retransmission with Soft Combining and IncrementalRedundancy Soft Combining : Identical Retransmissions
Incremental Redundancy : Retransmits Parity Bits only
Fast Scheduling Function which is Controlled in the Base Station rather than by the RNC
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P.S - UMTS Protocol Architecture
Node B
UE
Applic.
PDCP
PHY
IuUu
GTP-U
UDP
AAL5/ATM
IP
RNCIP
TCP GGSN
GTP-U
SGSN
IPIP routing
UDP/TCP
Gn/Gp
IPIP
IP
TCP
IPserver
IP
Gi
GTP-U
UDP
AAL5/ATM
IP
GTP-U
UDP/TCP
IP
GPRS
IP backbone
Gn
Application
RLC
MAC
Iu UP Iu UP
IP
PDCP
RLC
MAC
Iub
PHYAAL2/ATM
PHY
AAL2/ATM
FPFP
Radio Bearers
Logical channels
Transport channels
UTRAN Packet Switched Core Network
Physical channels
Radio Access Bearers
PDCP - Packet Data Convergence Protocol is used in UMTS to format the data into a suitable
structure prior to transfer over the air interface.
RLC - Radio Link Control A sub layer of the radio interface that provides reliability. RLC varies
depending on the communication system employed.
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Summary of Protocols (CS user plane)
RNCNode BUE MSC
WCDMAL1
RLC
MAC
PDH/SDH
ATM
AAL2
FP
Iub IuUu
RLC
MAC
PDH/SDH
ATM
AAL2
FP
WCDMAL1
CS
applicationandcoding
PDH/SDH
ATM
AAL2
Iu-UPprotocol
PDH/SDH
ATM
AAL2
CS
applicationand
coding
Iu-UPprotocol
FPFrame Protocol
AAL2 - ATM Adaptation layer 2 supports continuous bit rate transmissions, but also solves the problems ofpacketization delay and efficiency in the use of bandwidth resources.
ATM - Asynchronous Transfer Mode - network technology based on transferring data in cells or packets of a
fixed size. The small, constant cell size allows ATM equipment to transmit video, audio, and computer data over
the same network, and assure that no single type of data hogs the line. ATM creates a fixed channel, or route,
between two points whenever data transfer begins. This differs from TCP/IP , in which messages are divided into
packets and each packet can take a different route from source to destination. This difference makes it easier to
track and bill data usage across an ATM network, but it makes it less adaptable to sudden surges in networktraffic.
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Summary of Protocols (UE control plane)
PDH/SDH
ATM
AAL2
FP
RNCNode BUE CN
WCDMAL1
Iub IuUu
RRC
RLC
MAC
PDH/SDH
ATM
AAL2
FP
WCDMAL1
RRC
RLC
MAC
PDH/SDH
ATM
AAL5
SSCOP
RANAP
MTP3b
SCCP
PDH/SDH
ATM
AAL5
SSCF-NNI
RANAP
MTP3b
SCCP
SSCOP
SSCF-NNI
NAS NAS
Network Application Support
PDH - Plesiochronous Digital HierarchyThe (PDH) is a technology used in telecommunications networksto transport large quantities of data over
digital transport equipment such as fibre opticand microwave radiosystems. The term plesiochronousis
derived from Greek plesio, meaning near, and chronos, time, and refers to the fact that PDH networks run in
a state where different parts of the network are almost, but not quite perfectly, synchronised. Due to
limitations such as lack of flexibility and performance it has been superseded in some areas by SDH
(Synchronous Digital Hierarchy).
http://bword//!!ARV6FUJ2JP,telecommunications%20network/http://bword//!!ARV6FUJ2JP,fibre%20optic/http://bword//!!ARV6FUJ2JP,microwave%20radio/http://bword//!!ARV6FUJ2JP,plesiochronous/http://bword//!!ARV6FUJ2JP,synchronised/http://bword//!!ARV6FUJ2JP,synchronised/http://bword//!!ARV6FUJ2JP,plesiochronous/http://bword//!!ARV6FUJ2JP,microwave%20radio/http://bword//!!ARV6FUJ2JP,fibre%20optic/http://bword//!!ARV6FUJ2JP,telecommunications%20network/ -
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Radio Resources Management
Network Based Functions
Admission Control (AC) Handles all new incoming traffic. Check whether new connection can be admitted to the system and
generates parameters for it.
Load Control (LC) Manages situation when system load exceeds the threshold and some counter measures have to be taken to
get system back to a feasible load.
Packet Scheduler (PS) Handles all non real time traffic, (packet data users). It decides when a packet transmission is initiated and
the bit rate to be used.
Connection Based Functions
Handover Control (HC)
Handles and makes the handover decisions. Controls the active set of Base Stations of MS.
Power Control (PC) Maintains radio link quality.
Minimize and control the power used in radio interface, thus maximizing the call capacity.
Source : Lecture Notes of S-72 .238 Wideband CDMA systems, Communications Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology
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Network Based Functions
RT / NRT : Real-time / Non-Real-time RAB : Radio Access Bearer
Source : Lecture Notes of S-72.238 Wideband CDMA systems, Communications Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology
Only new RTPreventive
State
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Connection Based Function- Power Control
Power Control
Prevent Excessive Interference and Near-farEffect
Open-Loop Power Control
Rough estimation of path loss fromreceiving signal
Initial power setting, or when nofeedback channel is exist
Fast Close-Loop Power Control
Feedback loop with 1.5kHz cycle toadjust uplink / downlink power to its
minimum Even faster than the speed of Rayleigh
fading for moderate mobile speeds
Outer Loop Power Control
Adjust the target SIR setpoint in basestation according to the target BER
Commanded by RNC
Fast Power Control
If SIR < SIRTARGET,send power up
command to MS
Outer Loop Power Control
If quality < target, increases
SIRTARGET
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Connection Based Function- Handover
Hard Handover
Soft Handover Softer Handover
For UMTS the following types of handover are specified:
1.Handover 3G -3G (i.e. between UMTS and other 3G systems)
2.FDD soft/softer handover
3.FDD inter-frequency hard handover
4.FDD/TDD handover (change of cell)
5.TDD/FDD handover (change of cell)
6.TDD/TDD handover
7.Handover 3G - 2G (e.g. handover to GSM)
8.Handover 2G - 3G (e.g. handover from GSM)
Active Set
Monitored Set (Neighbor Set )Cells, which are not included in the active set, but areincluded in the CELL_INFO_LIST
Detected SetReporting of measurements of the detected set is only applicable to intra-frequency measurements made by UEs in CELL_DCHstate
Further reading:3GPP 25.331
Only UTRA FDD mode supports soft and softer handovers. Hard
and inter-system handovers are supported in both TDD and FDDmode.
Source - Study of soft handover in UMTS Stijn N. P. Van Cauwenberge
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Downlink code usage
-512 8192Scrambling CodesPrimary Code15Secondary Codes .8192/16=512
Channelization Codes.- .-SF=4256Spreading Factor
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UE Synchronization1.Slot synchronization
S-SCHFrame synchronizationUE. . UE -64
-Scrambling code identification Primary 512"scrambling codes -64 .8
Three UE Synch Stages1.Slot synchronization
2.Frame synchronization
3.Scrambling code identification
A S i i
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UTRAN SynchronizationDifferent UTRAN synchronization required in a 3G network:
Network synchronization
Node synchronization
Transport channel synchronization
Radio interface synchronization
Time alignment handling
Synchronization Issues Model
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Mapping of UE state to 3GPP Specifications
3rd Generation Partnership Project;
Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network;
Radio Resource Management Strategies
(3G TR 25.922 version 2.0.0)
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MT CallMO Call
RRCConnection
Establishment
Radio AccessBearer
Establishment
PagingUser PlaneData Flow
Overview of WCDMA Call SetupUE modes and RRC states
In both the Cell PCH and the URA PCH state
Nouplink activity is possible. The only
difference between both states is that in the Cell
PCH state the location is known on cell level
according to the last cell update made while in
the URA PCH state the location is known only
to UTRAN Registration Area (URA8) level
according to the last URA update made in the
Cell FACH state.
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I iti l ti t t k
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Initial connection to network
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Basic Mobile Originating
Call Diagram
Further reading:3GPP TS 25.303, 25.331
http://www.umtsworld.com/technology/moc.htm
RRC i bli h (DCH)
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RRC connection establishment (DCH)
1. RRC CONNECTION REQUEST
UE RNCNode B
2. AdmissionControl
4. Start RX
9. Start TX
3. RADIO LINK SETUP REQUEST
5. RADIO LINK SETUP RESPONSE
10. RRC CONNECTION SETUP
11. L1 SYNCH
13. RRC CONNECTION SETUP COMPLETE
RRC RRC
C-NBAP C-NBAP
C-NBAP C-NBAP
ALCAP ALCAP6. ESTABLISH REQUEST
ALCAP ALCAP7. ESTABLISH CONFIRM
RRC RRC
12. RL RESTORE INDICATIOND-NBAP D-NBAP
RRC RRC
8. UPLINK & DOWNLINK SYNCFPFP
Phase - 1
Access Link Control Application PartAAL2 signalling protocol
FPFrame Protocol
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Phase 2
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Phase - 3
ISDN User Part is part of the SS7
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Phase - 4
Phase 5
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Phase - 5
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WCDMA Ai I t f
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WCDMA Air Interface UE UTRAN CN
Mapping of Transport Channels and Physical Channels
Broadcast Channel (BCH)
Forward Access Channel (FACH)
Paging Channel (PCH)
Random Access Channel (RACH)
Dedicated Channel (DCH)
Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH)
Common Packet Channel (CPCH)
Primary Common Control Physical Channel (PCCPCH)
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (SCCPCH)
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH)
Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH)
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH)
Paging Indication Channel (PICH)
CPCH Status Indication Channel (CSICH)
Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indicator
Channel (CD/CA-ICH)
Highly Differentiated Types ofChannels enable best combinationof Interference Reduction, QoSand Energy Efficiency,
WCDMA Ai I t f
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WCDMA Air Interface UE UTRAN CN
Common Channels - RACH (uplink) and FACH (downlink)
Random Access, No Scheduling
Low Setup Time
No Feedback Channel, No Fast Power Control, Use Fixed Transmission Power
Poor Link-level Performance and Higher Interference
Suitable for Short, Discontinuous Packet Data
Common Channel - CPCH (uplink)
Extension for RACH
Reservation across Multiple Frames
Can Utilize Fast Power Control, Higher Bit Rate
Suitable for Short to Medium Sized Packet Data
RACH
FACH 1 2 1 3
3P3 1P
1
CPCH1P
1
2P2
WCDMA Ai I t f
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WCDMA Air Interface UE UTRAN CN
Dedicated Channel - DCH (uplink & downlink)
Dedicated, Requires Long Channel Setup Procedure
Utilizes Fast Power Control
Better Link Performance and Smaller Interference
Suitable for Large and Continuous Blocks of Data, up to 2Mbps
Variable Bitrate in a Frame-by-Frame Basis
Shared Channel - DSCH (downlink)
Time Division Multiplexed, Fast Allocation
Utilizes Fast Power Control Better Link Performance and Smaller Interference
Suitable for Large and Bursty Data, up to 2Mbps
Variable Bitrate in a Frame-by-Frame Basis
DCH (User 1)
DCH (User 2)
DSCH 1 2 3 1 2 31
2 31 2
WCDMA Air Interface
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WCDMA Air Interface UE UTRAN CN
Summary
5 MHz Bandwidth -> High Capacity, Multipath Diversity Variable Spreading Factor -> Bandwidth on Demand
RACH
CPCH
DCH (User 1)
DCH (User 2)
DSCH
FACH 1 2 1 3
3P3 1P
1
1P1
2P2
1 2 3 1 2 31
2 31 2
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UTRAN
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UTRAN UE UTRAN CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Logical Roles of the RNC
Controlling RNC (CRNC)Responsible for the load andcongestion control of its own cells
CRNC
Node B
Node B
SRNCServing RNC (SRNC)Terminates : Iu link of user data,Radio Resource Control Signalling
Performs : L2 processing of datato/from the radio interface, RRMoperations (Handover, Outer Loop
Power Control)
Drift RNC (DRNC)
Performs : MacrodiversityCombining and splitting
Node B
Node B
DRNC
Node B
Node B
SRNC
Node B
Node B
DRNC
UE
UE
Iu
Iu
Iu
Iu
Iur
Iur
Core Network UE UTRAN CN
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Core Network UE UTRAN CN
MSC/
VLR GMSC
SGSN GGSN
HLR
Ex
ternalNetworks
Iu-cs
Core Network, Release 99
CS Domain :
Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) Switching CS transactions
Visitor Location Register (VLR) Holds a copy of the visiting users
service profile, and the precise info
of the UEs location
Gateway MSC (GMSC) The switch that connects to
external networks
PS Domain : Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)
Similar function as MSC/VLR
Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) Similar function as GMSC
Register : Home Location Register (HLR)
Stores master copies ofusers service profiles
Stores UE location on thelevel of MSC/VLR/SGSN
Iu-ps
Core Network UE UTRAN CN
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Core Network UE UTRAN CN
MSG MGW
SGSN GGSNExternalNetworks
Iu-cs
Core Network, R5
1st
Phase of the IP MultimediaSubsystem (IMS)
Enable standardized approach for IPbased service provision
Media Resource Function (MRF) Call Session Control Function (CSCF) Media Gateway Control Function (MGCF)
CS Domain :
MSC and GMSC Control Function, can control multiple
MGW, hence scalable
MSG Replaces MSC for the actual switching
and routing
PS Domain :
Very similar to R99 with someenhancements
Iu-ps
MSC GMSCIu-cs
MRF CSCF
HSS
MGCF
Services & Applications
Services & ApplicationsIMSFunction
IP
Multimedia
Subsystem
Example -QoS Requirement for Web Browsing
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Example -QoS Requirement for Web Browsing
A User Data Session
Log on
Session
begins
1st Packet Call
Inactivity timer
expired,call tear
down, resources
released
Data Transaction
inter-arrival time
Log out
Session
Ends
Data
Transactions
User Thinking Time
2nd
Packet
Call
Nth Packet Call
Inactivity timer
expired,call tear
down, resources
released
Inactivity
timer period
Call SetupCall SetupCall Setup
Inactivity
timer period
User tears
down the
call
Packets
Packet inter-
arrival time
Uplink
DownlinkUplink
Downlink DownlinkDownlink
Packet
Data
Calls
Dormant
mode
UMTS Bearer Services
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UMTS Bearer Services
TE MT UTRANCN IuEDGE
NODE
CNGateway TE
End-to-End Service
External Bearer
Service
Radio Access Bearer
Service
BackboneNetwork Service
UTRA
FDD/TDD
Service
TE/MT Local
Bearer ServiceUMTS Bearer Service
CN Bearer
Service
Radio BearerService
Iu BearerService
Physical Bearer
Service
UMTS
IP Multimedia Subsystem
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IP Multimedia Subsystem
The IMS provides the control of applications,control of sessions, and media conversion. session control services including subscription,
registration, routing and roaming
combination of several different media bearerper session
central service based charging
quality of service support
New applications Push-to-Talk over Cellular (PoC),
Presence and Instant Messaging
Voice and Video over IP.
UTRAN UE UTRAN CN
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UTRAN UE UTRAN CN
Protocol Model for UTRAN Terrestrial Interfaces
Application
Protocol
Data
Stream(s)
ALCAP(s)
Transport
Network
Layer
Physical Layer
Signaling
Bearer(s)
Transport
User
Network
Plane
Control Plane User Plane
Transport
User
Network
PlaneTransport Network
Control Plane
RadioNetwork
Layer
Signaling
Bearer(s)
Data
Bearer(s)
Derivatives :
Iur1, Iur2, Iur3, Iur4
Iub
Iu CS
Iu PS
Uu
Functions of Node B (Base Station)-Physical layer generator
Air Interface L1 Processing (Channel Coding, Interleaving, Rate Adaptation,Spreading, etc.)
Basic RRM, e.g. Inner Loop Power Control
References
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References
[3] 3GPP TS 23.009 version 5.0.0, Handover Procedures, December 2001.
[4] 3GPP TS 22.129 version 5.1.0, Service aspects; Handover Requirements between UTRAN and GERAN or other RadioSystems, December 2001.
Carl Andren A Comparison Of Frequency Hopping And Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum Modulation, A Comparison For IEEE 802.11 Applications
[2] 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Technical Specification Group RAN,Working Group 4 (TSG RAN WG4), UE Radio
transmission and reception
(FDD), 3G TS 25.103, V2.0.0, September 1999
[6] http://www.umtsworld.com/technology/UMTSChannels.htm
[10] http://www.iec.org/
IEC online tutorials, UMTS
[11] Riku Jntti Lecture material WCDMA course, University of Vaasa, Finland,spring 2003.
http://www.uwasa.fi/~riku/opetus/wcdma.htm
[ [15] 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Technical Specification Group RAN,
Working Group 2 (TSG RAN WG2), Radio Resource Control (RRC)
protocol specification, 3G TR 25.331, V3.14.0, Release 99, March 2003
[16] http://www.umtsworld.com/technology/RCC_states.htm