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WCDMA RNP Link Budget
3 November 2013
WCDMA RNP Link Budget
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Link Budget in WCDMA
The link budget is used to calculate the maxi
path loss to maintain a link between the transmi
and the receiver on a specific environment. Thucorresponding cell range can be derived from t
loss with a propagation model.
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Contents
Introduction
Parameters of Link Budget
Example of Link Budget
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Introduction
Link Budget
Forward link :
Difficult to assess: depends on the cell edge level of interference on
the location of the mobile
Reverse link:
Easy to assess
Largely used in RND / RNO
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Introduction
Interference
WCDMA is intrinsically Interference limited system
Coverage and capacity depend on the interference experimented bythe receiver
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Introduction
Interference on the Forward link
Primary source of interference: typically power broadcasted by
surrounding cells
Secondary source of Interference: other links in the same cell
serving other UE
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Introduction
Interference on the Reverse link
Primary source of interference: other UE in the same cell
Secondary source of Interference: other UE outside the
cell. These UE are not under the power control of the cell.
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Introduction
Interference reduction during RNP
critical
Need of thorough guidelines in order to:
Reduce co-channel interference
Reduce adjacent frequencies interference
own network
Network of Competitors
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Contents
Introduction
Parameters of Link Budget
Example of Link Budget
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Link Budget Parameters
Analysis Scenarios
Maximum Transmission Power of DCH
Cable Loss & Body Loss
Antenna Gain
EIRP(Equivalent isotropic Radiation Power)
Noise Figure
Required Eb/No
Sensitivity of receiver
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Link Budget Parameters
Interference margin
Margin of Background Noise
Fast Fading Margin
Minimum Required Signal Strength
Penetration Loss
slow Fading Margin
Soft Handover Gain
Propagation Model
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Analysis Scenarios
Morphology
Generally, there are 5 types of planning area:
Dense Urban
Urban
Suburban Rural Area
Highway
The type of area impacts:
Mean penetration loss
Standard deviation of slow fading
Propagation Model & the factor of path loss
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Analysis Scenarios
Morphology (Cont.)
Various planning strategies are applied according to the type of area.
It is necessary to configure following parameters:
Channel model
Sectorization
Indoor coverage
Target service (seamless coverage)
TMA and Diversity mode
Cell loading
Average antenna height
Cable loss
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Analysis Scenarios
Channel model
The channel model defines the number of signal path, relative path
loss and delay variance to abstract the wireless channel.
According to specifications of 3GPP R4(TR25.943 V4.0.0), typical
channel models are used as following:
Static: no multipath
TU3: typical urban area, pedestrian, 3km/h
TU50: typical urban area, vehicle, 50km/h
TU120: typical urban area, vehicle, 120km/h
RA120: rural area, vehicle, 120km/h
RA250: rural area, vehicle, 250km/h
HT120: high terrain, vehicle, 120km/h
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Analysis Scenarios
Channel model (Cont.)
Values of some parameters vary with the channel in the wireless
environment. The variances are acquired generally by the link
simulation.
Link performance: required EbNo in both channels
Downlink interference margin: due to the variance of orthogonal
factor in different channel environments
Fast fading margin (Power control headroom): due to different link
performance
Soft handover gain over fast fading margin: due to different linkperformance
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Analysis Scenarios
Sectorization
Three types of sectorization are commonly used:
Omni
3-sector
6-sector
The item cause changes:
Antenna gain: the antenna type is different with the sectorization.
Cell loading: the area of cell coverage and thus soft handover
overhead vary with sectorization.
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Analysis Scenarios
Bearer Type
This is the bit rate that the user service requires.
Generally in UMTS the following options are supported:
4.75 kb/s
5.15 kb/s 5.9 kb/s
6.7 kb/s
The requirements of EbNo are different with bearers or services.
7.4 kb/s
7.95 kb/s
10.2 kb/s
12.2 kb/s
(AMR Voice Codec)
64 kb/s LCD&UDD
144 kb/s LCD&UDD
384 kb/s LCD&UDD
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Analysis Scenarios
Diversity mode
The diversity in Node B
Uplink receive diversity
two-antenna
four-antenna Downlink transmit diversity
None
STTD (Space Time Transmit Diversity)
Closedloop-Mode1
Closedloop-mode2
The link performance, required EbNo, is improved by the diversity.
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Analysis Scenarios
Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA)
TMA will boost signal strength to overcome the effect of noise in
the first amplifier on the receiver.
It can be very useful when the feeder loss is so large.
The noise figure of the receiver will be improved if TMA is used.
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Analysis Scenarios
Indoor coverage
Whether indoor coverage is available depends on the intention of
the operator.
The penetration loss and the standard deviation of slow fading are
subject to the requirement for indoor coverage.
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Maximum Transmission Power of TCH
Uplink TX Power
For a UE, the maximum transmission power of DCH is the same as
its nominal maximum output power.
The UE is assumed to transmit the maximum power in the link
budget. According to 3GPP TS 25.101 V3.7.0, four classes ofoutput power are specified for UE:
Power Class Nominal maximum
output power
Tolerance
1 +33 dBm +1/-3 dB
2 +27 dBm +1/-3 dB
3 +24 dBm +1/-3 dB
4 +21 dBm 2 dB
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Maximum Transmission Power of TCH
Downlink TX Power
The maximum transmission power for a TCH in the downlink is
determined by the RNC and varies with the service.
In the link budget, it can be configured according to the service
type, capacity requirement and concern of link balance.
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Cable Loss
The cable between the cabinet and the antenna or TMA often
introduces loss of signal power.
The cable loss impacts:
Noise Figure of the receiver in the uplink
EIRP in the downlink
For the 7/8 cable, the loss is about to be 6dB per hundred- meterlength in 2G frequency band. Besides, the loss of jumper andconnector should be included.
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Body Loss
Introduces the effect of the human being handling theterminal in the link budget.
And depends on the operational conditions.
Typical values are about 3dB for voice service and 0dB for
data service.
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Antenna Gain
Accounts for the gain at the antennas of the mobile terminaland Base Station
Typical values for the Mobile station are 0dBi .
Base station antennas gains are dependant on
configuration.
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EIRP
Equivalent Isotropic Radiation Power (EIRP) is defined asfollows in Link Budget:
)()()(
)()(
dBnnaGainOfAntedBBodyLossdBCableLoss
dBmowerOfDCHnsmissionPMaximumTradBmEIRP
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Noise Figure
UE
Typical value for UE receiver is 7dB
BS
Define the cable connector of the antenna as the reference point for
NF calculation to accommodate the cases of with and without TMA
In the case of without TMA and 3 dB for cable loss, according tothe following diagram and the formula of NF calculation,
the noise figure can be calculated as follows:
Cable NodeB
NF
Gain
XdB NF at this port:2.72 dB
-XdB
72.5)10
11010lg(10
13.0
272.03.0
Cable
CabinetTopCable
G
NFNFNF
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Noise Figure
BS (Cont.)
In the case of with TMA and 3dB for cable loss,
similarly the noise figure can be calculated as follows:
Cable NodeB
NF
Gain
XdB
-XdB
TMAJumper
before TMA
2.0dB
12dB
0.5dB
-0.5dB
NF at this port is Channel Gainrelated, See Table Below
CableTMAJumper
CabinetTop
TMAJumper
Cable
Jumper
TMAJumper
GGG
NF
GG
NF
G
NFNFNF
1
11
Note: the NFCabinetTop is a variable parameter because of gain adjustment
to compensate gain variance and maintain a constant RF channel gain.
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Required EbNo
Needed by the user service to maintain the link withacceptable quality.
Output from Link-level Simulation according to the following
factors: Channel type
Mobile speed
QoS
Receiver implementation
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Sensitivity of the Receiver
Minimum signal power on the cable connector of antenna needed
by the receiver to demodulate signal with specific BER or BLERtarget.
In the Link Budget, the sensitivity of receiver is determined by
performance of BS or UE itself and required Eb/No.
Diversity, service and channel-related impacts on the sensitivity of
receiver are included in the relevant required Eb/No
)(log)(log
)/(log)(log
10010
10010
bb
bb
RNENFKT
RWNENFKTWS
K: Koltzmann constantT: temperatures in degrees Kelvin
W: receiver bandwidth
NF: Noise Figure of the receiver on the cable connector of antenna
EbNo: required demodulation threshold
Rb: bit rate of service
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Sensitivity of the Receiver
Note that the concept of sensitivity of the receiver is
different from that defined in the specification of 3GPPTS25.104 V3.7.0 in the following aspects:
Reference point: it is the cable connector of the antenna whether a
TMA is available in the link budget; comparatively in the protocol
it is defined as where the figure indicates:
Diversity mode: it is assumed a receiver with available diversity in
the link budget; but none for the requirements in the protocol.
Channel model: only static channel is assumed in the specification
requirements.
BS
cabinet
Test ort A Test ort B
External
diplexer
or
RX filter
(if any)
External
LNA
(if any)
From
antenna connector
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Uplink Loading
The loading factor can be defined as:
Where Rjis the bit rate of the j-th link in the cell
jis the user activity factor
i is the other to own cell interference ratio
EbN0is the target for the j-th link in the cell
W is the chip rate
N
j
jjjb
UL
vR
W
NE
i1
0
1
)/(
11
11
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Uplink Interference Margin
The uplink interference margin should be equal to themaximum planned noise rise in BS receiver:
UL
UL NoiseRiseIM
1
1
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Downlink Interference Margin
The downlink interference margin should be equal to the
planned maximum noise rise in the receiver of UE on cell
edge. For a user j on cell edge:
DL
N
n j
n
n
nbn
Nj
CCH
jj
N
jTXBSjj
N
OCSCN
N
Totalj
CL
CL
RW
NEv
PCL
P
i
P
CLPi
P
IIPP
jINoiseRise
1
]/
)/([
)(1
/)(
1
)(
1
0
_
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Downlink Interference Margin
Where jis the orthogonality factor in the downlink
Rjis the bit rate of the j-th link in the cell
jis the user activity factor
ijis the other to own cell interference ratio
Eb/N0is the target for the j-th link in the cellW is the chip rate
PCCH is the common channel power transmitted by the BS
PN is the noise floor of UE
CLj is the coupling loss, which is the loss between the antenna
connectors of BS cabinet and UE receiver for j-th link
CableLossennaeGainsOfAntnLossPenetratioBodyLossPathLossCL
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Downlink Interference Margin
CLSIRNCL
RW
NEvENCL
RW
NEv n
n
nbnn
N
n n
nbn
]}
/
)/({]
/
)/([ 0
1
0
)()]}1(/
)/({[
)]1(/
)/([)1(
1
)/(
11
1
0
1
0
1
0
iSIRNiRW
NEvEN
iRW
NEvi
vR
W
NE
jj
j
jb
n
N
jjj
j
jb
n
N
jjj
jjjb
DL
Assuming there are enough users in the cell and demodulationperformance is irrelevant to location, such approximation can be
supposed:
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Downlink Interference Margin
So the downlink interference margin can be written as:
)/(1
)(1
1
]/
)/([
)(1
}
1
]/
)/([
)(1{
1
0
1
0
j
DL
N
jCCH
DL
jj
DL
N
n j
n
n
nbn
Nj
CCH
jj
DL
N
n j
n
n
nbn
Nj
CCH
jj
jDL
CLCL
iPCLPi
CL
CL
RW
NEv
PCL
P
i
CL
CL
RW
NEv
PCL
P
iE
NoiseRiseIM
Note: mean values without subscript j refer to averaging over all users in the cell;
mean values with subscript j refer to averaging over users on the cell edge.
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Interference Margin (IM) vs. Load Factor
An example of downlink interference margin vs. downlink
loading with balanced links is depicted as:
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Interference Margin vs. Load Factor
It indicates a nonlinear relationship between downlinkinterference margin and load factor.
While downlink load factor approaches unit, the system
reaches its pole capacity and the noise rise over thermal
goes to infinity.Because of common channel power, the noise rise over
thermal is a non-zero value while no user accesses to the
cell. It is different from that of uplink.
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Total Transmission Power vs. Load Factor
In the downlink, it is important to estimate the total amountof BS transmission power required.
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Total Transmission Power vs. Load Factor
Starting from the same point where load factor is zero,
power requirements reach the maximum limited by thepower amplifier in different rates, and with different
downlink loading.
And the figure also presents that the larger the cell range,the faster the increase rate and the less load factor while
hitting the limit.
It means that for a large cell, the BS should allocate more
power for compensating path loss instead of more links
than the BS of a small cell does.
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Optimal Design with PA and Capacity
Generally, the larger maximum transmission power , the
more available capacity. But regarding the issue of cost-performance ratio, there is a optimal design with capacity
and maximum transmission power, which determines the
cost of the power amplifier, the most valuable component of
BS hardware.
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Another Definition of DL Load & IM
Due to the limit of transmission power in downlink, theloading can be estimated by:
Accordingly, the interference margin in downlink is:
MAX
jDCH
MAX
CCH
MAX
TXBS
DL
P
jP
P
P
P
P
)(
_
jN
DLMAXjj
jN
DLMAX
jj
jDL
CLP
Pi
CLP
P
iE
NoiseRiseIM
)(1
])(1[
Note that mean values of j, ijand CLjare caculated by
averaging over users on the cell edge.
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Another Definition of DL Load & IM
With givenj, ij, CLj and maximum transmission power, theinterference margin changes linearly with the load in the DL.
Due to an intuitive linear relationship, together with the
concern of the link between transmission power and
capacity in the downlink, this definition of DL load andinterference margin is applied in the link budget.
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Margin of Background Noise
Accounts for the environmental noise above the thermal noise ofthe receiver.
The background noise is introduced by other systems, human
beings and so on.
A non-zero margin of background noise means:
Reduced cell range of the network
Reduced capacity of the network
)())()(()( dBmXdBmYdBmXdBMGN
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Fast Fading Margin
In the link budget, the required EbNo is estimated by the
link-level simulation with the assumption of perfect powercontrol.
The assumption will be invalid If a terminal transmits with
maximum power on the cell edge and subsequently suffers
from fast fading. It is because the terminal cannot respond
to the power increase command issued by power controlalgorithm from RNC.
The fast fading margin, or PC headroom, is included to
account for the additional headroom needed in the mobile
station transmission power to maintain adequate power.Consequently, fast fading margin can be calculated as:
perfectPCEbNonoPCEbNoheadroomPC ___
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Penetration Loss
If indoor coverage is guaranteed, penetration loss should
be included in the link budget.Angles of incidence, building structures and material are
among the factors determining penetration loss.
It is assumed that penetration loss is log-normal distributed
and described with standard deviation and mean value. In the link budget, the standard deviation of penetration
loss combine with that of path loss to calculate the standard
deviation of indoor loss according to the following formula:
nLossPenetratio2
PathLoss2
TOT
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Slow Fading Margin
If the Transmitter cannot increase its output power andcompensate the path loss to ensure minimum required
signal strength on the Receiver, the link will be failed and
outage occurs.
In order to ensure the coverage probability, or keep a
certain link outage probability, the Slow Fading Margin
must be considered.
Slow Fading Margin is relative to the coverage probability,
slop of path loss and Std Dev of slow fading.
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Slow Fading Margin
The outage probability is:
It is obvious that when a UE is located on the cell edge, it isof most possibility for a outage to occurs.
)}(Pr{})(Pr{
})(Pr{
})(Pr{
})(Pr{)(Pr_
minmax_
minmax_
minmax_
dd
dPLSP
SdPLP
SdPLPdoutage
UE
UE
UE
Where , it represents the difference
between maximum permitted path loss and average path loss at a location
with the distance of r.
)()()( maxminmax_ rPLPLrPLSPr UE
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Slow Fading Margin
With given standard variation of slow fading and maximum
outage probability on the cell edge, the cell range can bededuced by following diagram:
slow fading margin and reserved in the calculation of path
loss to ensure the coverage reliability.
More common than outage probability, minimum edge
coverage probability or area coverage probability are used
in the target of network planning.
RRPLRoutage R )()(Pr_1 2 3
1 )]([Pr_Q-1
RoutageR
2 )()( minmax_ RSPLRPL UE
3Reverse path loss function specified by Propagation Model
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Slow Fading Margin
Considering the following expression:
It is assumed Smin is unrelated to the location. It is true for the uplink.
Because the interference margin in the downlink is subject to thelocation, the assumption is somewhat invalid.
But for the purpose of simplification, the slow fading margin in
both directions are supposed to be the same.
)()()( maxminmax_ rPLPLrPLSPr UE
S f G i
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Soft Handover Gain
Soft handover gain accounts for the diversity gain achievedduring soft handover conditions .
In link Budget, we divide it into two parts as follows:
SHO gain over fast fading (Macro Diversity Combining Gain) Reduce the requirement for EbNo on the cell edge
Estimated in different circumstances by the link-level simulation
S f H d G i
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Soft Handover Gain
SHO gain over slow fading (Multicell Gain)
More uncorrelated paths available to reduce the outage probability The outage probability on the cell edge in SHO area is estimated by:
The gain can be resulted from:
db
aQeR
SHOR
OutageSHO
2_ )]([2
1)(Pr
2
SHORSingleRG __
P i M d l
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Propagation Model
With the path loss calculated in the link budget, the cellrange for the specific analysis scenario can be figured out
by using propagation model
COST231-Hata, Asset standard macrocell,
COST231-Hata model:
P ti M d l
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Propagation Model
Asset Standard Macro model is specified as following:
C t t
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Contents
Introduction
Parameters of Link Budget
Example of Link Budget
S i f Li k B d t
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Scenario of Link Budget
Receiver Sensitivity
PDCH_Max Minimum Required Signal Strength
EiRP
PUE_Max
Slow Fading Margin
Penetration Loss
TX RX
Duplexer
Antenna
UE
PL_DL
PL_UL
Body Loss
Interference Margin
Fast Fading Margin
Margin for Background
Noise
TX RX
Duplexer
Cable
Antenna
Node B
Interference Margin
Fast Fading Margin
Margin for Background
Noise
Soft Handover
Area
SHO Gain
U li k B d t
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Uplink Budget
PL_UL: maximum Path Loss in uplink
Pout_UE: maximum transmission power for traffic channel of UE
Lc_BS: cable loss in BS
Lf_BS: feeder loss in BS
Ga_BS: antenna gain in BS
Ga_UE: antenna gain in UE
Mf: margin of fast fading (TPC headroom)
G_Mf: SHO gain over fast fading
Ms: margin of slow fading (slow fading)
G_Ms: SHO gain over slow fading
MI_UL: margin of interference in uplink
MBn: margin of background noise
Lp: mean value of penetration loss
Lb: body loss
S_BS: sensitivity of BS receiver
BSSLbLpMBnULMIMsGMsMfGMf
BSLfBSLcUEGaBSGaUEPoutULPL
____
______
D li k B d t
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Downlink Budget
PL_DL: maximum Path Loss in downlink
Pout_BS: maximum transmission power for traffic channel of BS
Lc_BS: cable loss in BS
Lf_BS: feeder loss in BS
Ga_BS: antenna gain in BS
Ga_UE: antenna gain in UE
Mf: margin of fast fading (TPC headroom)
G_Mf: SHO gain over fast fading
Ms: margin of slow fading (slow fading)
G_Ms: SHO gain over slow fading
MI_DL: margin of interference
MBn: margin of background noise
Lp: mean value of penetration loss
Lb: body loss
S_UE: sensitivity of UE receiver
UESLbLpMBnDLMIMsGMsMfGMf
UEGaBSGaBSLfBSLcBSPoutDLPL
____
______
E l f Li k B d t
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Example of Link Budget
E ample of Link B dget
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Example of Link Budget
Example of Link Budget
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Example of Link Budget
Cell Coverage Calculation
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Cell Coverage Calculation
The coverage area for one site is a hexagonal configuration,which is estimated from
2^*RKSS: coverage area
K: constant accounting for sector configurationr: maximum cell range
Site configurati Omni 2-sectored 3-sectored 6-sectored
Value of K 2.6 1.3 1.95 2.6
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