Revolutions of Industrialization1750 - 1914Ways of the WorldChapter 17

Industrial Revolution:Breaking from the Past• Created new patterns of living• Industrialization leads to urbanization!• Lack of services in growing cities• Tenements• Unsanitary & often unsafe living conditions

• Created new classes of people in society• Created new patterns of consumption & new

consumers

Industrial Revolution:Breaking from the Past• Created new patterns of work• Life governed by the clock, not the sun & seasons• Working for wages & other people• Workers viewed as pieces of the machine• Repetitive & menial work vs. agrarian labor• Doing one step in the manufacturing process over all

day vs. performing all steps of the process• Eroded pride of work & self efficacy

• Child labor for the profit of others & supervised by strangers rather than all in the family

Industrial Revolution:Breaking from the Past• Exponentially increased the amount of goods &

services because of an increase in state’s ability to produce wealth

• Derived from the Scientific Revolution’s culture of innovation & the Enlightenment belief that all things can be endlessly improved

Industrial Revolution:Continuing Earlier Patterns• Social inequality persisted, even deepened• Large landowners will become the major stake holders of

industrialization• Factory owners• Railroad owners• Shipping company owners• Oil, coal, iron ore operation owners

• Existing ties between different parts of the world were strengthened

• Western desire/need for colonies intensified as the need for raw materials & markets grew

• European domination of the world that began with control & colonization of the Americans deepened

European Roots of Industrialization• Europe’s small & highly competitive states fueled

innovation, discovery, advancement• European monarchs need for revenue led to an

unusual alliance w/ merchant classes• Merchant freedom from state control• Higher social status for merchants than in established

civilizations

Global Roots of Industrialization• Europe increasingly became the hub of global

commerce & societal interaction after 1500• Conquest of the Americas allowed European

states disproportionate access to the raw materials needed to fuel industrial production, as well as markets for manufactured goods

Industrial Revolution:Breakthrough in Britain• Britain was the most highly commercialized of the

major European powers• Large, rich, & growing colonial empire• Rapidly growing population led to a ready supply

of laborers who had few alternatives• British monarchs had long been interested &

involved in commerce• Royal Navy offered protection to British worldwide

commercial interests

Industrial Revolution:Breakthrough in Britain• Uniqueness of British Political life• Religious tolerance allowed anyone with marketable skills

to thrive• Tariffs were favorable to British businesses• Laws made it easy to form companies• Laws forbade the formation of labor unions• Investment in infrastructure• Patent laws protected innovation

Industrial Revolution:Breakthrough in Britain• Encouragement of Innovation• Focus on precise measurements & experimentation with

the intent of producing mechanical devices with practical commercial applicaiton

• Natural resources & geography• Ready supply of coal & iron ore• Easily accessible for major industrial centers• Navigable rivers• It’s an island!• Many port cities• No great distances between resources & cities• Safe from invasion

Industrial & Scientific Revolutions Transform Europe• Encouraged & developed the technological

innovation leading to factory production• Harnessing water power & fossil fuels• Application of developed technology to

commercial production (ex. Steam engine)• Industrialization provided the capital &

entrepreneurial spirit to further scientific research • Develop new & improved production technology• Develop new & improved transportation technology• Develop new & improved communication technology• Develop new products

Industrial & French Revolutions Transform Europe• Napoleon’s wars helped the British economy

• Continental System fostered increased demand for British goods in Europe & opened new markets overseas

• Ideas of citizens belonging to a nation & popular sovereignty led to highly competitive European states• Productivity & industrial capacity• Colonial possessions (access to raw materials & markets)

• Growing importance of scientific development & merit based success created a new modern mindset about what was valued in society

• Increased productivity, new patters of work, consumption, & living led to the creation of a modern consumer economy in Europe

Industrial Revolution & Karl Marx• Marx viewed the Industrial Revolution as a story of class

struggle• The oppressor (bourgeoisie), the owners of industrial capital• The oppressed (proletariat), the industrial working class

• He saw its promise as the next phase of human history• Made humans far more productive, bringing an end to poverty in sight

• Capitalist societies would never be able to eliminate poverty• Private property, competition, & class hostility prevent the distribution

of industrial abundance to the workers who create it

• Predicted an end to capitalism via a working-class revolution that would lead to a communist future when industrial technology would be used to benefit all members of society

Marx’s Impact on the 19th Century World• Radical unionists & middle class intellectuals

echoed Marx’s thoughts in the late 19th century• Working class movements were radicalized in

Germany • British & American labor movements were more

moderate• Britain: creation of the Labour Party in the 1890s

advocating workplace reform and a peaceful transition to socialism• United States: formation of the Populist Party in the 1890s

& the Progressive Party in the early 20th century

• Greatest impact would be felt in Russia in the early 20th century• Revolution in 1905• Bolshevik Revolution in 1917

Latin America & the Global Economy• Exported food products & raw materials to

industrializing nations, thus increasing exports tenfold

• Imported textiles, machinery, tools, weapons, & luxury goods from the United States & Europe

• European nations & the U.S. invested in Latin America• Bought out food & raw material producing assets• Built railroads & other infrastructure mostly to ensure

Latin American products could efficiently make it to the coast for export

Latin America & the Global Economy• Upper-class landowners benefitted the most from

this trade• Exports flourished• Value of their land soared

• Middle-class urban dwellers grew in number & prosperity

• Majority of the population lived in rural areas• Suffered the most from this trade• Benefitted the least from this trade• Many poor farmers were pushed off of their land• Forced to scratch out a living in the most remote areas• Worked as dependent laborers on the plantations of the

wealthy

Latin America & the Global Economy• Participation in the global economy did NOT lead

to a complete industrial revolution anywhere in Latin America

• Latin American economies became dependent on the U.S. & European nations• Development depended on investment and access to their

economies• Economic success was linked to exports of food & raw

materials to European nations & the U.S.