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C!"A #A$%undamental
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&'(ectives
)pon completion o* this course, you will 'e a'le to+
now the development o* -
&utline the advantage o* C!"A
Characteri/e code seuence
&utline the *undamentals o* #A$
!escri'e *eature o* wireless propagation
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Contents
1. - &verview
2. C!"A rinciple
-. C!"A %undamental
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Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. C!"A rinciple
-. C!"A %undamental
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!i3erent 4ervice, !i3erent Technology
AMPS
TACS
NMT
Others
1 150sAnalog
GSM
CDMAIS-95
TDMAIS-136
PDC
2 1550s!igital
Technoloies!rive
-7"T82000
"MTS
#CDMA
c!$%&'''
De$%n!s!rive
TD-
SCDMA
3G provides co$(ositive services for both operators and subscribers
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- 9volution
roposal o* - 7"T82000+ the general name o* third generation mo'ile
communication system
The third generation mo'ile communication was :rstproposed in 15;, and was renamed as 7"T82000 in
the year o* 1556
Commerciali/ation+ around the year o* 2000
or< 'and + around 2000"H/
The highest service rate +up to 2000'ps
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- 4pectrum Allocation
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=ands C!"A )sed
"ain 'ands 1520 > 150"H/ ? 2110 > 21@0"H/
4upplementary 'ands+ di3erent country may'e di3erent
1;0 > 1510 "H/ ? 15-0 "H/ > 1550 "H/ )4AB
1@10 > 1@;"H/ ? 10; > 10"H/ apanB 50 > 51;"H/ ? 5-; > 560"H/ AustraliaB
%reuency channel num'er= central *reuencyD;, *ormain 'and+
)L *reuency channel num'er : 5612~ 5 !L *reuency channel num'er + 10;62~ 10-
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- Application 4ervice
Ti$e Del%)
*+,
%cro/n!
convers%tion%l
stre%$in
inter%ctive
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The Core technology o* -+ C!"A
CDMA
#CDMAC$+ 'ased on "A and #4
#TT+ C!"A 8 %!!?T!!
TD-SCDMAC$+ 'ased on "A
#TT+ T!84C!"A
c!$%&'''C$+ 'ased on A$47 E1 and
"7#TT+ cdma2000
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C!"A rotocol Fersion 9volution
3GPP ,el993GPP ,el0
3GPP ,el5
&''' &''1 &''&
4"?#4 C$
C!"A #TT
7"4
H4!A 3GPP ,el6
"="4
H4)A
&''5
C4 domain change to$$
C!"A #TT
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C!"A 4ystem Architecture
,NS
,NC
,NS
,NC
Core Networ
No!e * No!e * No!e * No!e *
I/-CS I/-PS
I/r
I/ I/I/ I/
CN
"T,AN
"+"/
CS PS
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rotocol "ode *or )T#A$ Terrestrial7nter*ace
The structure is 'ased on the principle that the layers andplanes are logically independent o* each other.
Application
Protocol
Data
Stream(s)
ALCAP(s)
ransport
!et"or#
La$er
P%$sical La$er
Signalling
&earer(s)
Control Plane 'ser Plane
ransport !et"or#
'ser Plane
ransport !et"or#
Control Plane
aio
!et"or#
La$er
Signalling
&earer(s)
Data
&earer(s)
ransport !et"or#
'ser Plane
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Contents
1. - &verview
&. CDMA Princi(le
-. C!"A %undamental
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"ultiple Access and !upleG Technology "ultiple Access Technology
%reuency division multiple access %!"AB
Time division multiple access T!"AB
Code division multiple access C!"AB
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"ultiple Access Technology
f r e q u e n
c y
t i m e
power
FDMA
f r e q u
e n c yt i m e
power
TDMA
power
t i m e
CDMA
f r e q u e n c y
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"ultiple Access and !upleG Technology
!upleG Technology %reuency division dupleG %!!B
Time division dupleG T!!B
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!upleG Technology
Time
Frequency
Power
DD
U!" #
U!" $
D%
U%
D%
D%
U%
+DD
Time
Frequency
Power
U% D%
U!" #
U!" $
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Contents
1. - &verview
2. C!"A rinciple
3. #CDMA /n!%$ent%l
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rocessing rocedure o* C!"A4ystem
So/rceCo!in
Ch%nnel
Co!in
S(re%!in Mo!/l%tion
So/rceDeco!in
Ch%nnelDeco!in
Des(re%!in
De$o!/l%tion
Tr%ns$ission
,ece(tion
chi( $o!/l%te!sin%l
it s)$ol
Service
Sin%l
,%!ioCh%nnel
Service
Sin%l
Transmitter
"eceiver
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rocess ain
rocess ain
rocess gain di3ers *or each service.
7* the service 'it rate is greater, the process gain is
smaller, )9 needs more power *or this service, then the
coverage o* this service will 'e smaller, vice versa.
)ratebit
ratechiplog( 10Gainocess Pr =
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C!"A 4ource Coding
A"# Adaptive "ulti8#ateB 4peech A integrated speech codec with
source rates.
The A"# 'it rates can 'e controlled 'y
the #A$ depending on the system load
and uality o* the speech connections.
Fideo hone 4ervice
H.324 is used *or F 4ervice in C4
domain. 7ncludes+ video codec, speech codec,
data protocols, multipleGing and etc.
COD+C *it ,%te
2(s
AM,41&.&
'
1&.& 2GSM
+,
AM,41'.&
'
1'.&
AM,4.95 .95
AM,4.0' .0 2TDMA
+,
AM,46.' 6. 2PDC +,
AM,45.9' 5.9AM,45.15 5.15
AM,40.5 0.5
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C!"A Channel Coding
93ect 9nhance the correlation among sym'ols so as to recover the signal
when inter*erence occurs
rovides 'etter error correction at receiver, 'ut 'rings increment o*
the delay
Types
$o Coding
Convolutional Coding 1?2, 1?-B
Tur'o Coding 1?-B
Code &'oc(
of ) &its
)o Codin*
$+# Convo'utiona'Codin*
$+3 Convo'utiona'
Codin*
$+3 Turbo Codin*
Uncoded ) bits
Coded #),$- bits
Coded 3),#. bits
Coded 3),$# bits
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C!"A 7nterleaving
93ect 7nterleaving is used to reduce the pro'a'ility o* consecutive 'its error
Longer interleaving periods have 'etter data protection with more delay
1110
1.........
............
...000
0100
/ / $ / / / / 0 0 0 $ / $ $ $
1110
1.........
............
...000
0010
/ / 1 / $ / 1 $ / / 1 $ / 1 $ $2nterco'umnpermutation
4utput bits
2nput bits
2nter'eavin* periods5
$/6 #/6 ./6 or 7/ ms
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Correlation
Correlation measures similarity 'etween any two ar'itrarysignals.
7dentical and &rthogonal signals+
Corre'ation 8 /
4rtho*ona' si*na's
$ $ $ $
⊗$ $ $ $
$ $ $ $
,$
$
,$
$
,$
$
,$
$
Corre'ation 8 $2dentica' si*na's
$ $ $ $
⊗
$ $ $ $
$ $ $ $
C 1
C#
,$
,$
C$
C#
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&rthogonal Code )sage 8 Coding
UE1: + 1 -1
"+& - 1 1
C1 : -1 + 1 - 1 + 1 - 1 + 1
- 1 + 1
C& 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
UE1×c1 -1 + 1 - 1 + 1 + 1 - 1
+ 1 - 1
"+&7c& - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 1 1
1 1
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&rthogonal Code )sage 8!ecoding
UE1×C1+ UE2×C2: - 2 0 - 2 0 + 2
0 + 2 0
UE1 Dispreading by c1: - 1 + 1 - 1 + 1 - 1 + 1
- 1 + 1
Dispreading result: + 2 0 + 2 0 - 2
0 - 2 0
Integral judgment:+
4 (means+
1)-
4(means- 1)
"+& Dis(re%!in ) c& 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
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4pectrum Analysis o* 4preading !ispreading
preadin* code
preadin* code
i*na'
Combination
)arrowband si*na'
f
P9f:
&roadband si*na'
P9f:
f
)oise ; 4ther i*na'
P9f:
f
)oise,&roadband si*na'
P9f:
f
"ecovered si*na'
P9f:
f
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4pectrum Analysis o* 4preading !ispreading
M% %llowe!inter:erence
+;No,e</ire$ent
Power
M% inter:erencec%/se! ) "+
Processin G%in
+it
Inter:erence:ro$ other "+
+chi(
9' ? $o I 9c ? 7o D
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4preading Technology
4preading consists o* 2 steps Channeli/ation operation, which trans*orms data sym'ols into chips
4cram'ling operation is applied to the spreading signal
Data bit
4<F
code
cramb'in*
code
Chips after
spreadin*
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C!"A Channeli/ation Code
&F4% Code &rthogonal Faria'le 4preading %actorB is usedas channeli/ation code
F 8 7F 8 $ F 8 # F 8 .
Cc%,1,0 - (1)
Cc%,2,0 - (1,1)
Cc%,2,1 - (1, .1)
Cc%,4,0 - (1,1,1,1)
Cc%,4,1 - (1,1,.1,.1)
Cc%,4,2 - (1,.1,1,.1)
Cc%,4,3 - (1,.1,.1,1)
Cc%,8,0 - (1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1)
Cc%,8,1 - (1,1,1,1,.1,.1,.1,.1)
Cc%,8,2 - (1,1,.1,.1,1,1,.1,.1)
Cc%,8,3 - (1,1,.1,.1,.1,.1,1,1)
Cc%,8,4 - (1,.1,1,.1,1,.1,1,.1)
Cc%,8,5 - (1,.1,1,.1,.1,1,.1,1)
Cc%,8,* - (1,.1,.1,1,1,.1,.1,1)
Cc%,8,7 - (1,.1,.1,1,.1,1,1,.1)
11
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C!"A Channeli/ation Code
4% I chip rate ? sym'ol rate High data rates J low 4% code
Low data rates J high 4% code
,%!io e%rer S ,%!io e%rer SS(eech 0.5 "= 1&
>
S(eech 0.5 D= &56
S(eech 1&.& "= 60 S(eech 1&.& D= 1&>
D%t% 60 (s "= 16 D%t% 60 (s D= 3&
D%t% 1&> (s "= > D%t% 1&> (s D= 16
D%t% 100 (s "= > D%t% 100 (s D= 16
D%t% 3>0 (s "= 0 D%t% 3>0 (s D= >
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urpose o* Channeli/ation Code
Channeli/ation code is used to distinguish di3erentphysical channels o* one transmitter
%or downlin<, channeli/ation code &F4% code B is used
to separate di3erent physical channels o* one cell
%or uplin<, channeli/ation code &F4% code B is used to
separate di3erent physical channels o* one )9
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urpose o* 4cram'ling Code
4cram'ling code is used to distinguish di3erenttransmitters
%or downlin<, 4cram'ling code is used to separate
di3erent cells
%or uplin<, scram'ling code is used to separate
di3erent )9
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4cram'ling Code
4cram'ling code+ &L! seuence. There are 22E long uplin< scram'ling codes which are used
*or scram'ling o* the uplin< !CCH?!!CH. )plin<
scram'ling codes are assigned 'y higher layers.
%or downlin< physical channels, 152 scram'ling codes
are used.
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!ownlin< 4cram'ling Code
A (ri$%r) scr%$lin co!e %n! 15 secon!%r) scr%$lin co!es %re
incl/!e! in % set.
Scr%$lin
co!es :or
!ownlin
(h)sic%l
ch%nnels
Set '
Set 1
?
Set 511
Pri$%r)scr%$lin
co!e '
??
Secon!%r)scr%$lin co!e
1
Secon!%r)scr%$lin co!e
15Pri$%r)
scr%$linco!e 511@16
??
Secon!%r)scr%$lin
co!e511@1615
>19&scr%$lin
co!es51& sets
? ?
? ?
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rimary 4cram'ling Code roup
Pri$%r)scr%$linco!es :or!ownlin
(h)sic%lch%nnels
Gro/( '
?
Pri$%r)scr%$lin
co!e '
??
Pri$%r)scr%$linco!e >@63
??
Pri$%r)scr%$lin
co!e >@63 51&(ri$%r)
scr%$linco!es
? ? ?
?
Gro/( 1
Gro/(63
Pri$%r)scr%$lin
co!e 1
Pri$%r)scr%$lin
co!e >
60 (ri$%r)scr%$lin
co!e ro/(s
+%ch ro/( consists o:> (ri$%r) scr%$lin
co!es
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Code "ultipleGing
!ownlin< Transmission on a Cell Level
cramb'in* codecramb'in* code
Channe'i=ation code $Channe'i=ation code $
Channe'i=ation code #Channe'i=ation code #
Channe'i=ation code 3Channe'i=ation code 3
User $ si*na'
User # si*na'
User 3 si*na'
)ode&
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Code "ultipleGing
)plin< Transmission on a Cell Level
)ode&
cramb'in* code 3
User 3 si*na'
Channe'i=ation code
cramb'in* code #
User # si*na'
Channe'i=ation code
cramb'in* code $
User $ si*na'
Channe'i=ation code
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"odulation &verview
$ // $
time
&asic steady radio
wave5
carrier 8 A0cos9# Ft, :
Amp'itude hift
>eyin*5
A0cos9# Ft, :
Frequency hift
>eyin*5
A0cos9# Ft, :
Phase hift >eyin*5
A0cos9#
Ft, :
Data to be transmitted5
Di*ita' 2nput
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"odulation &verview
!igital "odulation 8 =4
$
t
$ $/
$
t$
)"? codin*
f o
&P>
Modu'ated
&P>si*na'
Carrier
2nformationsi*na'
8/ 8 8/
$ $/# 3 . @7B -
$ $/# 3 . @7B -
Di*ita' 2nput
i*h Frequency
Carrier
&P> aveform
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"odulation &verview
!igital "odulation 8 K4
$ $
$ $/# 3 . @7B -
$ $/# 3 . @7B -
)"? 2nput
2 di&it tream
E di&it tream
2
Component
E
Component
EP> aveform
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
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"odulation &verview
)"?codin*
@/o
)"?codin*
EP>
E9t:
29t:
f o
A
A Acos9ωot:
Acos9ωot , +#:
$ $ +.
$ $ +.
$ $ 3
+.
$ $ B
+.
)cos(2: φ ω +o AQPSK
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!emodulation
K4 Constellation !iagram
$ $/# 3 . @7B -
EP> aveform
$6$
$6$
$6$
$6$
$ $$ $ $ $$$$ $
$6$
)"? 4utput
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C!"A "odulation
!i3erent modulation methods corresponding todi3erent transmitting a'ilities in air inter*ace
/SDPA aopt 1*A994 aopt PS
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ireless ropagation
"eceived
i*na'
Transmittedi*na'
Transmission %oss5
Path %oss , Mu'tipath Fadin*
Time
Amp'itude
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ropagation o* #adio 4ignali*na' at Transmitter
i*na' at "eceiver
8E0
8-;
8-0
82;
82081;
810
8;
d =
0
0 d = m
82081;
810
8;
;
10
1;
2
0
Fadin*
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%ading Categories
%ading Categories 4low %ading
%ast %ading
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!iversity Techniue
!iversity techniue is used to o'tain uncorrelatedsignals *or com'ining
#educe the e3ects o* *ading
%ast *ading caused 'y multi8path
4low *ading caused 'y shadowing
7mprove the relia'ility o* communication
7ncrease the coverage and capacity
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!iversity
Time diversity
Channel coding, =loc< interleaving
%reuency diversity
The user signal is distri'uted on the whole 'andwidth *reuency
spectrum
4pace diversity
#eceive space diversity
Transmit space diversity
olari/ation diversity
Fertical polari/ation
Hori/ontal polari/ation
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rinciple o* #A9 #eceiver
"eceive set
Corre'ator $
Corre'ator #
Corre'ator 3
earcher
corre'ator
Ca'cu'ate the
time de'ay and
si*na' stren*th
Combiner The
combined
si*na'
tt
s9t: s9t:
"A>! receiver he'p to overcome on the mu'tipath fadin* and enhance the receive
performance of the system
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4ummary
7n this course, we have discussed 'asic concepts o*C!"A+
4preading ? !espreading principle
)T#A$ Foice Coding
)T#A$ Channel Coding
)T#A$ 4preading Code
)T#A$ 4cram'ling Code
)T#A$ "odulation )T#A$ Transmission?#eceiving
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%an# $o"""6%a"ei6com