Waves, the Atom and Optics Carlos Silva October 14 th 2009.
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Transcript of Waves, the Atom and Optics Carlos Silva October 14 th 2009.
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Waves, the Atom and Optics
Carlos SilvaOctober 14th 2009
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WAVES
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Vibrations
Definition
Mechanical oscillation around an equilibrium point•Mass-spring system oscillation• Beam• Drum
Types of vibration
Free•When we apply a force and then let the system vibrate with its natural frequency
Forced•When we apply an alternated force (earthquake)
Systems vibrate due to the “Momentum Conservation” law
xkF
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Period, Frequency and Amplitude
Period (s)
Interval of time measured in seconds that takes to repeat the vibration (T)
Frequency (Hz=s-1)
Number of events/repetitions per second (f)
Wave length (m)
Distance between repeating units
Amplitude
Maximum variation during vibration (displacement, angle)
Vibrations are usually sinusoidal
This happens when the applied force is linear
This only happens for “small” amplitudes
This is called harmonic motion
Tf
1
f
V
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Natural Frequency and Resonance
Natural frequencyProperty of every system
Multiple modes of vibration (harmonics)Multiples of the natural frequency
ResonanceTendency to oscillate at maximum amplitude at natural
frequency
A force applied at the same frequency is providing energy to the system at a rate that is higher than the damping
DampingMechanism of energy dissipation of vibration
m
kfn
www.youtube.com/watch?v=3mclp9QmCGsTakoma bridge:
DampingVibration modes
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Waves
Definition
Type of disturbance that propagates through time and spaceWave is a thing that transports energy and its not matter (doesn't obey Newton's laws)
They differ from matter in three ways:• Superposition – two waves can be at the same place at the same time• They transport energy, not the medium (the medium vibrates!)•Wave velocity depends on the medium of propagation (does not depend on the
force – put energy into a wave “only” affects its amplitude)
Types of wave
Sound
Light
Water
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Reflection, Transmission, Refraction and Absorption
Reflection
Change of a wave direction at an interface between two different media so that the wave returns into the media where it was originated
Transmission
Wave changes the propagation mean
Refraction
Change of a wave velocity (and direction) when it changes media
Absorption
Change of the wave amplitude by the dissipation of its energy
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Waves: Energy, wavelength, frequency
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Light as matter, matter as wave
Wave-particle dualityconcept that all matter and energy
exhibits both wave-like and particle-like properties
• Corpuscles are light matter• Nuclear particles that behaves like wave
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THE ATOM
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Atoms
DefinitionSmallest unit of an element that retains its chemical properties
Greek átomos that stands for indivisible
NucleusProtons (+)
Neutrons
Electrons cloud Electrons(-)
Special orbits
They gain or loose energy while jumping from orbits
Number of protons= number of electrons
Bohr hydrogen (H) model
Oxygen (O) atom
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Molecule
MoleculeStable and electrical neutral combination of atoms
Water90% of the matter in Earth is H2O
CarbonAbundant
Affinity to link to smaller atoms
HydrocarbonCompound of Hydrogen and Carbon
Energy sources
Carbon Dioxide (CO2 )
water (H2O)
propane(C3H8)
Carbon Dioxide(CO2)
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Isotopes
Isotopes are different types of atoms of the same chemical element, each having a different number of neutrons
Deuterium• Hydron atom + 1 neutron
Tritium• Hydron atom + 2 neutron
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Ions
Atom or molecule where the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons
Anion•More electrons than protons
Cation• Less electrons than protons
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Quantum physics
Heisenberg Principlelocating a particle in a small region of space makes the momentum of the particle uncertain; and conversely, that measuring the momentum of a particle precisely makes the position uncertain.
Quantum mechanicsExplain motion of nuclear particles
(Classical mechanics fail)
Matter as wave
Quantum hydrogen model
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Periodic table
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Nuclear Plants
Use nuclear energy to produce electricity using stem cycle
Like thermal plants using coal, oil, gas
4 generations of reactorsIII – Advanced Boiling Water Reactor (GE)
IV - Very High Temperature Reactor
Calder HallUK (1954)
Waste Flacks Yucca MountainNevada, US
Generation IV
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Fission
Definitionsplitting of the nucleus of an atom into parts
forming neutrons and photons (gamma ray)
RadiationAtoms Loss of energy
Alpha, beta or gamma radiation Uranium reaction
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Fusion
Definitionmultiple- like charged atomic nuclei join together to
form a heavier nucleus
Proton-proton chain reactionConverts hydrogen into helium
Takes 109 years to occur at start’s core temperature
Nuclear Power with fusionIn 1997, JET produced 10MW for 0.5s
ITER in 2018 will produce 500MW for 1000s
Nuclear Energy (SI)Electro-Volt: 1 eV = 1.602 176 53(14)×10−19 J
JET tokamac Deuterium-tritium reaction
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Hydrogen Fuel
Natural state (H2)
75% of matter (mass) or 90% of mater in terms of number of atoms
Energy carrierProduction
Water Electrolysis: separate molecules through electricity (30%-40% efficiency)
StorageCompressed or liquid
FuelFuel Cells
Adapted gasoline motor
Filling station(Germany)
Hydrogen cell
Toyota FCHV
Water electrolysis
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OPTICS
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The nature of light
Light characteristics:
Electromagnetic radiation
Light travels from one point to another
It travels in vacuum (unlike sound, which is an air pressure)
Light transports energy
When we absorb light, it is transformed in heat
Visible Light
Radiation whose wavelength is 380-750x10-9m
Light refraction (prisma)
Light refraction (water)
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Reflection, refraction
ReflectionIncidence angle=reflection angle
RefractionChanges speed and angle of light
DiffractionLight propagation over small open
obstacles and openings
Refraction
Reflection Mirror
Lens
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Thermal solar panels
Flat plate
Installation diagram
Heating through reflection
Evacuated tube
Solar power plantAlmeria, Spain
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Photovoltaic panels
Photovoltaic panel (PV)
PN junction
Equivalent circuit