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Complete Pipe System Solutions

WAVISTRONG

INSTALLATION GUIDE FOR GRE PIPE SYSTEMS


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WAVISTRONGInstallationGuide

WAVISTRONG

INSTALLATION GUIDE FOR GRE PIPE SYSTEMS

Date issued : May 01, 2011

Replaces issue o : -


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Wavistrong Instalation Guide for GRE Pipe Systems

Terms o use

All inormation was correct at the time o going to press. However, we reserve the right to alter, amend and update anyproducts, systems and services described in this brochure.

We accept no responsibility or the interpretation o statements made.

Copyright by Future Pipe Industries.

This document contains condential and proprietary inormation. Reproduction or disclosure o any part o this document is

only allowed with written authorisation by Future Pipe Industries.

All rights are vested at Future Pipe Industries.


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Table o contents

Section Page

1. Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................1

1.1. Scope ................................................................................................................................................1

1.2. Reerences .........................................................................................................................................1

1.3. Notication ........................................................................................................................................2

2. Product introduction ...................................................................................................................................3

2.1. Systems .............................................................................................................................................3

2.2. Pipe abrication process ......................................................................................................................3

2.3. Advantages and disadvantages o GRE compared with steel ....................................................................4

2.3.1. Advantages ..............................................................................................................................42.3.2. Disadvantages ..........................................................................................................................4

2.4. Product identication ...........................................................................................................................4

3. Material handling, storage and transportation ...............................................................................................5

3.1. Handling ...........................................................................................................................................5

3.1.1. Loading ...................................................................................................................................5

3.1.2. Unloading ................................................................................................................................6

3.2. Storage .............................................................................................................................................6

4. Joining systems and preparation methods .....................................................................................................8

4.1. Conical-Cylindrical bonded joint ...........................................................................................................8

4.2. Taper-Taper bonded joint .....................................................................................................................8

4.3. Laminate Joint .....................................................................................................................................9

4.4. Flange Joint ........................................................................................................................................94.5. Mechanical O-Ring Lock Joint .............................................................................................................10

4.6. Mechanical O-Ring Joint ....................................................................................................................10

4.7. Mechanical Coupler ..........................................................................................................................10

5. Tools and materials ..................................................................................................................................11

5.1. Tools ...............................................................................................................................................11

5.1.1. Non-consumables ....................................................................................................................11

5.1.2. Consumables ..........................................................................................................................12

5.2. Materials .........................................................................................................................................13

5.2.1. Adhesive ................................................................................................................................13

5.2.2. O-ring ....................................................................................................................................13

5.2.3. Locking key ............................................................................................................................135.3. Check o incoming material ................................................................................................................14

5.3.1. Quality check .........................................................................................................................14

5.3.2. Quantity check ........................................................................................................................14


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6. Installation o underground pipe systems ....................................................................................................15

6.1. Trench construction ............................................................................................................................15

6.2. System assembly ...............................................................................................................................166.2.1. Positioning components in the plant ........................................................................................... 16

6.2.2. Joining o components .............................................................................................................16

6.3. Backlling ........................................................................................................................................17

6.3.1. Procedure and requirements .....................................................................................................17

6.3.2. Backll material specication ....................................................................................................18

6.3.3. Other backlling methods .........................................................................................................18

6.4. Special underground installations ........................................................................................................19

6.4.1. Road crossing .........................................................................................................................19

6.4.2. Channel crossing ....................................................................................................................20

6.5. Alignment ........................................................................................................................................20

6.6. Settlement ........................................................................................................................................206.7. Pipe cast in concrete .........................................................................................................................21

7. Installation o aboveground pipe systems ....................................................................................................22

7.1. Supports ..........................................................................................................................................22

7.1.1. General .................................................................................................................................22

7.1.2. Fixed support points ................................................................................................................23

7.2. Pipe clamps .....................................................................................................................................24

7.3. Valves .............................................................................................................................................24

7.4. Bellows ............................................................................................................................................25

7.5. Pipe connections through walls ...........................................................................................................25

7.5.1. GRE pipe with sealing puddle fange .........................................................................................25

7.5.2. Sand coated GRE pipe ............................................................................................................25

7.5.3. Link seal .................................................................................................................................267.5.4. Special sealing shape ..............................................................................................................26

7.5.5. Plain wall passing ...................................................................................................................27

7.6. Joining with other materials ................................................................................................................27

7.7. UV-resistance ....................................................................................................................................27

8. Quality Control/Quality Assurance .............................................................................................................28

8.1. General ...........................................................................................................................................28

8.2. Joint traceability ................................................................................................................................28

8.3. Possible installation deects ................................................................................................................28

9. Field Test Procedure ..................................................................................................................................29

9.1. General ...........................................................................................................................................29

9.2. Preparation ......................................................................................................................................299.3. Filling, stabilizing, testing and depressurizing .......................................................................................30

9.3.1. Filling and stabilizing ..............................................................................................................30

9.3.2. Testing ...................................................................................................................................30

9.3.3. Depressurising ........................................................................................................................31

10. Repair ....................................................................................................................................................32

11. Tolerances ...............................................................................................................................................33

12. Saety precautions ....................................................................................................................................34

12.1. Resin, hardener, adhesive and lamination sets ....................................................................................34

12.2. Cutting, shaving and sanding ...........................................................................................................34

12.3. Environment ...................................................................................................................................34


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1Wavistrong Instalation Guide for GRE Pipe SystemsWavistrong Instalation Guide for GRE Pipe Systems

1. Introduction

1.1. Scope

This manual gives general inormation about various

aspects that are relevant or the installation o Glassber

Reinorced Epoxy (GRE) pipe systems. Respect or the

requirements, methods and recommendations given in this

guide will contribute to a successul operating pipeline

system.

Authorized, trained and certied personnel can only

contribute to a reliable pipeline system. Note that the

remarks about the various joints in this document are orguidance only.

More specic and detailed inormation about

underground and aboveground installations, as well

as various joining methods, is given in manuacturersreerenced documents.

Fig. 1.1. Oshore unit

1.2. Reerences

Following documentation gives additional and detailed inormation about various subjects, which are described in this

manual.

Section Subject Documentation

2.4. Product Identication. Marking o products.

4.1.;5.2.1. Conical-Cylindrical adhesive bonded joint, CB-CS.Wavistrong assembly instructionsConical-Cylindrical (CB-CS) adhesive bonded joint.

4.2.;5.2.1. Taper-Taper adhesive bonded joint, TB-TS.Wavistrong assembly instructionsTaper-Taper (TB-TS) adhesive bonded joint.

4.3. Laminate joint. Wavistrong Easy-Fit eld laminate instructions.

4.4. Flange joint. Wavistrong fange guide.

4.5.; 4.6.;5.2.2.; 5.2.3.

Mechanical O-ring (lock) joint. Wavistrong Rubber Seal (Lock) Joint instructions.

5.1.1.1. Shavers.

Wavistrong shaver instructions CB-CS:* ID 25 50 mm.* ID 80 250 mm.* ID 200 400 mm.Wavistrong shaver instructions TB-TS:* ID 80 300 mm.* ID 250 600 mm.

6. Underground installations.Wavistrong installation o undergroundpipe systems.

7. Aboveground installations.Wavistrong installation o abovegroundpipe systems.

10. Repair. Wavistrong repair manual ES system.


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Wavistrong Instalation Guide for GRE Pipe Systems2

1.3. Notication

This manual provides the ollowing inormation:

Ageneraloverviewontoolingandmaterialsfor

pipe system installation

Adescriptionofjoiningmethodsandsystems

Handling,storageandtransportingmaterials

Installationsystemsandprocedures

Systemcontrolandsafetymeasures.

Please note that the instructions in this manual are or

guidance only. Specications written or a particular

project will be normative.

We cannot describe all possible circumstances met in the

eld. For this reason, our experienced supervisors may

deviate rom given descriptions in order to achieve the

optimum solution or the particular situation, using the

latest techniques and methods.

Fig. 1.2. Water transmission

Fig. 1.3. Oil supply


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3Wavistrong Instalation Guide for GRE Pipe Systems

2. Product introduction

2.1. Systems

GRE pipeline systems are made rom glass bers, which

are impregnated with an aromatic- or cyclo-aliphatic

amine cured epoxy resin.

This thermoset resin system oers superior corrosion

resistance together with excellent mechanical, physical

and thermal properties.

The glass ber reinorced epoxy pipeline is resistant to the

corrosive eects o mixtures with a low concentration oacids, neutral or nearly neutral salts, solvents and caustic

substances, both under internal and external pressure.

A reinorced resin liner can protect the helical wound

continuous glass bers o the reinorced wall o the pipes

and the structural reinorcement o the ttings internally.

2.2. Pipe abrication process

GRE pipes are manuactured using the lament winding

method. In this mechanical process, continuous glass berrovings are impregnated with epoxy resin.

The production o GRE starts with the preparation o a

steel mandrel, which may be completed with a socket

mould. The dimensions o these tools determine the inner

dimensions o the pipe, tting and joint system.

Glass bers are guided through a resin bath, which is

lled with epoxy resin and are wound under constant

tension in a specic pattern around the polished mandrel.

This process continues until the required wall thickness

is reached. Generally, the higher the pressure class, the

greater the wall thickness o the product will be.

The winding process ends with curing the epoxy resin

in an oven, extraction o the mandrel/ mould rom the

product, nishing the product by cutting to length and

machining the ends.

The products are subjected to visual and dimensional

controls as well as a hydro test.

Fig. 2.1. Filament winding process

Fig. 2.2. Structure GRE pipe wall

Fig. 2.3. Spool manuacturing


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2.3. Advantages and disadvantages o GREcompared with steel

2.3.1. Advantages

Glass Reinorced Epoxy pipe systems have a number o

advantages over conventional pipe systems, o which the

most important are:

Durable/corrosionresistant

GRE piping is resistant, both internally and

externally, to the corrosive eects o water, oil

and many chemicals.

Cathodic protection or coating is not required.

Lowweight/easytoinstall

The specic weight o GRE is only 25 % o

steel; due to the low weight, GRE pipeline

components are easier to handle without the

need o heavy (liting) equipment.

Noinitialpaintingorconservation

The epoxy topcoat on the outer surace o GRE

pipe components is resistant to the infuences o

the installation environment and an additional

external conservation is initially not required.

2.3.2. Disadvantages

Attention should be paid to the ollowing disadvantages

o GRE when comparing with conventional pipe systems,

such as:

Impactresistance

The pipe system is more susceptible to impact

damage due to the brittle nature o thethermoset resin system.

Handling

GRE installations require more and careul

preparation due to other joining methods,

handling- and transportation requirements and

installation techniques.

Flexibility

The fexible GRE piping system requires specic

support design.

2.4. Product identication

Products are marked with labels, which contain relevantproduct inormation.

For specic and detailed inormation, reerence is made

to manuacturers documentation.

Fig. 2.4. GRE is durable/corrosion resistant

Fig. 2.5. GRE has low weight

Fig. 2.6. GRE needs no initial painting or conservation


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3. Material handling, storage and transportation

3.1. Handling

GRE products must be handled careully to avoid any

damage. Handling and transportation o GRE is not

restricted by temperature. This section lists the most

important requirements or handling materials beore and

ater shipment and or storage.

3.1.1. Loading

Mind ollowing requirements:

Pipes,ttingsandprefabricatedparts(spools)

must be transported by suitable trucks, having

fat bed foors

Forkliftsmaybeusedforhandlingprovidedthat

the orks are padded with a protective material

such as rubber or plastic

Checkforandremoveanyprojections,nails

or other sharp edges rom the supporting foor

beore each load

Anycontactofthetruckorsteelcontainerwith

GRE products shall be separated by wood or

rubber

AvoiddirectcontactbetweenindividualGRE

products during transportation

Pipesandspoolsshallbeliftedatleastattwo

points by using nylon or canvas sling belts with

a minimum width o 100 mm. Use the largest

spool diameter to balance the load during thelit

Securematerialsbywoodenwedgesand

supports having a minimum width o 100 mm

Pipesupportsshallbespacedat3mintervals,

minimal 1 m rom the ends; the support distance

ofnestedpipesshallnotexceed2m.

Tietheproductsinplacebyusingeithernylonor

canvas sling belts

Fig. 3.1. Airreight in wooden crate

Fig. 3.2. Spool handling

Fig. 3.3. Pipe handling

Fig. 3.4. Multiple support spool liting


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Chainsandsteelcablesmayneverbeusedfor

liting or xation

Avoidsupportonsharpedges

Fittingscanbeproperlytransportedincratesor

on pallets

Flangesmustbesecuredagainstslidingwhen

stored on the sealing ace

Pipeendsandmachinedsurfacesmustbe

protected (e.g. with PE-oil).

3.1.2. Unloading

The client is responsible or unloading ordered material,

unless agreed otherwise.

Mind ollowing:

Usenylonorcanvasslingbeltswithaminimum

width o 100 mm

Standardpipelengthsshallbeliftedatminimal

two supporting points

Fixatleastoneslingbeltaroundthesectionwith

the greatest diameter

Unloadone(packed)itematatime.

3.2. Storage

In order to avoid damage to GRE products, the ollowing

recommendations shall be respected:

Provideaatandhorizontalsupportingsurface

Donotstorethepipesdirectlyontheground,

onto rails or concrete foors

Ensuresuitablesupportssuchasclean,nailfree

wooden beams

Pipesshallbecarefullystacked

Machinedendsmustbeprotected(e.g.withPE-foil)

Belland/orspigotendsmaynottoucheachother

Fig. 3.5. Protected pipe/spool ends

Fig. 3.6. Dual crane handling

Fig. 3.7. Packaging in crates

Fig. 3.8. Stacked pipe in stock


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Pipescanbestackedeconomicallyby

alternating the orientation o spigot- and socket

end

Avoidpipebendingbylocatingsupports

between the layers o stacked pipe vertically

above each other

Supportsmustbespacedatamaximuminterval

of3mand1mfromeachpipeend

Theallowablestackingheightis1.5mor2

layers, whichever is higher

Productdiametersmayattenwhenstacked

too high and/or too long, specially at elevated

temperature

Longtermstorageisrecommendedunder

tarpaulins or PE-sheets

Pipestacksmusthavesidesupports(e.g.

wooden wedges) to prevent rolling or slipping

Unprotectedangesealingfacesshallnotbe

placed directly on the ground or on supportingfoors

Spoolsshallnotbestacked

Noothermaterialsshallbeloadedontopof

GRE products

Donotdrop,walk,orstandonGREproducts

Avoidpointloadingduetocarelessstacking.

Raw materials such as O-rings, gaskets, locking keys,

adhesive kits, resin, hardener, woven roving and

lubricants shall be stored in the original packaging, in a

dry environment, at recommended temperatures.

The shel lie o adhesives and resins must be respected.

It is advised to order on demand.

I any damage is observed due to transportation or during

installation (e.g. excessive scratches, cracks) contact the

supplier.

Never use damaged materials.

Fig. 3.9. Pipe stacking

Fig. 3.10. Wooden wedge side supports

Fig. 3.11. Packing and storage o ttings


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4. Joining systems and preparation methods

For the joining o GRE pipe components, various types ojoints can be used. This section details the characteristics

o each o these joints.

4.1. Conical-Cylindrical bonded joint

This type o adhesive bonded joint consists o a slightly

conical socket and a cylindrical spigot. This joint allows

or an accurate assembly length with narrow tolerance

and may be used or above- and underground pipe

systems.

For this adhesive joint the ollowing tools and materials

are required:

Gloves,dustmask,safetyglasses

Measuringtape,marker,bench,pipetters

wrap around

Anglecutter,handsaworjigsaw

Shaver,grindingtools

Rubberscraper,pullingequipment,adhesivekit

Heatingblanketorairgun,insulationblanket,

digital temperature gauge Cleaningbrush,non-uffycleaningrags,

cleaning fuids.

Summarized, the bonding procedure consists o cutting,

cleaning, machining, application o adhesive, joining and

curing.

The installation time depends on proper preparation,

diameter and personnel.



4.2. Taper-Taper bonded joint

This adhesive bonded joint consists o a conical socket

and conical spigot.

When comparing with the conical-cylindrical adhesive

bonded joint this type o joint is also available in higher-

pressure classes.

For specic dimensions, specic instructions are required.

The tools, materials, joining procedure and installation

time or the taper-taper bonded joint are similar to those

o the conical-cylindrical adhesive bonded joint.

Fig. 4.1.a. Scheme Conical-Cylindrical bonded joint

Fig. 4.1.b. Conical-Cylindrical bonded joint

Fig. 4.2.a. Scheme Taper-Taper bonded joint

Fig. 4.2.b. Taper-Taper bonded joint


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4.3. Laminate Joint

The laminate joint is used to join plain-ended pipesections. Ater preparation o the pipe suraces, a specic

thickness o resin impregnated glass reinorcement is

wrapped over a certain length around the pipes to be

joined; the thickness and the length o the laminate are

related to diameter and pressure.

This joint requires ollowing tools/materials:

Gloves,dustmaskandsafetyglasses

Measuringtape,markerandpipetterswrap

around Anglecutter,jigsaworhandsaw

Grindingtoolsandexiblesupportdisc

Rubberscraper,scissors,brushes,resin,

hardener and glass reinorcement

Airgun,gasburneroreldovenwithinsulation

blanket and digital temperature gauge

Cleaningbrush,non-uffycleaningragsand

cleaning fuids.

The successive activities or a laminate joint are cutting,

sanding, cleaning, mixing, tting, laminating and curing.

For specic and detailed inormation, reerence is madeto manuacturers documentation.

4.4. Flange Joint

The fange joint connects appendages and equipment

as well as other lines o dierent materials. Based on the

application and pressure, several types are available.

For a fange joint ollowing tools and materials are

required:

Ringspanner,torquewrench

Bolts,nutsandwashers

Gasket.

It is o major importance that GRE fanges are aligned

with the counter fange. Excessive misalignment may

cause high stresses, which lead to premature material

ailure.

Generally, fange joints acilitate connections with steel

piping and allow easy assembly and disassembly o

piping systems.



Fig. 4.3.a. Scheme laminate joint

Fig. 4.3.b. Laminate joint

Fig. 4.4. Flanged joint

Fig. 4.5. Flange detail


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4.5. Mechanical O-Ring Lock Joint

The mechanical O-ring lock joint is a tensile resistanttype o joint. This restrained type o joint can be used in

unrestrained environments, e.g. aboveground.

The ollowing tools and materials are required to make

such a joint:

Pipeclampsandpullingequipment

Lubricant,O-ring,lockingkey(s)andplastic

or wooden mallet to drive the locking key in

position

Non-uffycleaningragsandcleaninguids.

The assembly procedure starts with cleaning and

lubricating suraces, then mounting clamps, aligning,

pulling the spigot in the socket and mounting the locking

key(s). The joint can be disassembled, but is not designed

as such.



4.6. Mechanical O-Ring Joint

The mechanical O-ring joint is a non-tensile resistant typeo joint. This unrestrained type o joint can be used in a

restrained environment, e.g. underground.

This type o joint is made with the ollowing tools and

materials:

Pipeclampsandpullingequipment

Lubricant,O-ring

Non-uffycleaningragsandcleaninguids.

Joining starts with cleaning and lubricating suraces; then

mounting clamps, aligning and pulling o the spigot in thesocket.



4.7. Mechanical Coupler

Generally, mechanical couplers are used or joining plain-

ended GRE pipes to pipes made rom other materials. A

step coupler can join pipes with dierent outer diameters.

This type o joint is unrestrained. These couplers can also

be used or preliminary repairs.

Specic inormation can be obtained rom the supplier o

the coupler.

The joining necessitates the use o an Allen key, torquewrench and a ring spanner.

Fig. 4.6. Mechanical O-ring lock joint with two keys

Fig. 4.7. Mechanical O-ring lock joint with one key

Fig. 4.8.a. Scheme mechanical coupler

Fig. 4.8.b. Various mechanical couplers


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5. Tools and materials

For details on tooling and materials, reerence is made tomanuacturers detailed documentation.

5.1. Tools

Tools are divided in two main categories:

non-consumables and consumables.

5.1.1. Non-consumables

Non-consumable tools can be used multiple times.

5.1.1.1. Shaver

A GRE pipe shaver is a custom designed tool, which is

used to prepare a spigot end or an adhesive bonded

joint on a pipe. Pipes are standard supplied with the

appropriate end guration, but an adjustment to length at

site requires shaving o a spigot in the eld.

The shaver is mounted on an arbor.The arbor is mounted and centred in the pipe and xed

against the inner surace o the pipe by expanding the

diameter.

The shaver arm rotates around the central shat o the

arbor; the machining tool shapes the spigot end.

5.1.1.2. Heating blanket

Heating blankets are designed to cure adhesive bonded

and laminated joints.Blankets are made rom a coiled resistance wire, which is

sandwiched between two layers o silicon rubber.

To control the temperature, each blanket is urnished with

a thermostat.

It is important to store the heating blanket properly in

order to keep this tool in an optimal condition.

Heating blankets shall never be olded; these blankets

may only be stored fat or rolled.

Fig. 5.1. Shaver set

Fig. 5.2. Shaving o a spigot end

Fig. 5.3. Heating blanket


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5.1.1.3. Pullers and band clamps

Pullers and band clamps are used to make Taper-Taperadhesive bonded joints, large diameter Conical-

Cylindrical bonded joints and mechanical O-ring (lock)

joints.

Band-clamps with pulling lugs must be applied at both

pipe ends to be joined. The positions o the pulling lugs

shall ace each other.

The Taper-Taper joint must be kept under tension until

curing o the adhesive is completed to avoid joint

detachment.

Rubber protection pads are placed underneath the

ratchets beore tightening the band clamps. Put a wooden

wedge between the pipe and the pulling lug to create a

gap or mounting o the heating blanket.

For bonding o large diameters 3 to 4 pullers are

required. Check the pullers on deects on a regular base.

5.1.1.4 Others

Other non-consumables may be required such as:

Airgun,gasburneroreldoven

Anglecutter,handsaworjigsaw

Pipetterswraparound

Grindingtool

Insulationblankets

Digitaltemperaturegauge

Generator.

5.1.2. ConsumablesConsumable tools can only be used once.

Following tools are supposed to be consumable:

Measuringtape

Pairofscissors

Marker

Sandpaper/grindingdiscsP40P60

Brushes

Rubberscrappers,bucket

Cleaninguids,jointlubricant

Dustmasks,glovesandsafetyglasses.

Fig. 5.4. Pulled adhesive joint

Fig. 5.5. Curing o adhesive joint under tension

Fig. 5.6. Consumables


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5.2. Materials

5.2.1. Adhesive

Dierent types o adhesive are available depending on

the application. Adhesive can be conductive or non-

conductive.

An adhesive kit contains resin, hardener, mixing spatula

and bonding instructions.

Adhesive kits contain chemicals that are sensitive to

temperature and moisture.

It is important to check the expiry date o the adhesive,which is printed on the package.

Do not use adhesive or resin ater indicated expiry date.

5.2.2. O-ring

A rubber O-Ring provides the sealing o the mechanical

O-ring (lock) joint. Standard O-rings are made o Nitryl

Butadiene Rubber (NBR).

Depending on the medium and/or temperature, other

types o rubber can be supplied.

O-rings must be stored properly and fat, in a dry, cool

and dark environment, ree rom dust and chemicals,

which may attack the material.

Direct sunlight must be avoided.

5.2.3. Locking key

Locking keys block the longitudinal displacement o thespigot in the socket o a mechanical O-ring lock joint.

Locking keys must be stored in a dry and cool location

without direct exposure o sunlight. Improper storage may

aect the mechanical properties negatively. For urther

details, reerence is made to manuacturers detailed

documentation.

Fig. 5.7. Adhesive kit

Fig. 5.8. O-rings

Fig. 5.9. Locking keys


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5.3. Check o incoming material

5.3.1. Quality check

The condition o containers, crates, boxes and pallets

must be checked on possible damage upon arrival. I

damage has occurred to any material package, the

contents might be damaged too.

Check pipes and ttings on impact damage. Materials

and tooling must be dry at arrival.

The damaged state o materials and/or products when

delivered must be reported and documented (e.g.

claried with pictures). Damaged materials shall beseparated and quarantined rom undamaged materials to

avoid unintentional use.

5.3.2. Quantity check

Check the delivered quantities and the reported quantitieson the packaging list. The recipient is advised to check

the contents o the deliveries.

Quantity, size and conguration o materials and

products should be physically checked against the data

on the packing list.

Any deviation rom the packing list must be reported

immediately.


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6. Installation o underground pipe systems

GRE pipes are used or various applications in varioussoils conditions.

Underground pipeline systems require accurate trench

structuring, product assembly and installation.

For detailed inormation about underground installation,

reerence is made to manuacturers documentation.

6.1. Trench construction

The trench construction highly depends on the soil

parameters, such as type, density and moisture content.The construction o the trench should comply with

ollowing requirements and recommendations:

Thetrenchshapeisdeterminedbythe

classication o the soil, which can be unstable

or stable

Topsidesofthetrenchmustbeclearedfrom

rocks or any other sharp/heavy materials

Thetrenchfoundationshallconsistofa

compacted sand layer without stones or sharpobjects

Loosenahardanduneventrenchfoundationin

order to prevent point loading

Keepthetrenchdryduringinstallation;if

necessary use o a pumping system and

drainage

Theminimumwidth(W)atthebottomofthe

trench or a single pipe shall be:W = 1.25 * OD + 300 mm

Thespacebetweenthepipeandthetrench

wall must be 150 mm wider than the used

compaction equipment

Respectingpipestiffness,operatingconditions,

soil characteristics and wheel load the minimum

burial depth is 0.8 m

Thecrownofthepipemustbeinstalledbelow

rost level.

Fig. 6.1. Trench in unstable soil

Fig. 6.2. Trench in stable soil

Fig. 6.3. General scheme o trench construction


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6.2. System assembly

The assembly procedure o a piping system may vary perproject. Generally, this procedure deals with positioning

and joining o components in the plant.

6.2.1. Positioning components in the plant

Ater positioning o the pipe system elements next to the

trench, these components have to be handled into nal

position in the trench.

Smalldiameterpipesectionscanbeloweredmanually using ropes, slings or light liting

devices

Largediameterpipingrequiresheavier

equipment during nal positioning

Toavoiddamagetheminimumbendingradius

o a pipe shall be respected

Avoidunwantedobjectsfallingintothetrench

during lowering pipe sections

Usenylonslingbeltsorspecialdesigned

equipment during product handling.

6.2.2. Joining o components

Respect next requirements and recommendations or

joining o underground pipe systems:

Inspectallproductsbeforeinstallation

ComponentswithmechanicalO-ringjointsshall

be assembled in the trench

Adhesivebondedandlaminatedjointscanbe

assembled either inside or outside the trench

Nevermoveordisturbajointduringthecuring

process

Standardpipelengthsmaybedoubledinorder

to reduce the installation time

Ensuresufcientspacearoundjointsforproper

alignment and joining

Keepthesystemcentredinthetrench

Fig. 6.4. Assembly in process

Fig. 6.5. Assembly in the trench


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Respecttheallowablejointangulardeection

and pipe bending radius

Bendingofajointshallbeavoidedunless

allowable by system design

Changesindirectionsinnon-restrainedpipeline

systems must be anchored

EnsurestretchingoftheO-ringlockjoints;this

prevents axial displacement o the pipeline and

overloading o ttings when pressurising the

system

Thepipelinecanbestretchedbypressurizingat

0.8 * operating pressure. Mechanical stretching

is recommended. Precautions shall be taken to

avoid overloading o ttings

Branchesshallbeleftfreeorareinstalledafter

stretching o the header completely.

6.3. Backlling

Backlling shall be perormed according standardprocedures. Trench lling, proper compaction and

stabilizing o the system shall be perormed in

accordance with the requirements.

6.3.1. Procedure and requirements

The procedure and the requirements comprise:

Temporaryinstallationdevicesmustberemoved

prior to backlling

Themaximumparticlesizeforpipezone

embedment is related to the pipe diameter and

is described in the backll material specication

Dumpinglargequantitiesofbackllmaterialat

one spot on top o the pipe may cause damage;

spread the applied backll material

Backllmaterialshallbecompactedinlayersof

150 mm. The pipe may not be displaced due to

backlling

Fig. 6.6. Scheme trench construction stable soil

Fig. 6.7. Scheme trench construction unstable soil


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Whenreachingacompactionheightof0.3*ID

below the crown o the pipe, compaction may

be continued in layers o 300 mm

Eachlayerofbackllshallhaveacompaction

grade o at least 85 % Standard Proctor Density

(SPD)

Compactionisperformedonbothsidesofthe

pipe, never across the pipe. A vibrating plate

with an impact orce o 3000 N is used

Donotuseheavypneumatichammersor

vibrating equipment until having reached abackll level o 500 mm over the crown o the

pipe

Avoidanycontactbetweencompactiontools

and GRE-product.

6.3.2. Backll material specication

For classication o various backll materials and types o

embedment, reerence is made to AWWA Manual M45

or ASTM D 3839.

Note that highly plastic and organic soil materials are

not suitable or backlling and must be excluded rom the

pipe zone embedment.

6.3.3. Other backlling methods

Use o the saturation method does not give any better

result than the above-described method.

The grade o compaction is lost i compaction by

saturation is perormed ater mechanical compaction.

When saturating the trench, avoid foating o the pipeline

as well as erosion o the side support. Do not backll i

the ground is already saturated.

The saturation method may only be used or ree draining

soils, when the drainage pumps are kept in operation and

the pipe system is completely lled with liquid.

Fig. 6.8. Pipe assembly in process in prepared trench

Fig. 6.9. Compaction o backll material


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6.4. Special underground installations

Road crossings and channel crossings demand particularattention and requirements.

6.4.1. Road crossing

Precautions shall be taken to protect pipes, which cross

underneath roads against the possible consequences o

trac loads.

Possible alternatives are:

Jacketpipe Reliefplate

Burialdepth

Pipestiffness.

6.4.1.1. Jacket pipe

The GRE pipe is nested in a jacket pipe. In order to avoid

direct contact between both pipes, spacers centre the

GRE pipe. These spacers also support the GRE pipe at

a maximum distance o 3 m. The jacket pipe should be

longer than the width o the road.

6.4.1.2. Relie plates

Relie plates are used i pipes are installed at shallow

depth in well compacted sandy soils or in case the

soil- and trac load cause an excessive loading or

deormation o the GRE.

The plate is specially designed and dimensioned to

minimise the transer o wheel load on the pipe.

6.4.1.3. Burial depth

Generally, the infuence o the wheel load o trac

passing a buried pipe reduces with increasing burial

depth.

However, with increasing burial depth the soil load on the

buried pipe increases.

Our engineers may assist to determine an optimal

solution.

6.4.1.4. Pipe stiness

Pipes with higher stiness are better resistant to externalloads due to trac loads. Stiness o pipe can be

increased by increasing the wall thickness.

Fig. 6.10. Jacket pipe at road crossing

Fig. 6.11. Relie plate


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6.4.2. Channel crossing

The common method to install underwater mains is toassemble the pipe on the bank o the canal or river. The

pipe can be lowered using a foating crane or other liting

equipment; care should be taken to ensure sucient pipe

supports.

The process starts by sealing the ends o the pipe and

pulling the system into the water; the pipe keeps foating.

Then, the pipe is lled and careully sunk into its nal

position.

Flexible joints can be used or underwater piping i theinstallation is perormed using a coerdam construction;

this makes the installation similar to an onshore assembly.

Note that underwater pipes should be covered suciently

to prevent foating and damage (e.g. by anchors).

6.5. Alignment

Undulating land levels with minor dierence in height can

be ollowed by the fexibility o the system.

Joints or pipe bending, i assessed by system design,ensures no lateral displacement while allowing angular

defection.

6.6. Settlement

Flexible joints have to be installed in pairs; one joint is

placed at the beginning o the deviation while the other is

located at the end o this area, in order to create a rocker

pipe. The rocker pipe will act as a hinge.

The longer the rocker pipe, the higher the loads on the

joints. This can be avoided by adding more joints that

are fexible. Based on the soil parameters, the number o

joints is determined.

Note that the length o the sections shall be limited in

order to avoid excessive bending which may result in

ailure o pipe or joint.

The section length = ID + minimal 0.5 m. Mechanical

O-ring joints shall be installed at both ends to

accommodate urther settlements.

Fig. 6.12. Lowering underwater main

Fig. 6.13. Pipe alignment

Fig. 6.14. Settlement


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6.7. Pipe cast in concrete

In some cases, pipe systems may be cast in concrete.Such applications require ollowing:

Donotpourconcretedirectlyontopipe

Thevibratingpokermustbekeptatleast300

mm away rom the pipe

Thepipesystemmustbepressuretestedpriorto

casting

Cradlesareprovidedwithsteelclampsand

rubber lining in order to prevent foating

Bucklingofthepipeduringcastingcanbe

prevented by pressurizing the system.

Note that concrete shrinks when setting; this may result

in extra loading o the GRE pipe system. Ensure that the

allowable pressure is not exceeded by using pressure

relie valves.

Fig. 6.15. Pipe cast in concrete


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7. Installation o aboveground pipe systems

Aboveground pipe systems may be subjected to variousloadings resulting rom operation o the system.

Next to the inormation in this section, reerence is made

to specic manuacturers documentation.

7.1. Supports

Supports not only provide system xation, loading

relie and clinching, but protection. Prior to installation,

supports are checked or location, type and span as

detailed in drawings and specications o the project.Supports can be dierentiated as xed, guided sliding

and ree sliding supports.

7.1.1. General

Functional pipe supporting can be obtained with the aid

o system design analysis.

Following aspects need to be respected:

Pipesrestingonsleepersaresuppliedwith180

saddles, which are bonded to the pipe at thesupport location to protect the pipe against wear

damage rom possible pipe movements

Thelengthofthewearsaddlemustbe50mm

longer than the calculated pipe displacement

plus the support width

Allowpipeexpansionwithinaclamp

Inverticalpipeassemblies,thesocketsofO-ring

joints shall point downwards, so water cannotbe trapped in the socket.

Entrapped water in the socket may cause joint

damage when reezing

Forclampdimensions,referenceismadeto

manuacturers detailed documentation

MechanicalO-ringjointsrequireminimalone

support per pipe length.

The distance o the support to the joint is

maximal 20 % o the pipe length.

Fig. 7.1. Aboveground pipe system

Fig. 7.2. Pipe supports

Fig. 7.3. Overhead supports


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7.1.2. Fixed support points

Fixed points may never be realized by tightening the boltso the pipe clamps. This may lead to pipe deormations

and excessive wall stresses.

Mind the ollowing requirements or xed points:

Fixationsaddlesshallbepositionedonboth

sides, at the shoe side o the clamp

Laminatedxationsaddlesshallbeappliedon

both sides o the clamp

Whenusingnon-restrainedjointingsystemseach

pipe shall be xed

Eachchangeofdirectioninanon-restrained

pipeline shall be anchored to prevent pipe joints

coming apart

Checkwhetherthepositionsofpipesupports

are still in accordance with the installation

requirements ater testing. The supporting

elements might be dislocated due to test

pressure.

Note that the mechanical O-ring lock joints must be

ully stretched to avoid movement o pipe sections and

consequently possible overloading. For urther details

on this type o joint, reerence is made to manuacturers

documentation.

Fig. 7.4. Support with xed point

Fig. 7.5. Fixed point with bonded saddles

Fig. 7.6. Collars on both sides o the pipe clamp


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7.2. Pipe clamps

Various types o pipe supports are available.Following considerations must be respected:

Avoidpointloadsbyusingclampsmadeofat

strips instead o U-bolts.

The width o the strip is related to the pipe

diameter. For large diameter pipe double

clamps may be applied

Theinsideoftheclampisfurnishedwitha

rubber or cork liner to compensate the uneven

pipe outer surace and to minimise abrasion dueto pipe movement and vibration

Longitudinalmovementintheclampsisnot

advised. Generally, movement between the

clamp shoe and the support structure shall

realize sliding o supports.

For detailed inormation on clamps, reerence is made to

manuacturers documentation.

7.3. Valves

To avoid overstressing o pipes by the weight o valves

or other heavy equipment it is advised to support pipe

accessories on the fange bolts.

The load on the pipeline by operating the valve shall be

carried by the support o the pipe structure. In case o a

GRE fange mounted against a steel fange, the support is

preerably xed to the steel fange.

Fig. 7.7. Overhead supported pipeline

Fig. 7.8. Double pipe clamp


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7.4. Bellows

GRE products can absorb low amplitude vibrations due tothe fexible properties o the composite material.

To eliminate high amplitude vibrations caused by e.g.

pumps and to compensate soil settlement or expansion o

e.g. tanks joined with pipes, bellows can be applied.

Bellows acilitate dismantling o pipe sections, valves,

orice fanges and gaskets. This equipment also

absorbs pipe movements due to cyclic pressure and/or

temperature in pipe systems that are joined with relatively

sti adhesive bonded joints.

In many cases, bellows are directly joined to the vibrating

item by means o fanges. Note that the pipe section next

to the bellow shall be supported separately to absorb the

pipe loads.

7.5. Pipe connections through walls

Several alternatives are available or passing pipes

through walls. In case o anticipated settlement o the wall

or pipeline, fexible couplings must be installed on both

sides o the wall.The joints shall be positioned as close as possible outside

the wall.

7.5.1. GRE pipe with sealing puddle fange

The actory made puddle fange consists o a GRE ring,

which is laminated on the pipe.

7.5.2. Sand coated GRE pipeA sand coating on a GRE pipe oers an excellent

adhesion between concrete and GRE.

Fig. 7.9. Bellow

Fig. 7.10. Puddle fange

Fig. 7.11. Sand coated GRE pipe casted in concrete


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7.5.3. Link seal

This type o wall penetration consists o several linkedrubber parts, which t in the circular space between the

outer surace o a GRE pipe and the diameter o a hole in

a wall.

A suciently smooth inner surace o the wall can be

obtained by:

Mountingasteelpipesectionwithwaterseal

beore pouring mortar

Drillingaholewithacrowndrillhaving

diamond inlays

Fixingaremovableplasticcasingpipesection

beore pouring mortar.

The rubber parts are linked together with bolts and orm

a rubber chain. The rubber sections are compressed by

tightening the bolts.

All components o the link seal can be made o various

material qualities.

Link seals allow or some angular defection and lateral

movement. Ater having mounted the GRE pipe in the linkseal the rubber elements are compressed by tightening

the bolts evenly. The expanded rubber sections seal the

room between GRE and concrete.

7.5.4. Special sealing shape

This wall penetration consists o a steel pipe, which is

provided with fanges. One o the fanges is proled to t

a sealing element.

By tightening the nuts, the seal is compressed in theannular space between the fange and the pipe and

provides an excellent seal.

Fig. 7.12. Sketch link seal

Fig. 7.13. Link seal

Fig. 7.14. Special sealing shape


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7.5.5. Plain wall passing

When passing a pipe through a wall, the outer surace othe pipe must be protected with a fexible material, e.g.

a 5 mm thick rubber layer, protruding 100 mm at both

sides o the wall.

7.6. Joining with other materials

The most appropriate method to join objects o dierent

materials is by using a fange. A mechanical coupler

might be an alternative. For details about these joints,

reerence is made to manuacturers documentation.

Flanges can be drilled according most o the relevant

standards. When a fanged GRE pipe section is

joined with a metal pipe section, the metal section

must be anchored to avoid transmission o loads and

displacements to the GRE pipe sections.

Instrument connections can be made using a saddle and

a bushing.

7.7. UV-resistance

The topcoat o GRE pipes and ttings consist o a resin

rich layer. This layer oers sucient protection against

UV-radiation.

When exposed to weather conditions the epoxy topcoat

may be attacked on the long term; this may result in a

chalked outer surace.

Ater several years o operation, the chalked layer may

be removed and replaced by a resistant, protective

polyurethane paint coating.Contact the manuacturer or advice.

Fig. 7.15. Plain wall passing

Fig. 7.16. Joining to other materials


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8. Quality Control/Quality Assurance

8.1. General

To assure good workmanship, only qualied and certied

personnel shall be allowed to work on the installation o

GRE pipeline systems.

Always strictly ollow the installation manuals next to the

necessary instruction guidelines. When making joints, it

is necessary to execute the required steps in the correct

sequence.

Never compromise on work quality and ollow theinstructions assigned rom handling and storing through

joining and installing GRE materials.

8.2. Joint traceability

As part o the quality control and on behal o thetraceability o adhesive bonded joint data, the ollowing

inormation should be registered during installation or

each joint:

1. Name or registration ino o the pipe-tter

2. Joint identication (number)

3. Start/end o the curing process

4. Heat blanket identication (number)

5. Identication (number) o adhesive batch

6. Temperature o heating blanket (optional).

8.3. Possible installation deects

Following table lists a number o deect types along with acceptance criteria and recommended corrective actions:

Table 8.1. Deect, acceptance criterion, corrective action

Defect Inspectionmethod Cause Acceptance criterion Correctiveaction

Incorrect spooldimensions

Visual Incorrect preabricationCan dierence be compensatedelsewhere in the system?Can system not be compensated?

Accept

Reject

Misalignedspools

Visual Misaligned components e.g. fangesCan dierence be compensatedelsewhere in the system?Can system not be compensated?

Accept

Reject

Misalignedjoint

VisualMovement during cure.Incorrect shave dimensions

Not permitted Reject

Diameter res tric tion Visual Application o too much adhesive Maximum height (h) o adhesiveseam is 0.05 * ID or 10 mm, whi-chever is smaller

I accessible,remove bygrinding

Impact, wear,or abrasive damage

Visual Incorrect transport or handlingAccording to ISO 14692,Annex A, Table A1

Major deect:replaceMinor deect:Repair

Leaking joint Hydro test Joining not properly perormed Not permitted Reject


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9. Field Test Procedure

9.1. General

Beore the installed pipeline system is operational, the

system has to be hydro tested to ensure the integrity and

leak tightness. Hydro testing o the pipeline system will be

perormed in two steps:

1. Integrity test

The test pressure shall be increased over an

agreed duration at an agreed pressure level in

order to prove the maximum pressure resistance

o the system.

2. Leak tightness test

The test pressure shall be increased to an agreed

pressure level at which the joints can be inspected

visually.

Pressure level and test duration can be stated in an

Inspection and Test section o the Site Quality Plan.

All saety precautions must be applied.

It is important to test the integrity o the system rst, to

avoid the risk o injury during visual inspection.All pressure gauges and pumps must be suitable and

calibrated. Ensure that the pipeline can be vented and

drained.

The pressure gauge must be mounted between a valve

and the pipeline system in order to indicate the test

pressure in the GRE system ater having closed the valve,

which is mounted ater the pump.

Due to the head o water, the pressure gauge should be

located at the lowest point in the system. The pressure

gauge should have a maximum scale reading o

approximately twice the test pressure.I the system is not designed to withstand any negative

pressure, which might occur during testing, then the

system needs to be protected by an air release valve.

Trapped air should be released by using vent(s).

The application o GRE pipeline systems may vary rom

long, (buried) line pipe applications to small skid piping

systems.

Joint types might vary rom laminate joints to mechanical

joints with O-ring seal, with or without locking strip.

Each system requires its specic testing method. For each

system, the test procedure has to be described in the

Inspection and Testing Plan (ITP) o the Site Quality Plan.

This ITP must be established beore the project starts.

The advices or testing mentioned in the ollowing

paragraphs are or guidance only and are not

mandatory.

9.2. PreparationPrior to hydro testing, the ollowing issues shall be

checked:

Allmaterialthatshouldnotbeontheinsideof

the pipeline system shall be removed

Alljoiningproceduresshallbecompleted

Trenchesshouldbepartiallybacklledand

compacted; the joints should be let exposed

Allsupports,guides,and(temporary)anchors

shall be in place and unctional beore

pressurizing the system

Alltemporarysupportsandinstallationaidsshall

be removed

Unlessstatedotherwise,allvalvesshouldbe

through-body tested

Allcheckvalvesshallberemovedtoenablemonitoring o the ull line

Flangeboltsshallbemadeuptothecorrect

torque

Buriedpipesystemsmustbebacklled

suciently to restrain the system


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9.3. Filling, stabilizing, testing anddepressurizing

9.3.1. Filling and stabilizing

Fill the pipeline at the lowest point with water using a

small diameter branch connection and vent the trapped

air at the highest point(s) o the system. Long straight

sections may be vented using an infatable ball or oam

pig to expel any air and impurities.

Fig. 9.1. Various pipe pigs

Ater lling, the line is pressurized gradually up to 0.8 *

Design Pressure; the pressure shall be maintained or 24

hours in order to allow the system to set and the pressure

to stabilise. For small above ground systems, it is allowed

to reduce the stabilising time.

9.3.2. Testing

Once the pressure is stabilised, the integrity o the pipe

system is tested rst in accordance with agreements.

Depending on the system a pressure drop might occur.

In all cases, leakage o joints, pipes or ttings is not

allowed. For saety reasons, an inspection o the system

because o a possible leakage is not permitted when the

pipeline is loaded at integrity test pressure level. This hasto be mentioned in the ITP.

When the integrity test has been completed successully,

depressurise the system to leak tightness test pressure

level. Duration o the leak tightness test normally depends

on the time needed to inspect all joints, pipes and ttings

visually.

It is preerable to test the line in sections, or example

the length o one-day installation. The line is temporarily

closed using, e.g. a test plug and a fange at the end. Theblind fange should be provided with an air release valve.

Fig. 9.2. Field testing

Ater testing o the installed section the test plug, needs

to be pushed back about 2 meters by pressuring air via

the air release valve. The excess water is released by

opening the valve at the begin o the line. Ater securingo the test plug, e.g. by infation, the temporary fange

connection can be removed and the assembly may

proceed. The advantage o this method is that the test

medium stays in the tested section and does not need to

be re-lled or hydro testing o the next section.

Any leak caused by incorrect assembly o the joint can be

detected easily.

Extreme movements can be prevented by partially lling

and compacting o the trench.

Note that temperature changes over a 24 hours periodwill aect the pressure in a closed system.

A drop in pressure during the night does not always

indicate that there is a leak in the system. When testing a

system the ambient temperature should be measured.


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GRE material behaves dierent rom steel due to the low

weight, the fexibility o the joint and elasticity o the

material.In case o a ailure during hydro testing, the line will

move due to the sudden release o stored energy; there

might be a risk o injury to personnel.

Note that testing with air or gas is extremely dangerous

and should be avoided. Systems shall never be tested

with an infammable fuid or gas.

The manuacturer o GRE pipe systems does not take any

responsibility or any damage resulting rom the use o

these methods.

The ollowing causes may aect pressure drop and

consequently result in hydro test ailures:

Leakageofpipelineaccessories

Leakageofgaskets

Leakingjoints

Leakageofpipes.

The system shall be considered to have passed the hydro

test i there is no leaking o water rom the piping at any

location and there is no signicant pressure loss that can

be accounted or by usual engineering considerations.

9.3.3. Depressurising

Depressurisation o the system must be carried out

careully to avoid a negative pressure.

10. Repair

In the unlikely event, GRE pipes, joints and/or ttings mayhave to be repaired. Repair on the pipeline system shall

be perormed according described instructions.

The repair procedure shall be prepared and qualied by

the contractor in accordance with the pipe manuacturers

recommendations. It shall be demonstrated that the repair

method restores the specied properties.

Leaks in pipe, ttings and joints are repaired by replacing

the deective part. In some cases, especially or buried

systems, insucient space and/or dicult accessibility topipes and ttings may occur.

Each application o a GRE pipe system and each type

o product or design requires a dierent repair and/or

replacement procedure.

For urther details, reerence is made to manuacturers

documentation.


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11. Tolerances

It is recommended to consider and use the dimensional tolerances illustrated and gured below.

TolerancestoDimensionalReference

Internal Diameter (mm) A B C D E F

25 200 5mm 3mm 0.5 3mm 1mm 0.5

200 300 5mm 3mm 0.3 3mm 1mm 0.5

350 400 5mm 3mm 0.3 3mm 2mm 0.5

450 600 10mm 5mm 0.3 3mm 2mm 0.5

700 900 10mm 5mm 0.2 4mm 3mm 0.5

1000 1200 10mm 5mm 0.15 6mm 3mm 0.5

The maximum gap shall be limited to 6 mm.

Fig. 11.1 Tolerances

DimensionA

a. Face to Face dimensions

b. Center to Face dimensions

c. Location o attachments

d. Center to Center dimensions

DimensionB

Lateral transition o branches or connections

DimensionC

Rotation o fanges, rom the indicated position

DimensionD

End preparations

DimensionECut o alignment o fanges rom the indicated position,

measured across the ull gasket ace

DimensionF

Angular defection


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12. Saety precautions

The ollowing saety precautions should be respectedwhen using GRE products.

The required rescue and saety measures when using

resin and hardener or adhesive or lamination sets are

shown under the R- and S- code numbers, which are listed

in manuacturers documentation.

12.1. Resin, hardener, adhesive andlamination sets

In order to avoid irritation o the respiratory system,satisactory ventilation should be provided. I a system is

hydro tested, adequate saety precautions must be taken,

as a sae test pressure does not exist. Any pressure in

itsel is dangerous.

Experienced personnel must operate the test equipment.

Persons not involved in the test or inspection are not

allowed in the immediate area o the tested system. Only

one person should be in charge and everyone else must

ollow his/her instructions.

Do not change anything on the pipe system when it isunder pressure. Leaking joints may only be repaired ater

the pressure has been ully released.

The test equipment must be installed at a sae distance

rom the connection to the pipe system.

I welding needs to take place, the GRE material must be

protected rom hot works.

12.2. Cutting, shaving and sanding

When cutting or grinding GRE materials the ollowingpersonal protection is necessary to protect eyes and skin:

Adustmaskcoveringnoseandmouth

Apairofsafetygoggles

Glovesandoverall

Closeoverallsleeveswithadhesivetapetokeep

the dust out

Wearprotectiveclothingtoprotectthebody

Machiningshouldbecarriedinawell-ventilated

room or in open air.

12.3. Environment

Always clean up the work area. GRE and cured adhesive

are chemically inert and do not have to be treated as

chemical waste.

Waste shall always be disposed in an environment

riendly manner.

Fig. 12.1. Personal protective equipment


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