Waterwise White Paper · Waterwise’s specific proposals can be found on pages 17 to 22 The White...

Waterwise White Paper

Water used wisely, every day, everywhere

June 2010

Mainstreaming water efficiency in the UK: helping to meet the

challenges of climate change through wasting less water

Waterwise is a UK NGO focused on driving water efficiency. It is the leading UK authority on

water efficiency. Waterwise is developing the Evidence Base for Large Scale Water Efficiency

in Homes. Waterwise sat on the Water Minister’s Water Saving Group for England and set up

the Saving Water in Scotland Network. Waterwise informs and influences policy development,

develops quality research, drives coordinated water efficiency campaigns and leads water and

energy efficiency retrofitting partnerships, across the UK.

www.waterwise.org.uk

Waterwise White Paper – Water used wisely, every day, everywhere |

Introduction

This White Paper has mainstreaming water efficiency at its core. In it Waterwise sets out strategic proposals for climate

change adaptation and mitigation, resource efficiency, the green economy and the big society, over the five years from

2010 to 2015. This includes some particularly important steps by 2012, to ensure maximum multiple benefits from these

measures through linking them to the next regulatory price reviews for water across the UK. The White Paper covers the

whole of the UK – it calls for measures and clear leadership which can specifically be delivered by the UK government.1

The White Paper recommends:

a more efficient, sustainable and flexible regulatory framework for water

links between the regulatory frameworks for water, energy and housing

using water efficiency to develop the low carbon economy

a set of incentives to encourage people and businesses to waste less water across the UK economy and improve

the affordability of water

the delivery of water efficiency through local partnerships as part of the big society

Waterwise is already developing the Evidence Base2 for the cost-effectiveness of water efficiency, and best practice

guidance on implementation. Waterwise has also shown in practice the benefits of the partnership approach. Water

efficiency has no downside, and is an economic, social and environmental opportunity. Its potential stretches well

beyond issues of scarcity. Delivering this full potential will require new ways of working across the public and private

sectors.

Waterwise’s specific proposals can be found on pages 17 to 22

The White Paper builds on the 2009-2010 Waterwise UK Manifesto3, responses to the autumn 2009 Waterwise Stakeholder Consultation on Scaling Water Efficiency Up4, and 2010’s Walker Review on Charging for Household Water and Sewerage5 and Cave Review on Competition and Innovation in Water Markets6, both of which Waterwise made a significant contribution to. It also builds on the NGO coalition’s Blueprint for Water by 20157 in which Waterwise plays a key role and which is currently being updated for the Coalition Government and the new Parliament.

1 It will be developed for each of Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland in the context of 2011 elections.

2 http://www.waterwise.org.uk/images/site/Policy/evidence_base/evidence%20base%20for%20large-scale%20water%20efficiency%20in%20homes%20-

%20phase%20ii%20interim%20report.pdf 3 http://www.waterwise.org.uk/reducing_water_wastage_in_the_uk/policy/uk_manifesto.html 4 http://www.waterwise.org.uk/images/site/Consultation/consultation%20document%20on%20water%20efficiency%20final%20_%20design_910.pdf

5 http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/water/industry/walkerreview/documents/final-report.pdf

6 http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/water/industry/cavereview/documents/cavereview-finalreport.pdf

7 http://www.wcl.org.uk/blueprintforwater.asp


Vision

The White Paper will help deliver the Coalition Government’s Programme for Government8, and the Secretary of State

for Defra’s commitment to “an integrated strategy across Government, and across the public, private and third sectors,

to tackle the loss of biodiversity, address the way that we use resources, adapt to climate change and grow a greener

economy that provides the clean, green jobs and industries of the future” and to be the greenest government ever.9

The following Coalition Government priorities and commitments are referenced in the proposals set out in this White

Paper, using the characters marked alongside. The multitude of characters alongside White Paper proposals illustrates

the multiple benefits of mainstreaming water efficiency:

Examine the conclusions of the Cave and Walker Reviews, and reform the water industry to ensure more efficient use of water and the protection of poorer households

10

A Big Society matched by big citizens, offering the potential to completely recast the relationship between people and the state: citizens empowered; individual opportunity extended; communities coming together to make lives better11

Use a wide range of levers to cut carbon emissions, decarbonise the economy and support the creation of new green jobs and technologies. Implement a full programme of measures to fulfil our joint ambitions for a low carbon and eco-friendly economy

12

Immediate action to tackle the deficit in a fair and responsible way, ensure that taxpayers’ money is spent responsibly, and get the public finances back on track13

Encourage home energy efficiency improvements paid for by savings from energy bills, through the “Green Deal”, take measures to improve energy efficiency in businesses and public sector buildings14 and increase households’ control over their energy costs15

An integrated strategy across Government, and across the public, private and third sectors, to address the way that we use resources, adapt to climate change and grow a greener economy that provides the clean, green jobs and industries of the future16

Protect the environment for future generations, make our economy more environmentally sustainable, and improve our quality of life and well-being17

Be the greenest government in the country’s history 18

8http://www.direct.gov.uk/prod_consum_dg/groups/dg_digitalassets/@dg/@en/documents/digitalasset/dg_187876.pdf

9 Rt Hon Caroline Spelman MP, Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural affairs, Queen’s Speech Debate 27

th May 2010

http://ww2.defra.gov.uk/2010/05/28/581/. 10

Coalition Programme for Government page 17 (http://programmeforgovernment.hmg.gov.uk) 11

Coalition Programme for Government page 8 12





Rt Hon Caroline Spelman MP, Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural affairs, Queen’s Speech Debate 27th

May 2010

http://ww2.defra.gov.uk/2010/05/28/581/ 17

Coal Gov Prog page 17 18

Rt Hon Caroline Spelman MP, Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural affairs, Queen’s Speech Debate 27th

May 2010

http://ww2.defra.gov.uk/2010/05/28/581/

The vision set out in this White Paper is of a UK in which all homes and businesses are water-efficient and energy-

efficient; smart regulatory and legislative frameworks for the water, energy and housing sectors complement each

other to ensure that wasting less water is in the interest of every link in the chain; water efficiency plays a full role in

the low carbon and green economy, through manufacturing and services; the full value of water for health and life,

the economy and the environment is reflected in how we all use it, from source to tap and back again; and the third

sector and communities are helping to deliver this as part of the big society.


The political case for water efficiency: why is water efficiency

important in a changing climate? How does it fit into the low

carbon and green economy and the big society?

In a nutshell Water efficiency – wasting less water – is an essential part both of adapting to climate change and building resilience

into our systems, and tackling climate change. Water efficiency is an economic, social and environmental opportunity

– it has an important role to play in the green economy, the big society and safeguarding the environment. It can also

help reduce the deficit.

Adapting and building resilience Water efficiency is vital in adapting to the climate change we are already seeing and cannot avoid, despite action now

– underpinning the statutory National Adaptation Programme for England. Both hot and cold water efficiency

measures are important even once the electricity grid is fully decarbonised, because there can be no such thing as a

zero water house, and because gas, on which there is a huge reliance for water heating, cannot be fully decarbonised.

In the last few years the UK has seen widespread drought and devastating floods, and both of these have led to water

supply challenges in homes. The UK Climate Impact Projections published in 200919 show greater unpredictability in

rainfall and longer, drier summers in coming decades. Some areas of England are already classified by the Environment

Agency as seriously water-stressed. Even Scotland and Wales have experienced pockets of drought or water stress in

recent years20. And it is known that in coming decades there will be more people and less water in the UK, so less water

will need to go further. There is already an increase in single-person households, which use more water per person, and

water companies are predicting increases in outdoor watering and personal washing. Population growth will be larger in

already water-stressed areas like South East England.

So homes, buildings and people will need to be water-efficient: and not just new homes, but existing homes, because

two thirds of the UK’s 2050 homes have already been built21. Water efficiency should play a central role in any

organisation’s climate change adaptation strategy – alongside flood risk management – because every section of the

economy is dependent on water. Drought risk management for homes and communities is essential alongside flood risk

management. These measures will build resilience to climate change impacts.

Tackling climate change Wasting less water in homes and businesses can help meet the UK’s legally binding

goals of a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions of 34% by 2020 and 80% by 2050.

Heating water in homes for cooking, personal washing and cleaning produces 5% of

the UK’s greenhouse gas emissions and a quarter of CO2 emissions from homes 23 – it

is the second biggest use of energy in homes, after space heating, and before

gadgets and appliances. So wasting less hot water in homes – through more efficient

fixtures and fittings and more efficient use of hot water from taps and showers by

people – can immediately impact on carbon targets. Wasting less hot and cold water

19

http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=163 20

see page 10 – The environmental case 21

http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/publications/downloads/Sustainable%20Buildings%20R3.pdf 22

http://www.theecologist.org/reviews/books/504486/whats_the_carbon_footprint_of_a_text_message_having_a_child_the_world_cup.html 23

http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/business/topics/water/109835.aspx

A daily 15-minute shower offers the chance – through a shorter shower with a more water-efficient showerhead - to save half a tonne of water a year: equivalent to a return flight from London to Madrid22.


will reduce the carbon footprint of the water industry, which would as a result need to pump and treat less water and

wastewater (in turn making the sector more resilient to climate change). The water industry produces 1%24 of total UK

greenhouse gas emissions, with Scottish Water Scotland’s largest user of electricity25. Wasting less hot and cold water

will tie in with the Coalition Government’s commitment26 to use a wide range of levers to cut carbon emissions,

decarbonise the economy and support the creation of new green jobs and technologies.

Opportunity So it is clear that water efficiency needs to play a principal role in the climate change show. But this does not require a

hairshirt agenda, nor one of prohibition. Water efficiency is an opportunity – economic, environmental and social.

Wasting less water in the end comes down to kit and behaviour – taps, toilets, showers, dishwashers, washing machines

and industrial equipment which consume less water, and people who reflect the value of water in how they use it. The

opportunities lie in the framework to drive this. Developed strategically, such a framework will mean that homes and

businesses save money, new products and services are developed within the low carbon and green economy, long-term

planning ensures we don’t abstract too much water from the environment, and new community partnerships for

delivery are developed. Water efficiency therefore offers a significant political opportunity to deliver wider priorities.

It also offers specific political opportunities, for example in securing value for money for UK taxpayers from EU funds.

24

http://publications.environment-agency.gov.uk/pdf/GEHO0508BOBS-E-E.pdf 25

http://utilityweek.co.uk/features/interviews/scot-waters-richard-ackroyd-wa.php 26

http://www.direct.gov.uk/prod_consum_dg/groups/dg_digitalassets/@dg/@en/documents/digitalasset/dg_187876.pdf 27

http://www.eib.org/attachments/strategies/water_sector_lending_policy_2008_en.pdf

The EIB’s water sector lending policy27 explicitly refers to water efficiency as a key element for financing projects – the EIB will support “hard” (retrofitting) and “soft” (behaviour change) water efficiency measures undertaken by water service providers and will grant loans to support water efficiency in buildings. EIB funding could be used to fund a water element of the Green Deal for homes or for programmes to increase the energy efficiency of buildings. There are also EU regional funding programmes which explicitly or indirectly include water but which are currently being used in the UK for energy efficiency projects alone.


The economic case for water efficiency

In a nutshell Water efficiency has an important role to play in reflecting the full, long-term value of water in the UK economy. It

can reduce the deficit – cutting costs across the public and private sector and developing the low carbon and green

economy through manufacturing and services. It can reduce household energy and water bills and help affordability.

Reflecting the cost and value of water to UK plc Every sector of the UK economy is dependent on water. In a 2005 report, the National Audit Office pointed out that

“Many *of these+ industries would not be possible without the use of water. To replace a supply of one million litres of

water a day would typically cost about £2 million. The Agency’s regulation of abstraction, therefore, protects resources

worth some £72 billion to licence holders. Clearly, water use is of such importance that its value to the economy as a

whole is incalculable.”28 The Cave Review also points out that, although the cost of the abstraction licensing regime is

relatively low (around £124 million in 2007), the value of water in the economy is significantly greater. And, as both the

Cave and Walker Reviews clearly identified, the full long-term value of water is not reflected in the current regulatory

framework in England and Wales - and tightening up of the abstraction framework may be necessary. Most stakeholders

agree.

In addition to its value not being reflected, there are resource constraints surrounding water. In some areas of the UK

water is already scarce – and even beyond areas of water-stress there is a great deal of over-abstraction29. As it

becomes more challenging for water companies to balance supply and demand, the water they do supply will become

more expensive to source – and more carbon-intensive.

It therefore makes sense to incentivise the water industry to deliver water efficiency services to their consumers, both

domestic and non-domestic. This would save business and the wider economy money. Saving one million litres of

water a day through water efficiency would cost as little as £1.6 million30 – less than the cost of new supply mentioned

above. Abstraction reform could also increase catchment management approaches, which have been shown to be less

cost-intensive and less carbon-intensive than traditional engineering methods.

Deficit reduction Water efficiency can play an important role in the Coalition Government’s deficit reduction this year and beyond – it

can actively reduce running and procurement costs for central government and public sector bodies, on both water and

energy, freeing up costs for frontline spending for example in the National Health Service and the Ministry of Defence.

Simple measures can cut running costs by up to 20%, and water efficient procurement does not increase capital costs.

28

http://www.nao.org.uk/publications/0506/efficiency_in_water_resource_m.aspx] 29

see page 10 - The environmental case 30

Waterwise’s Evidence Base

Walker Review p47 “Given the pressures of climate change and population growth, the value of water in future will be higher than it is today. Yet this future scarcity and its likely impact is not fully reflected in the current assessment of costs and benefits. This requires urgent action. The environmental and social benefits and costs of taking more water from the environment need to be factored into the water industry’s management and investment decisions. Valuing water properly will help to deliver more efficient decisions on investment. Crucially, the legacy of decisions made in the next decade will play a material role in shaping the environment left for future generations.”

Cave Review p8 “While such a [current] framework supplies water at low administrative cost it fails to ensure that water goes to those who value it most (including the environment) or that it is used efficiently.”


Water efficiency can also help central government meet its 10% carbon reduction target within 12 months – reducing

wasted hot water in showers, taps, dishwashers and washing machines.

Cutting costs across the economy Most UK businesses, schools, hospitals and other public sector

buildings are metered for water. This means that if they waste

less water – through “domestic” processes such as taps, toilets,

urinals and showers, and dishwashers and washing machines, as

well as in industrial processes such as cleaning and cooling, they

will see immediate reductions in their water bills. For example,

many workplaces still have urinals which flush constantly, but

there are now UK-manufactured products which flush only when

a sensor is triggered, or less frequently, or not at all. Wasting less

hot water in workplaces would also cut energy bills.

Low carbon economy The UK produces a wide range of water-efficient equipment for domestic and non-domestic use – these products are

innovative and increasingly “aspirational”, with the white plastic water-efficient showerhead now largely a thing of the

past, replaced by large chrome showerheads which are still efficient. Targeted investment and support as part of the

green economy, linked with public sector procurement standards, could develop this manufacturing sector through a

mass market approach. This could mirror the development of mobile phones which began as an expensive “niche”

product but are now cheaper and mainstream. Product standards for homes and businesses, and partnerships with

retailers, manufacturers and the third sector would make products which waste less water cheaper for consumers.

Including water in energy retrofitting programmes33 would increase the number of green services jobs. The Coalition

Government’s Green Deal will retrofit homes for energy efficiency at a cost of up to £6,500 – a water retrofit of taps,

toilets and showers could be included for £40, and for metered homes would payback within two years34.

Cutting household bills Households will save money through wasting less water. Waterwise research35 shows that the average UK household

could save up to £100 a year on their energy bills from wasting less hot water in baths, showers and taps – £76 a year

just by replacing a daily bath with a three-minute shower. This will help deliver the Coalition Government’s commitment

to increase households’ control over their energy costs. A third of homes in England and a quarter in Wales are already

metered for water, and half will be by 2015 – through wasting less water those homes will also see an immediate

reduction in their water bills.

31

Thames Water, water efficiency in Hospitals study – August 2006 32 Waterwise estimate 33

See page 13 - Homes 34

Waterwise estimate 35

Waterwise estimate

The top 40 water-consuming hospitals in England consume about 20 megalitres a day which is equivalent to the water used by about 50,000 homes. Water savings of 15 – 25 percent could be achieved through retrofitting water-efficient equipment and working with staff and patients to change behaviour31. These savings could supply enough water for 12,500 families in areas such as the South East and East of England which are under pressure from increasing population and climate change32.


The social case for water efficiency

In a nutshell Water efficiency can reduce household energy bills, make homes more comfortable, make water bills affordable for

vulnerable households, increase sustainable consumer behaviour and develop the big society.

More comfortable homes Waterwise research36 revealed that 80% of social housing has baths but not showers – this is in part because much of

the stock was constructed before showers were considered a standard fitting, and in part because social housing

standards such as Decent Homes do not require installation of showers as part of refurbishment. Waterwise fitted

showers and other water-saving devices in a social housing partnership project of 200 homes37, through a home visit,

and there was a clear social benefit – residents were delighted with their improved lifestyle at no extra cost – as well as

25% water savings with no financial incentive. The same research shows that, in terms of the water-saving opportunities

in homes subject to the Decent Homes standard, the installation of showers would be of greatest value in terms of

saving water, energy, carbon dioxide, and utility charges to the property. Quality of life and homes would be improved

for social housing residents, and costs cut.

Helping vulnerable households with bills Water efficiency, combined with metering, gives people greater control over their water bills. As the Walker Review

sets out, affordability of water varies hugely between regions (from 6 to 72% on a definition of 3% of disposable income

being spent on water bills) and the current system of rateable value support for low-income families is very poorly

targeted. There is justified concern about potential bill increases for vulnerable groups under full metering, but this can

be addressed through tariffs and payment systems. In fact there is an impact on affordability characterising the current

system: as England and Wales move piecemeal towards greater metering, through a combination of optants and, in

some areas, compulsory metering, the cross-subsidies by non-metered vulnerable consumers of metered consumers are

being reinforced. A survey of social housing residents38, carried out as part of the Waterwise-led Tap into Savings South

East project, showed that 36% of people (sample size 400) felt worried about paying their water bill – despite all of

these residents paying a standard charge as part of their rent. Clear leadership by the Coalition Government and a

roadmap to full metering, within a regulatory framework which incentivises large-scale water efficiency, and enables

the use of innovative tariffs, would have a clear social benefit.

Helping us use water wisely There is a growing and identified trend in the UK towards resource-efficient behaviour. Defra’s recent surveys39 have

shown an increase in the proportion of people who report making an effort to cut down on water use – from 52% in

2007 to 69% in 2009. In recent years advice programmes and incentives have targeted energy efficiency, but Waterwise

research indicates that people are also keen to be more efficient with water. In research by Waterwise East and

Savills40, 65% of households surveyed liked the idea of having an overall water-saving package in their homes and 48%

said they would be willing to pay more for a more water-efficient home. With water, wanting to waste less extends

beyond the financial incentive of reduced bills – during the Waterwise-led Tap into Savings programme41 participants

who have signed up for water efficiency home visits have done so because they want to save water to help the

environment, reduce their bills, cut waste or feel as if they are doing something “good”. There are opportunities for

engagement at both the household and community level in order to help people use water wisely – contributing to

community cohesion and citizen empowerment.

36

http://www.waterwise.org.uk/images/site/Research/water%20efficiency%20in%20greater%20london%20housing%20sept%2009.pdf 37

http://www.waterwise.org.uk/images/site/Research/preston%20water%20efficiency%20initiative%20-%20final%20report%20-%20march%202009%20-

%20waterwise%20with%20partners.pdf 38

Report not yet published 39

http://www.defra.gov.uk/evidence/statistics/environment/pubatt/download/report-attitudes-behaviours2009.pdf 40

http://www.water-efficient-buildings.org.uk/?page_id=43 41

www.tapintosavings.org


Big society Partnership retrofitting projects such as those being carried out by Waterwise in Swindon42 (with WWF and Thames

Water) and through the Tap into Savings programme increase engagement beyond solo approaches. Waterwise’s

Evidence Base shows that such projects also reduce costs and increase uptake rates. The Tap into Savings programme

includes the development of community EcoTeams, and social housing providers, local authority and community groups

all working together for more water-efficient homes and people. Water efficiency can be a very visible and effective

element of the big society.

42 www.savewaterswindon.org.uk 43

http://www.waterwise.org.uk/images/site/Policy/evidence_base/evidence%20base%20for%20large-scale%20water%20efficiency%20in%20homes%20-

%20phase%20ii%20interim%20report.pdf

Water efficiency and the big society Waterwise’s research43 suggests that a partnership approach to water efficiency is the most cost-effective. Partnership retrofitting and behaviour change campaigns tend to show greater uptake, engagement and water, carbon and financial savings, and to be more innovative than solo approaches. This could be an important outcome of the Coalition Government’s big society – creating a more balanced economy, increasing the role of social enterprises and co-operatives and communities coming together to make lives better. At the same time it would drive the more efficient use of water and could inform the development of new trusts to help communities provide local housing.


The environmental case for water efficiency

In a nutshell Water efficiency will help us stop taking too much water from the environment - protecting wildlife and natural

resources. It will also reduce carbon emissions and help tackle climate change. The environmental case for water

efficiency is central to the Coalition Government’s commitment to protect the environment for future generations,

make our economy more environmentally sustainable, and improve our quality of life and wellbeing. It is also fully

supported by customer research – 89% of people in the UK think that the government should do more to protect our

rivers44.

Drawing too much water The Environment Agency for England and Wales has already classified some areas of the UK as under serious water

stress45. Even beyond areas of water stress there is a significant amount of over-abstraction – 15% of river catchments

in England and Wales are classed as “over-abstracted” and 18% as “over-licensed”46. Many wetlands have been lost.

According to the Environment Agency’s Catchment Abstraction Management Strategies47 there are a number of Welsh

rivers that are over-licensed and over-abstracted – for example the river Usk and areas around Angelsey are particularly

stressed. Scotland has seen pockets of drought in recent years, with a Drought Order and hosepipe ban in place in

Dundee in 2004. Unsustainable abstraction, with other factors, means the UK faces an uphill challenge in meeting the

quality requirements for rivers set out in the Water Framework Directive – which also requires water efficiency and

metering - by 2015.

Environmental protection The water environment sustains us all in life and leisure, as well as supporting the economy. It also sustains all of our

biodiversity. Waterwise’s work with WWF48 is designed, including through a partnership retrofit covering the whole of

Swindon, to help preserve three of England’s iconic chalk streams. These rivers are only found in England and parts of

Northern France, and host an abundance of native wildlife that, if lost through over-exploitation, will be lost to the

world for ever. Diffuse pollution of the water environment can also be addressed by new regulatory frameworks to

encourage water efficiency - for example, by reflecting the full long-term value of water in incentives for water

abstractors, at a catchment level.

Tackling climate change As set out on page 4, wasting less water in homes and businesses can help meet the UK’s carbon targets by reducing

emissions from homes and from the water industry. It ties in with the Coalition Government’s commitment49 to use a

wide range of levers to cut carbon emissions, decarbonise the economy and support the creation of new green jobs and

technologies.

44

http://www.wcl.org.uk/bfw_public_opinion_poll.asp 45

http://publications.environment-agency.gov.uk/pdf/GEHO1207BNOC-e-e.pdf 46

http://publications.environment-agency.gov.uk/pdf/GEHO1208BPAS-e-e.pdf 47

http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/research/planning/33376.aspx 48

http://assets.wwf.org.uk/downloads/rivers_on_the_edge.pdf 49

http://www.direct.gov.uk/prod_consum_dg/groups/dg_digitalassets/@dg/@en/documents/digitalasset/dg_187876.pdf


Meeting the challenge – defining the problem

Waterwise’s White Paper vision for the next five years (set out on page 3) can be delivered through innovative policies,

as well as more strategic development of existing policies in separate sectors. In other words, some of this isn’t rocket

science, it’s just about joining up – although some of the proposals in this White Paper are more radical. And there is

an urgent need for government leadership to draw these threads together – both within and beyond the water sector.

The next two years will be particularly crucial in influencing the development of the regulatory framework for water in

the context of the next price determinations across the UK – as well as those of other sectors such as energy and

housing. In addition to policy and regulatory change, there will need to be further development of the knowledge base.

Below, Waterwise sets out the need for change and a series of proposals. This section is divided into two – policy change

needed on water specifically and policy change to help meet wider national priorities. Proposals are marked according

to the specific Coalition Government commitments and priorities they will help deliver – using the key in the

Introduction (page 2).

A smarter policy and regulatory framework for water

Defining the opportunity – what needs to change?

In a nutshell The Coalition Government is committed to reforming the water industry to ensure more efficient use of water.

Undertaken in the right way, this could lead to a water industry, across the UK, which is incentivised and structured

to reflect the full value of water, and - with partners – to help address national challenges, such as climate change

mitigation and adaptation and housing and population growth. Changes to the regulatory framework for water can

also drive the low carbon and green economy.

Incentives in the wrong place The regulatory framework for water currently incentivises the water industry in England and Wales towards supply-

side measures. As such, the full long-term value of water, in economic, social and environmental terms – for example its

value in different places at different times - is not reflected, as noted by Cave and Walker. There is a strong bias

towards capital expenditure because this contributes to the regulatory asset base. This bias acts as a barrier to large-

scale water efficiency – this is despite the Revenue Correction Mechanism which Ofwat has introduced, which is

welcome, but will only bite every 5 years, so does not drive year-on-year supply-demand investment decisions. The

water companies are undertaking excellent work, retrofitting tens of thousands of homes at no extra cost to the

customer, including in conjunction with large-scale metering programmes, and encouraging customers, schools and

businesses to waste less water. But this is a very small proportion of the amount they spend on supply-side measures.

As Severn Trent Water set out in their Changing Course document50 in April 2010, “In order to equalise incentives, there

needs to be scope for initiatives involving operating expenditure to earn a return”. A bias towards capex also acts as a

barrier to sustainability in other sectors, such as transport, energy and communications - and in the public sector -

where investment in new capital projects is easier to fund than alterations.

50

http://www.stwater.co.uk/server.php?show=nav.6402


More barriers The current structure of the water industry in England and Wales raises further barriers to the more efficient use of

water. The regulatory framework for water features at the same time an excess of regulation in terms of layer upon

layer of requirements (Water Resource Management Plans, the Price Reviews, Strategic Direction Statements,

Catchment Management Strategies (CAMS), River Basin Management Plans, Notified Items, Drought Plans….), often

with different timescales and “owners”, and significant gaps, for example in terms of making the links with other sectors

to drive efficiencies in households, and Water Resource Management Plans not including sewerage. The current five-

year cycle for water pricing does not adequately address the long-term challenges – the delay in the UK Climate Impact

Programme 09 scenarios by several months meant that water companies were unable to incorporate the scenarios into

their final business plans for the next five years. Innovation does not play a big enough role. International comparisons

and learnings are not applied. Competitive new practices are often required to take place outside the regulated

business of a water company. Diverse patterns of ownership can mean conflicting priorities where regulatory drivers are

unclear. The UK water industry is now subject to the Carbon Reduction Commitment but this is not driving sufficiently

widespread mitigation effort. This combination of factors makes long-term, sustainable financing of the industry more

challenging. More flexible, smarter regulation would address these issues, as well as affordability – and could be

undertaken alongside increased competition. It could also drive the delivery of new services by water companies to

their consumers, such as rainwater harvesting and consumer information linked to new technologies.

People There is a question as to whether the regulatory framework enables the industry to be responsive enough to

customer demand. The role of individual choice and habit in water use and efficiency is increasing, and behavioural and

attitudinal change now recognised as essential alongside retrofitting programmes and product development. But

current mechanisms struggle with reflecting support for this by the water companies in the investment process. It is also

important to ensure that frameworks incentivise consumer satisfaction with products (as well as water savings) – so

that, when later replacing entire bathroom suites, they are more likely to do this with water-efficient fittings. A further

example of the need to work closely with people lies in hosepipe bans - the Flood and Water Management Act (2010)51

updates the regulations but is not supported by a universally understood code of practice, and now includes a potential

ban on paddling pools. Engagement with consumers is very important in this context.

Ofwat is undertaking a fundamental review of its own regulatory framework and whether it is fit to address the long-

term challenges of climate change and population growth, and is committed to addressing these issues. But there is a

wider role for government in providing the leadership and legislative framework, and making the strategic links with

other sectors.

Paying for what we use Only a third of homes in England and a quarter of homes in Wales, and less than 1% in Scotland, currently pay for their

water according to how much they use. This makes us almost unique in the EU and in developed countries across the

world. Under the price determinations set out in 200952 metering in England and Wales will move to 50% of homes (and

57% in areas of serious water stress) by 2015 – and two companies will move to universal metering within that period.

But it makes no sense that in a world where the climate is changing, and where water efficiency is a key tool in

managing the impacts of climate change and tackling it, most of us could leave the taps running all day and still pay a

fixed amount. It is inconceivable that such a principle would apply to other goods such as energy and fuel – paying a

set price regardless of how much is consumed – and neither of these is essential to life. Metering helps people to

manage their water bills and water companies to manage peak demand. Every home in Britain will receive a smart

energy meter in the next few years, and this provides an opportunity to link with water metering.

51 http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2010/ukpga_20100029_en_1

52 http://www.ofwat.gov.uk/pricereview/pr09phase3/prs_web_pr09fd


Waterwise cartoon 2010

Water efficiency and wider national priorities

Defining the opportunity – what needs to change?

In a nutshell When the regulatory framework for the water industry in England and Wales was designed, at privatisation over

twenty years ago, the challenges (such as ensuring continuity of supply, securing capital for investment and addressing

leakage) were specific to the water sector. Now the long-term challenges – of climate change, population growth, and

economic stability – are common to all sectors. The regulatory frameworks for water, energy and housing need to work

together to help address these shared challenges. In some cases this may mean joint mechanisms. At the very least it

should mean that, as the frameworks for each are redesigned over the next couple of years, this is taken forward

strategically and not in sectoral isolation.

Adaptation and mitigation As set out on pages 4 and 5, there are substantial climate change drivers for mainstreaming water efficiency within

homes, buildings and people. These include adaptation and mitigation, through building resilience, carbon reductions,

greater control over energy bills (and water bills for metered consumers), increased customer engagement and greater

take-up of retrofitting programmes.

Homes Alongside regulatory reform, policies and strategies to make homes more energy-efficient, warm and “decent” need

to include both hot and cold water efficiency measures – the over-focus on energy is contrary to wider Coalition

Government objectives. This includes standards for new homes and zero carbon. The Green Deal national energy

retrofitting scheme of up to £6,500 a house could include water efficiency (taps, toilets and showers), at an average cost

of £40 a house. A supplier obligation on the water industry in England and Wales, building on the current water

efficiency targets, could help fund the water efficiency element of a national retrofitting package. For metered homes,


this would payback within two years.53. New green financial products in the green investment bank and European

Investment Bank funds could also be used to fund such a programme.

Buildings Adaptation and energy efficiency advice programmes do not currently include water efficiency. Large and small

businesses, schools, hospitals and other workplaces, most of which are metered for water, could save up to 20% on

their water bills through simple measures such as installing water-efficient taps, toilets, urinals and showers, and staff

behaviour change. In the MOD and the NHS, simple procedures such as fixing dripping taps could potentially result in

significant savings which could be invested in frontline services (see the box on page 7). The Federation House

Commitment54 aims to help reduce overall water usage across the food and drink industry by 20% by the year 2020, but

other sectors have not yet followed suit.

Planning Water efficiency currently plays a minor and patchy role in planning, even in water-stressed areas. The Coalition

Government’s commitment to creating a presumption in favour of sustainable development in planning, incentives for

local authorities to deliver sustainable development, including for new homes and businesses, and a fundamental

rebalancing of the planning system towards local people, through an “Open Source” system, offer substantial

opportunities for partnership retrofitting projects. Innovative planning policies such as water neutrality would help drive

the water efficiency of existing homes – two thirds of the UK’s 2050 homes have already been built55 - by retrofitting

existing homes in the area of new build, to ensure total water demand doesn’t increase.

People It is now generally accepted that individual behaviour and attitudes are fundamental to tackling the causes and

consequences of climate change. Consistent, multi-stakeholder messages across the UK are key to any change in what

people think and do, on a scale similar to public health campaigns. Water efficiency barely features in most of these

programmes and messages – it should play a prominent role in them, to increase both their environmental and

economic impact and the range of advice offered to prompt changes in behaviour across the use of resources.

Low carbon economy - In a nutshell

UK plans to deliver the low carbon and green economy need to include water. Water efficiency can help make the UK

more attractive to investment, reduce carbon emissions and increase green jobs. Water efficiency did not feature in

the previous government’s strategy for a low carbon economy, nor is it reflected within the framework of carbon

budgeting. Including water efficiency will further stimulate growth and employment.

- Jobs

Developing the UK manufacturing base for water-efficient products should be an essential part of the Coalition

Government’s sustainable growth and enterprise strategy. There is a strong manufacturing base in the UK for these

products, but as they are not included in targeted green growth plans there are already cases of new products going

out of the UK to seek investment. Including water efficiency in energy retrofitting programmes will increase the number

of green service jobs. This could lead to developing new infrastructures, social innovation, and building on regional and

national examples of good practice to deliver water efficiency at the UK level.

Within regional sustainability clusters - covering water, energy and waste - businesses, higher education institutions and

research organisations across the public or private sector could work together to implement innovative economic

development projects. With government support, these could make regional and local economies more competitive,

creating jobs and attracting investment.

53

Waterwise research 54

www.fhc2010.co.uk 55

http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/publications/downloads/Sustainable%20Buildings%20R3.pdf


- Products

Only toilets are subject to water efficiency standards in the UK – and existing standards only influence new homes or

those being refurbished. There are no product standards for taps, showers and urinals - these would help drive the

market in water efficient products, making them cheaper for both individual and business customers. Water-efficient

products and supply chains also help reduce the impact of the “embedded” water in products we import from water-

scarce countries, such as meat and clothes.

- Incentives

The Coalition Government is committed to a Green Investment Bank which will create green financial products to provide individuals with opportunities to invest in the infrastructure needed to support the new green economy. This is an important opportunity to mainstream water efficiency in the low carbon and green economy, through linking the green financial products with water efficiency measures in homes and buildings. A green mortgage could be linked to water efficiency measures in the home.


56

Waterwise figures 57

http://www.bathroom-association.org/pdf/01-2010trends.pdf

Toilets: a case study An England wide toilet scrappage scheme could deliver significant water savings and cuts in household bills, and stimulate the manufacturing element of the low carbon and green economy. Within a year this would supply additional water equivalent to building a new, large capacity reservoir56. There are an estimated 900,000 toilet cisterns still in use in England alone with flush volumes of 13 litres (pre 1960s) compared to dual flush toilets being manufactured in the UK now which flush at less than a third of that volume57. 56% of the most inefficient toilets are in owner occupied properties where owners are likely to replace the bathroom suite, so a large proportion of the most inefficient toilets could be replaced by incentivising homeowners to refurbish their bathrooms. 22% of the most inefficient toilets are located in local authority housing, offering the opportunity to piggyback on energy efficiency retrofitting and other local authority maintenance activities. Local and national partners, including retailers, manufacturers and community groups, could help design, promote and deliver a programme. The next water company price review process, beginning in 2012, provides a chance to integrate toilet scrappage into water efficiency targets for water companies.


Regulation across sectors - Common barriers

The capex bias which acts against large-scale water efficiency programmes in the water sector is also an issue in other

sectors such as transport, housing and energy, and in schools and hospitals, where ease of securing funding leads to

prioritising of new capital projects over adjustments to existing ones. This bias is a barrier to sustainability across the

UK economy. It is counter-intuitive – in our own lives we would be unlikely to build a new home when our existing one

(or another existing one) could be improved.


- Water, energy and housing

The policy and regulatory framework for energy across Britain, including the Green Deal and the current energy supplier

obligation (the Carbon Emissions Reduction Target), at worst does not include water or at best disincentivises joint

working on water and energy efficiency. Joint working of this kind was recommended by the Walker Review and would

deliver maximised water and energy (and financial) savings in households, through a single visit, increased consumer

engagement, and a cost-effective budget. There is an over-focus on carbon savings from some measures at the

expense of others: this does not currently represent smart regulation. Standards to drive energy efficiency in new

homes and buildings, and for zero carbon, do not include water efficiency despite its important role in both

mitigation and adaptation. Nor do social housing standards include water efficiency measures or the installation of

showers – Waterwise research58 shows that 80% of social housing does not have showers.

Respondents to Waterwise’s 2009 Consultation on Scaling Water Efficiency Up59 were asked whether water efficiency

should become a national priority alongside energy efficiency: they were broadly in agreement that it should, and that

this should be supported by an increased focus on evidence.

- Big society

If a big society means bringing together local needs, skills and communities, then mainstreaming water efficiency in

existing and new energy and housing policies will help develop and deliver it. New partners and funding sources will

deliver multiple benefits – and engagement with local people – at community level.

58

GLA study (see footnote 36 on page 8) 59

http://www.waterwise.org.uk/images/site/Consultation/consultation%20document%20on%20water%20efficiency%20final%20_%20design_910.pdf


Meeting the challenge – proposed solutions

A smarter policy and regulation framework for water

The Coalition Government is committed to examining the

conclusions of the Cave and Walker Reviews, and reforming the

water industry to ensure more efficient use of water and the

protection of poorer households. There are a number of

potential models which would meet both these criteria and tie

in with the wider Coalition Government objectives of creating

jobs in a low carbon economy, environmental protection and

the big society.

The regulatory framework for water should reflect the full, long-term value of water – not only its immediate price, but also its wider value to society, the economy, the environment, wellbeing, health and community cohesion, including scarcity value. Abstraction licensing should be reformed to reflect this, and trading considered, as well as time-limited abstraction licences. The map of water-stressed areas for England and Wales should be updated to reflect abstraction pressures. Cost benefit analysis should be wider than the current Average Incremental Social Cost

Reform of the water market should incentivise the development of water service companies through retail competition, focussed on providing water efficiency services as well as water supply services, such as rainwater harvesting, greywater recycling and IT linked to consumption information. This framework could even include a short-term stimulus of water service companies competing for a share of a regulator-approved budget to drive innovation and water efficiency. It should enable strategic trading between neighbouring companies to address time-specific local shortages, supported by a virtual grid

The market alone will not deliver water efficiency. A renewed regulatory framework should reflect national and regional priorities on climate change mitigation and adaptation and resource efficiency. It should enable longer-term investment – and sustainable financing - alongside shorter-term flexibility to respond to climate, market and other pressures. The profit incentive should be turned on its head so that water companies are incentivised to sell less water rather than more – the bias towards capital expenditure should be removed. This should promote working between companies and beyond water-stressed areas, and the sharing of knowledge, as well as competitive delivery of innovative measures, such as a spend-to-save scheme for schools. As in Australia, retrofit would then come higher up the scale of investment priorities than large supply-side measures such as desalination or new reservoirs

Future benefits of increased water efficiency should be taken into account, and the payback period increased to allow companies to keep the rewards over a longer period. This would drive a long-term investment framework as well as reflecting the full value of water. Innovation within the water sector and with other sectors should be rewarded – for example through allowing a higher risk level for investment in new, “demonstration” activity, similar to the Ofgem model for energy efficiency. There should be a return from investment in innovation, including that to drive water efficiency partnerships

60

Coalition Programme for Government page 29

The Coalition Government is committed60 to the creation and expansion of mutuals, cooperatives, charities and social enterprises, and enabling these groups to have much greater involvement in the running of public services. Could this be an opportunity to remove or redirect the profit incentive in the water sector in England and Wales, to reflect the full, long term value of water, and the big society?


The new regulatory framework for water should be developed alongside that for energy and housing so that wider national priorities can be efficiently taken forward. See Homes on page 19 for further details

With other measures, reform of the regulatory framework should be linked to an overall per capita consumption reduction target set by government for England. This could be supported by regional equivalents set on a water company, water stress or catchment basis. This should also be the case for Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland

The regulatory framework should recognise the increasing importance of on-the-ground, face-to-face engagement with people to help them waste less water – and incentivise this, including delivering it in partnerships which stretch beyond the water sector

There should be a political commitment to a water meter in every home in England and Wales by 2020, set out in a roadmap which includes the use of tariffs to protect vulnerable groups. This should based on a much wider cost-benefit analysis than at present - including the full value of water, abstraction pressures and carbon emissions. The roll-out of smart energy meters for every home in Britain by 2020 should be linked with water metering

Carbon targets should be developed at water company level and water companies able to trade the carbon they save through water efficiency measures in homes and buildings as well as through their own processes

A Code of Practice to support the updated hosepipe bans legislation61 should include not only the water industry but also the relevant manufacturing sectors

61

http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2010/ukpga_20100029_en_1

Should a shadow price of water be developed to help deliver the full value of water in the current regulatory framework, in advance of wider regulatory reform? This worked in the carbon market. Regional differences in price and scarcity would need to be reflected, unlike in energy.


Water efficiency and wider national priorities

This section contains more proposals to mainstream water efficiency than in the section specific to the water sector -

illustrating the vast opportunity for the Coalition Government to increase the effective delivery of its priorities by

mainstreaming water efficiency.

Adaptation and mitigation

Water efficiency best practice should be included in public sector adaptation strategies and resilience programmes

Water efficiency should be included in carbon budgets

Government guidance on adaptation and good business practice should require a water efficiency audit and measures – these would lead directly to reductions in bills, as well as increased climate resilience

Homes

The Green Deal energy retrofitting scheme should include water efficiency. This should be reflected in the Energy Bill. It could be funded by a supplier obligation on the water industry, European Investment Bank funding and other measures such as new green financial products

There should be incentives for households to move from retrofitting to replacement by water-efficient and energy-efficient products – including dishwashers and washing machines – building on product standards and a co-ordinated approach and advice, leading to savings on energy and water bills

Water efficiency in hew homes should follow the trajectory of energy efficiency, including through the Code for Sustainable Homes and zero carbon ratings

Social housing residents should receive showers and other water efficiency measures in upgrading programmes and newly-built homes. New community trusts for housing could build on this

The Energy Performance Certificate should be used to support energy and water efficiency measures, to help drive sustainability in the homebuying process

New green financial products from the green investment bank should be linked to product standards and changes to the Energy Performance Certificate, to drive water efficiency and energy efficiency


Government should support third sector coalitions to deliver retrofitting and behaviour change to homes and communities, for water, energy and waste – to ensure greater value for money, these should be supported by seedcorn funding for the third sector rather than through government-funded bodies

Buildings and workplaces

Public sector procurement should mandate the most water-efficient products currently available on the market, and be regularly updated

Water efficient product standards for buildings should be developed across water-using products. These could be linked with Display Energy Certificates (DECs)

Insurance discounts for climate change resilience should apply to water efficiency measures taken by businesses as well as flood risk management

There should be a spend-to-save fund for schools through which savings on water bills from retrofitting measures pay retrofitting bills. The water industry could control the bill manipulation, but this would be beyond their regulated business so could need incentives and regulatory support

The Enhanced Capital Allowances scheme for water-using products should be revamped to ensure it drives business practice and procurement

More sector-specific water efficiency commitments should be developed through the third and private sectors working together, supported by government and regulators

Planning

New planning frameworks with an increased role for local people should take forward water neutrality partnerships – with homes, businesses, schools and hospitals in the area receiving a water efficiency retrofit to avoid an increase in overall demand as a result of new local development

Any replacement for Local Area Agreements should require water efficiency in local planning policies


Pilots and incentives should be developed to provide community-scale water provision and sustainable urban drainage – building resilience to flooding and scarcity, and the big society. These could be implemented through new mutuals within water companies, with the third sector

People

There should be a single, voluntary, cross-sector-supported water efficiency label for all water-using products

Product standards should be set for water-using products in homes and buildings, and linked to public sector procurement – cutting public sector costs and driving the market towards cheaper water-efficient products for householders

There should be a multi-sector, targeted UK-wide water efficiency campaign to help drive changes in behaviour and cut household bills

Low carbon and green economy

As set out above, water efficiency should be included in energy efficiency retrofitting programmes, increasing the number of green service jobs

The potential contribution of water efficiency to the low carbon economy should be quantified, and reflected in incentives and programmes to deliver it

Incentives for water-efficient manufacturing should be developed: cutting red tape, reducing the administrative burden, increasing access to loans, and creating the right business environment

Training, education, research and development should target water efficiency, to deliver jobs and lower bills for SMEs, other businesses and people

There should be a single water efficiency plumbing standard and certification

Clusters of environmentally responsible areas should be developed within regions, covering water, energy and waste, to drive competitive advantage – these could be supported by the new scheme to help businesses in targeted areas of the UK

A toilet scrappage scheme should be considered. This could be a government-sponsored scheme, implemented at local level, including the third and private sectors, which provides incentives for homeowners, local authorities and social and private landlords to replace the most inefficient toilets with the most efficient toilets (see box on page 15)


Product standards should be set for taps, showers and urinals, to help drive the market in water-efficient products. These should be linked with public sector procurement, a single, voluntary, cross-sectoral water efficiency labelling scheme, incentives such as council tax rebates and new green financial products, social housing standards and retrofitting schemes and a cross-sector water efficiency campaign to help people waste less water

Regulation across sectors

The barrier to sustainability created by the bias towards capital expenditure in the regulatory framework should be analysed across the economy, and a strategy developed to tackle it

Any successor to CERT (Carbon Emissions Reduction Target) on energy suppliers should work with water regulation rather than against it

Big society

Practical issues which arise in the development of partnerships to drive water and energy efficiency and sustainable and decent housing need to be addressed (see the box on page 23). These include issues of contrary incentives, infrastructure (for installation and provision of advice), accumulated knowledge, liability, and training

Should the focus of the UK economy shift from a bias towards capital expenditure, to drive sustainable financing and investment? This would address barriers to sustainability across many sectors, such as water, energy, transport, communications and even for schools and hospitals.

Now is not the time for VAT reductions. But VAT reductions to drive sustainable products have been considered for energy efficiency. In the long-term, this subject is likely to be returned to, and should include water efficiency. The third and private sectors could help build consensus in the EU.


A big society project – addressing the barriers The Waterwise-led Tap into Savings62 partnership retrofitting and behaviour change programme covers 10,000 social housing units in three areas of England. It is delivering water and energy savings and developing community teams. However, it has identified some early barriers to big society partnerships:

- in some cases water companies are incentivised to retrofit in water-stressed areas only, and not in partnership with neighbouring water companies. There is a disconnect between social housing providers’ or local authority territories and that of the water company, with the former wanting to work across their entire areas but the latter not supplying those entire areas

- water company incentives (water efficiency targets) focus them on the water (and energy) savings from a product

rather than its savings and performance – sometimes encouraging the distribution of one product that may not be performing to customers’ satisfaction, potentially acting against behaviour change and how keen they are to “refurbish” with water-efficient kit in the future, beyond “retrofit”

- there is no standard approach to water metering amongst social housing providers – some are in favour and some

opposed

- there is a lack of trained installers to deliver simple water efficiency devices into homes, alongside help and information on behaviour change

- water companies and social housing providers do not currently keep their records in a compatible way – in part,

because legislation does not provide for a named water company customer per household – and there are issues of data protection involved in partnership delivery

- small gaps in explanation to householders can have significant impact on uptake of retrofitting and behaviour change

– for example, a) that, where there were several options on offer, this was not an “all-or-nothing” programme, so that those who didn’t want product X were still encouraged to apply for products Y and Z, and b) that the grey appearance of water from a new aerated tap was due to bubbles, not poor performance

- there is a lack of published knowledge on the best water-efficient products for retrofitting, and linking this to user

experience – Waterwise has much of this information, but is not resourced to publish and disseminate it

- some social housing providers struggle to provide the human and financial resources for partnership retrofits because these stretch across all their programmes

- water companies are required to make a case to Ofwat for large-scale water efficiency spending and the parameters

for this are currently quite tightly defined (so some is not awarded), as the regulatory framework does not at present reflect the “full” value of water

- the infrastructure for shared services does not exist – for example, if a water company and social housing provider

are providing a partnership service, there is an issue around whose customer service contact details should be provided

- the “additionality” issue in CERT - currently blocking some joint energy and water efficiency work - means it is hard

for joint water and energy projects to source free energy-efficient kit

- managing different audiences is key – a social housing retrofitting programme cannot be offered to private tenant neighbours, making “refer-a-friend” programmes challenging

- and finally – learning from other Waterwise partnership projects and research - the Decent Homes standard does not

allow for other than like-for-like replacement, and most social housing does not currently have showers

62

www.tapintosavings.org – part-funded by Defra’s Greener Living Fund


Evidence – building the knowledge base

Why is it important to build the knowledge base?

In a nutshell Evidence is needed to underpin policy. This will ensure efficient, cost-effective delivery, and drive behaviour change.

Waterwise is building the economic case for partnership retrofitting in the water sector. But there is a great deal which

is not yet understood about how people in the UK use water, and a need to quantify the potential contribution of

water efficiency to the low carbon and green economy.

Making water-efficiency cost-effective Building on existing knowledge, the nature of the interaction between multiple measures such as retrofitting,

metering and tariffs needs to be further explored, as does evidence on the most cost-effective way to reduce water

bills in schools, hospitals and SMEs through water efficiency. This will support policy moves towards a sustainable,

long-term investment framework for the water industry. Waterwise is building the economic case for large-scale water

efficiency63 – when undertaken alone, and combined with other measures. Further research will be needed to underpin

and quantify this potential, including in the context of the behaviour of individuals.

How people use water There are many gaps in our knowledge of how people in the UK use water. For example,

not enough is known about why two identical and neighbouring homes, with the same

occupant composition, could have radically different water consumptions; why

consumption varies so much, and why it varies regionally; how water savings from leaflets,

school visits and events can best be quantified; how uptake rates of retrofits can be

maximised, and what messaging works best; or what are the triggers of behaviour change. But it is clear already that

water efficiency has a significant role to play. Existing research points to behaviour as the key driver: examining what

drives these differences in behaviour is key to understanding, and influencing, water use.

Low carbon economy As set out elsewhere in this White Paper, water efficiency has a considerable contribution to make to the

development of the low carbon and green economy, through manufacturing and services. Information is needed on

the scope of this to enable targeted measures to be effective.

63

http://www.waterwise.org.uk/images/site/Policy/evidence_base/evidence%20base%20for%20large-scale%20water%20efficiency%20in%20homes%20-

%20phase%20ii%20interim%20report.pdf 64

http://www.waterwise.org.uk/images/site/Research/final%20water%20and%20energy%20implications%20of%20personal%20bathing%20-

%20for%20est%20apr%2009.pdf

Waterwise research64 shows that little evidence exists concerning why people use baths and showers the way they do.

Differences in water and energy use There is evidence to show that people behave differently with water than with energy (for example seeing beyond the financial incentive to a general wish to help the environment and generally to do “good”), so the models cannot be directly mapped onto each other. Unlike energy consumption, water consumption across the UK varies considerably between water company areas: both by region, and within regions. In addition, unlike energy, where consumption has been linked to issues such as affluence, in water there are clear variations between households of similar socio-economic status.


Further research as listed below would help deliver Coalition Government priorities and commitments (according to the

key on page 3):

Making water efficiency cost-effective – research needs

More actual water efficiency projects to inform the evidence of the impact of metering and tariffs on the cost and benefits of large-scale water efficiency

The potential for water, energy and cost savings - and payback times - from water efficiency measures in schools, hospitals and SMEs, as well as the wider public sector

The impact of existing mechanisms on driving water efficiency in large businesses, such as the Enhanced Capital Allowance scheme and the Carbon Reduction Commitment

For areas in the UK where per capita consumption is unknown, the current level of water use, including hot water

The optimum per capita consumption to relieve pressures on the water environment

The incremental saving in drainage costs from water efficiency retrofitting measures in homes

How people use water – research needs

How water savings from leaflets, school visits and events can best be quantified; how uptake rates of retrofits can be maximised, and what messaging works best; what the triggers are of behaviour change and how this can most effectively be linked with retrofit

Drivers of showering and bathing behaviour


“Acceptable” levels of shower performance

Further detail on the links between water use and carbon intensity – including field studies to establish average shower length and product impact, and to inform the costs and benefits of water efficiency even once the grid has been de-carbonised

The impact of current and potential fiscal and financial incentives for water efficiency, such as the effectiveness of the Enhanced Capital Allowances Scheme, VAT and council tax reductions, and market-based pricing signals

Low carbon economy – research needs

The potential water efficiency element of the low carbon and green economy, in terms of both jobs and services

The level and type of standards for water-using products for domestic and non-domestic use which would transform the market and impact on bills

The impact of spot-carbon footprinting, for example focused on high-selling products within retail chains

Financing water efficiency

This White Paper sets out several mechanisms for financing water efficiency. In a renewed regulatory framework,

primed to tackle the long-term challenges of climate change, population growth and economic constraints, water

efficiency could be financed through the regulatory framework. Retrofitting measures could be funded through financial

mechanisms within the water industry – including via the European Investment Bank - and piggybacked onto existing

energy and housing programmes. Many of the other measures set out here would not include additional finance as they

would be delivered through partnerships as part of the big society, in many cases maximising cost-effectiveness of


existing programmes. Mainstreaming water efficiency within the government’s carbon budgeting programme, for the

water sector as well as non-domestic consumers across the economy, will also help drive its cost-effectiveness. Water

efficiency measures in the public sector and for other non-domestic water consumers pay for themselves through

savings on water and energy bills. Untapped EU funds could also help finance water efficiency – Waterwise will explore

these opportunities.

Next steps

This White Paper sets out a framework for mainstreaming water efficiency to ensure it

fully delivers its potential in mitigating and adapting to climate change, and developing

the low carbon and green economy and the big society.

Regulatory, legislative and policy measures taken by the UK government over the next

two years are the key to developing such a framework and to ensuring the UK is in the

best shape possible to meet the long-term challenges of climate change. In the short

term, there is an urgent need for leadership from the UK government to build on the

political, economic, social and environmental opportunities offered by water efficiency.

Waterwise looks forward to the priorities and measures contained in this White Paper

being reflected in policy and legislative proposals from the Coalition Government.

A Waterwise document written by Nicci Russell, Policy Director and designed by Chris Philpot, Communications Director

Waterwise is considering the development of a UK-wide Water Efficiency Forum, building on the success of the Saving Water in Scotland Network it set up in 2006, to drive best practice in policy and delivery, and establish partnerships in the context of the big society and other opportunities.

What could happen if we didn’t mainstream water efficiency? Homes and businesses would not be as energy-efficient as will be required to meet targets, because energy would still be wasted heating water. Five years into energy efficiency programmes for every home, increased water scarcity and more frequent drought would mean a similar retrofitting programme for water being considered, but consumers unlikely to favour a second visit and programme. Wasted water would still be gushing out of fixtures and fittings in homes and businesses while consumers focussed on carbon and energy efficiency. Three new regulatory frameworks would be in place – for water, energy and housing – which act in isolation, even though the challenges and the consumers are the same. The water environment would be drying up, and species dwindling. While the energy sector would be incentivised to deliver energy efficiency services, the water sector would remain incentivised towards supply. Water, carbon and money would be being wasted across the economy.


1 Queen Anne’s Gate | London | SW1H 9BT

+44 (0) 207 344 1882

[email protected]

www.waterwise.org.uk

i

Index1

Aabout[5], 6-8above[1], 6abstract[1], 5abstracted[2], 10Abstraction[2], 6, 10abstraction[6], 6, 10abstractors[1], 10abundance[1], 10According[1], 10achieved[1], 7ackroyd[1], 5across[10], 1-3, 6-7action[3], 3-4, 6actively[1], 6adapt[2], 3Adaptation[1], 4adaptation[2], 2, 4Adapting[1], 4adapting[2], 4addition[1], 6address[2], 3addressed[2], 8, 10administrative[1], 6advice[1], 8affairs[3], 3affordability[4], 2, 6, 8affordable[1], 8after[1], 4again[1], 3Agency[4], 4, 6, 10

agency[5], 4-5, 10agenda[1], 5agree[1], 6all[7], 3, 7-10alone[1], 5alongside[4], 3-4already[9], 2, 4, 6-7, 10also[17], 2, 4-10although[1], 6ambitions[1], 3amount[1], 10And[2], 4, 6and[207], 1-10Angelsey[1], 10any[1], 4appliances[1], 4approach[3], 2, 7, 9approaches[3], 6, 9are[28], 3-8, 10areas[9], 4, 6-8, 10around[2], 6, 10asp[2], 2, 10aspirational[1], 7aspx[3], 4, 6, 10assessment[1], 6assets[1], 10attachments[1], 5attitudes[1], 8Audit[1], 6August[1], 7authority[2], 1, 9autumn[1], 2average[1], 7avoid[1], 4

ii

Index1

Bback[2], 3balance[1], 6balanced[1], 9ban[1], 10Base[4], 1-2, 6, 9base[4], 2, 9bath[1], 7baths[2], 7-8because[7], 4, 8become[1], 6becomes[1], 6been[3], 4, 6, 10before[2], 4, 8began[1], 7behaviour[6], 5, 7-9behaviours[1], 8being[7], 2-3, 5-6, 8-9benefit[2], 8benefits[5], 2-3, 6best[1], 2better[2], 3, 9between[3], 2-3, 8beyond[6], 2, 6, 8-10bfw[1], 10Big[2], 3, 9big[10], 2-4, 8-9biggest[1], 4bill[2], 8billion[1], 6bills[14], 3, 6-8binding[1], 4biodiversity[2], 3, 10Blueprint[1], 2blueprintforwater[1], 2BNOC[1], 10BOBS[1], 5bodies[1], 6books[1], 4Both[1], 4both[7], 2, 4, 6, 8BPAS[1], 10build[1], 4building[2], 4Buildings[1], 4buildings[6], 3-5, 7-8builds[2], 2built[1], 4business[2], 4, 6businesses[8], 2-5, 7, 10But[1], 5

but[7], 4-5, 7-8

Ccalls[1], 2campaigns[2], 1, 9can[17], 2, 4, 6-10cannot[2], 4capital[1], 6carbon[20], 2-10Caroline[3], 3carried[2], 8-9case[7], 4, 6, 8, 10Catchment[1], 10catchment[2], 6, 10catchments[1], 10Cave[5], 2-3, 6cavereview[2], 2central[4], 4, 6-7, 10chain[1], 3chalk[1], 10challenge[1], 10challenges[2], 1, 4challenging[1], 6chance[1], 4change[19], 1-7, 9-10changing[1], 4characterising[1], 8characters[2], 3charge[1], 8charges[1], 8Charging[1], 2cheaper[2], 7child[1], 4chrome[1], 7citizen[1], 8citizens[2], 3classed[1], 10classified[2], 4, 10clean[2], 3cleaning[2], 4, 7Clear[1], 8clear[4], 2, 5, 8Clearly[1], 6clearly[1], 6Climate[1], 4climate[17], 1-7, 10Coal[1], 3Coalition[17], 2-3, 5-10coalition[1], 2

iii

Index1

cohesion[1], 8cold[3], 4-5com[1], 4combination[1], 8combined[1], 8comes[1], 5comfortable[2], 8coming[4], 3-4, 9commission[1], 4commitment[5], 3, 5, 7, 10commitments[1], 3communities[5], 3-4, 9community[5], 5, 8-9companies[2], 4, 6Competition[1], 2complement[1], 3completely[1], 3compulsory[1], 8concern[1], 8conclusions[1], 3considered[1], 8constantly[1], 7constraints[1], 6constructed[1], 8Consultation[2], 2consultation[1], 2consum[3], 3, 5, 10consume[2], 5, 7consumer[1], 8consumers[4], 6-8consuming[1], 7content[1], 4context[1], 2contributing[1], 8contribution[1], 2control[3], 3, 7-8cooking[1], 4cooling[1], 7coordinated[1], 1core[1], 2cost[10], 2, 6-8costeffective[1], 9costs[12], 3, 6-9could[10], 5-7, 9country[1], 3covering[1], 10covers[1], 2creating[1], 9creation[3], 3, 5, 10cross[1], 8Crucially[1], 6cup[1], 4current[5], 6, 8currently[2], 2, 5customer[1], 10

cut[8], 3, 5-8, 10Cutting[2], 7cutting[1], 6

Ddaily[2], 4, 7day[13], 1-10Deal[3], 3, 5, 7deal[1], 6Debate[3], 3decade[1], 6decades[2], 4decarbonise[3], 3, 5, 10decarbonised[2], 4Decent[2], 8decisions[3], 6Defence[1], 6Deficit[1], 6deficit[4], 3-4, 6definition[1], 8Defra[2], 3, 8defra[6], 2-3, 8delighted[1], 8deliver[6], 3, 5-7delivered[1], 2Delivering[1], 2delivery[2], 2, 5demand[1], 6dependent[2], 4, 6design[1], 2designed[1], 10despite[2], 4, 8devastating[1], 4develop[3], 2, 7-8Developed[1], 5developed[3], 2, 5developing[3], 1-2, 6development[4], 1, 7, 9develops[1], 1devices[1], 8Diffuse[1], 10digitalasset[3], 3, 5, 10digitalassets[3], 3, 5, 10dioxide[1], 8direct[3], 3, 5, 10Directive[1], 10dishwashers[3], 5, 7disposable[1], 8document[1], 2

iv

Index1

documents[5], 2-3, 5, 10does[3], 4-6doing[1], 8domestic[5], 6-7don[1], 5done[1], 8down[2], 5, 8download[1], 8downloads[2], 4, 10downside[1], 2Drawing[1], 10drier[1], 4drive[2], 5, 9drives[1], 1driving[1], 1Drought[2], 4, 10drought[3], 4, 10Dundee[1], 10during[1], 8

Eeach[2], 2-3East[5], 4, 7-8eco[1], 3economic[4], 2, 4-6economy[28], 2-7, 9-10EcoTeams[1], 9edge[1], 10effective[1], 9effectiveness[1], 2Efficiency[2], 1-2efficiency[58], 1-10efficient[20], 2-4, 6-9efficiently[1], 6effort[1], 8EIB[3], 5eib[1], 5elections[1], 2electricity[2], 4-5element[3], 5, 9emissions[9], 3-5, 10empowered[1], 3empowerment[1], 8enables[1], 8Encourage[1], 3encourage[2], 2, 10end[1], 5energy[21], 1-8engagement[3], 8-9

engineering[1], 6England[13], 1, 4, 6-8, 10enough[1], 7ensure[5], 2-3, 6ensures[1], 5enterprises[1], 9Environment[6], 3-4, 10environment[20], 2-6, 8, 10Environmental[1], 10environmental[8], 2, 4-6, 10environmentally[2], 3, 10equipment[3], 5, 7equivalent[2], 4, 7essential[2], 4estimate[3], 7Even[2], 4, 10even[2], 4, 6ever[2], 3, 10Every[1], 6every[12], 1-10everywhere[10], 1-10Evidence[4], 1-2, 6, 9evidence[5], 2, 8-9Examine[1], 3example[5], 5-7, 10existing[1], 4expensive[2], 6-7experienced[1], 4explicitly[2], 5exploitation[1], 10extended[1], 3extends[1], 8extra[1], 8

Ffaces[1], 10fact[1], 8factored[1], 6factors[1], 10fails[1], 6fair[1], 3families[2], 7-8features[1], 5feel[1], 8felt[1], 8few[1], 4final[3], 2, 8finalreport[1], 2finances[1], 3

v

Index1

financial[3], 8-9financing[1], 5fit[1], 4fitted[1], 8fitting[1], 8fittings[1], 4five[1], 2fixtures[1], 4flexible[1], 2flight[1], 4flood[2], 4floods[1], 4flush[2], 7focused[1], 1following[1], 3Food[3], 3footprint[2], 4-5For[1], 7for[76], 1-10found[2], 2, 10Framework[1], 10framework[7], 2, 5-6, 8frameworks[3], 2-3, 10France[1], 10freeing[1], 6frequently[1], 7friendly[1], 3from[17], 2-8, 10frontline[1], 6fulfil[1], 3full[9], 2-3, 6, 8, 10fully[4], 4, 6, 10fund[1], 5funding[2], 5funds[1], 5further[1], 4future[7], 3, 6, 10

Ggadgets[1], 4gas[4], 4-5GEHO[3], 5, 10generations[3], 3, 6, 10get[1], 3Given[1], 6gives[1], 8goals[1], 4goes[1], 6good[1], 8

Gov[1], 3gov[15], 2-5, 8, 10Government[20], 2-3, 5-10government[6], 2-3, 6-7, 10grant[1], 5great[1], 6greater[6], 4, 6, 8-9greatest[1], 8Green[3], 3, 5, 7green[13], 2-7, 10greener[2], 3greenest[2], 3greenhouse[3], 4-5grid[1], 4Group[1], 1groups[5], 3, 5, 8-10grow[2], 3growing[1], 8growth[2], 4, 6guidance[1], 2

Hhairshirt[1], 5half[2], 4, 7hard[1], 5has[9], 2, 4, 6, 8, 10have[11], 4, 6-8, 10having[2], 4, 8Health[1], 6health[1], 3Heating[1], 4heating[2], 4help[14], 3-4, 6-10Helping[2], 8helping[2], 1, 3higher[1], 6history[1], 3hmg[1], 3holders[1], 6home[4], 3, 8Homes[4], 1, 7-8homes[31], 2-5, 7-10Hon[3], 3hosepipe[1], 10Hospitals[1], 7hospitals[2], 7host[1], 10hot[8], 4-5, 7house[1], 4

vi

Index1

Household[1], 2household[5], 6-8Households[1], 7households[7], 3-4, 7-8housing[10], 2-3, 8-9How[1], 4how[2], 3, 5html[2], 2, 4http[31], 2-6, 8-10huge[1], 4hugely[1], 8

Iiconic[1], 10idea[1], 8identified[2], 6, 8illustrates[1], 3images[5], 2, 8-9Immediate[1], 3immediate[2], 7immediately[1], 4Impact[1], 4impact[3], 4, 6, 8impacts[1], 4Implement[1], 3implementation[1], 2importance[1], 6important[7], 2, 4, 6, 9improve[4], 2-3, 10improved[2], 8improvements[1], 3incalculable[1], 6incentive[2], 8incentives[3], 2, 8, 10incentivise[1], 6incentivises[1], 8include[1], 5included[1], 7includes[2], 2, 9Including[1], 7including[2], 6, 10income[2], 8increase[11], 3-9increases[2], 4, 8increasing[2], 7, 9increasingly[1], 7index[1], 4indicates[1], 8indirectly[1], 5

individual[1], 3industrial[2], 5, 7industries[3], 3, 6industry[8], 2-3, 5-6, 10influences[1], 1inform[1], 9informs[1], 1initiative[1], 8Innovation[1], 2innovative[3], 7-9installation[2], 8integrated[2], 3intensive[3], 6interest[1], 3interim[2], 2, 9interviews[1], 5into[7], 4, 6, 8-9Introduction[1], 2investment[3], 6-7Ireland[1], 2issues[1], 2Its[1], 2its[5], 2, 6-7

Jjobs[6], 3, 5, 7, 10joint[1], 3June[1], 1just[2], 4, 7justified[1], 8

Kkeen[1], 8key[2], 2, 5kit[1], 5known[1], 4

vii

Index1

LLarge[1], 1large[4], 2, 7-9largely[1], 7larger[1], 4largest[1], 5last[1], 4leadership[2], 2, 8leading[1], 1leads[1], 1led[3], 4, 8left[1], 6legacy[1], 6legally[1], 4legislative[1], 3leisure[1], 10lending[2], 5less[25], 1-8, 10level[2], 8, 10levers[3], 3, 5, 10licence[1], 6licensed[2], 10licensing[1], 6lie[1], 5life[5], 3, 8, 10lifestyle[1], 8like[1], 4liked[1], 8likely[1], 6link[1], 3linked[1], 7linking[1], 2links[1], 2litres[2], 6little[1], 6lives[2], 3, 9loans[1], 5local[3], 2, 9London[1], 4london[1], 8long[4], 5-6, 10longer[1], 4loss[1], 3lost[3], 10Low[1], 7low[9], 2-6, 8

Mmachines[3], 5, 7made[2], 2, 6Madrid[1], 4mainstream[1], 7Mainstreaming[1], 1mainstreaming[2], 2-3make[7], 3, 7-10makes[1], 6making[2], 5, 8Management[1], 10management[5], 4, 6Manifesto[1], 2manifesto[1], 2manufactured[1], 7manufacturers[1], 7manufacturing[3], 3, 6-7Many[2], 6, 10many[1], 7march[1], 8marked[1], 3market[1], 7Markets[1], 2mass[1], 7matched[1], 3material[1], 6maximum[1], 2May[3], 3may[1], 6mean[1], 5means[2], 7, 10measures[8], 2-6meet[4], 1, 4, 7, 10meeting[1], 10megalitres[1], 7mentioned[1], 6message[1], 4metered[5], 7-8metering[6], 8, 10methods[1], 6million[5], 6Minister[1], 1Ministry[1], 6minute[2], 4, 7mirror[1], 7mitigation[1], 2mobile[1], 7money[5], 3, 5-7months[1], 7More[1], 8more[24], 2-6, 8-10

viii

Index1

Most[2], 6-7most[2], 6, 9move[1], 8much[4], 5, 8, 10multiple[2], 2-3multitude[1], 3

Nnao[1], 6National[3], 4, 6native[1], 10natural[1], 10necessary[1], 6need[4], 4-6needs[1], 5Network[1], 1new[11], 2-6, 9-10next[2], 2, 6NGO[2], 1-2niche[1], 7non[3], 6-8nor[1], 5Northern[2], 2, 10not[11], 4-8now[4], 4, 7number[2], 7, 10nutshell[4], 4, 6, 8, 10

Ooffering[1], 3offers[3], 4-5Office[1], 6once[1], 4one[3], 5-6only[2], 7, 10operatives[1], 9opinion[1], 10opportunities[4], 5, 8Opportunity[1], 5opportunity[5], 2-5optants[1], 8option[1], 4Order[1], 10

order[1], 8org[18], 1-2, 4-6, 8-10organisation[1], 4other[4], 3, 7-8, 10our[8], 3-4, 10out[10], 2-3, 6, 8-10outcome[1], 9outdoor[1], 4over[11], 2-3, 6-8, 10overall[1], 8

Ppackage[1], 8Page[9], 2-10page[12], 3-4, 6-8, 10pages[1], 2paid[1], 3Paper[18], 1-10Parliament[1], 2part[9], 2-4, 7-8participants[1], 8particularly[2], 2, 10partners[1], 8Partnership[2], 9partnership[4], 2, 8-10partnerships[4], 1-2, 5, 7parts[1], 10past[1], 7patients[1], 7pay[1], 8payback[1], 7paying[2], 8payment[1], 8pdf[20], 2-5, 8-10people[13], 2-5, 8-10per[1], 4percent[1], 7person[2], 4personal[2], 4phase[2], 2, 9phones[1], 7php[2], 4-5piecemeal[1], 8place[1], 10planning[2], 5, 10plastic[1], 7play[6], 4-6plays[2], 2-3plc[1], 6

ix

Index1

pockets[2], 4, 10pointed[1], 6points[1], 6Policy[2], 2, 9policy[4], 1-2, 5political[3], 4-5poll[1], 10pollution[1], 10poorer[1], 3poorly[1], 8Population[1], 4population[2], 6-7possible[1], 6potential[4], 2-3, 8practice[2], 2predicting[1], 4preserve[1], 10pressure[1], 7pressures[1], 6preston[1], 8price[1], 2principal[1], 5priorities[2], 3, 5private[4], 2-3, 6processes[2], 7procurement[3], 6-7prod[3], 3, 5, 10produces[3], 4-5, 7Product[1], 7product[1], 7products[4], 5, 7Prog[1], 3Programme[8], 3-4programme[4], 3, 8-9programmeforgovernment[1], 3programmes[4], 5, 7-8prohibition[1], 5project[2], 8Projections[1], 4projects[4], 5, 9properly[1], 6property[1], 8proportion[1], 8proposals[4], 2-3Protect[1], 3protect[2], 10protecting[1], 10protection[2], 3, 10protects[1], 6provide[1], 9providers[2], 5, 9provides[2], 3pubatt[1], 8public[10], 2-3, 6-7, 10publications[5], 4-6, 10

published[2], 4, 8pump[1], 5

QQuality[1], 8quality[6], 1-3, 10quarter[2], 4, 7Queen[3], 3

Rrainfall[1], 4range[4], 3, 5, 7, 10rateable[1], 8rates[1], 9recast[1], 3recent[4], 4, 8, 10recommends[1], 2reduce[9], 4-6, 8-10reduced[1], 8reducing[3], 2, 7, 10reduction[5], 4, 6-7reductions[1], 7referenced[1], 3refers[1], 5reflect[1], 5reflected[4], 3, 6Reflecting[1], 6reflecting[2], 6, 10reform[2], 3, 6refurbishment[1], 8regime[1], 6regional[1], 5regions[1], 8regulation[1], 6regulatory[7], 2-3, 6, 8, 10reinforced[1], 8relationship[1], 3relatively[1], 6reliance[1], 4rent[1], 8replace[1], 6replaced[1], 7replacing[1], 7

x

Index1

Report[1], 8report[7], 2, 6, 8-9require[3], 2, 5, 8requirements[1], 10requires[2], 6, 10Research[2], 8research[9], 1, 7-10residents[4], 8resilience[3], 4resilient[1], 5resource[4], 2, 6, 8resources[4], 3, 6, 10responses[1], 2responsible[1], 3responsibly[1], 3result[1], 5retailers[1], 7retrofit[3], 7, 10retrofitting[6], 1, 5, 7, 9return[1], 4revealed[1], 8Review[6], 2, 6, 8Reviews[2], 3, 6reviews[2], 2, 4richard[1], 5risk[3], 4river[2], 10rivers[5], 10roadmap[1], 8role[9], 2-6, 9running[2], 6Rural[3], 3

Ssafeguarding[1], 4said[1], 8same[2], 8-9sample[1], 8sat[1], 1save[6], 4-8savewaterswindon[1], 9Savills[1], 8Saving[3], 1, 6saving[4], 8Savings[4], 8-9savings[5], 3, 7-9Scale[1], 1scale[3], 2, 8-9Scaling[1], 2

scarce[1], 6scarcity[2], 2, 6schools[1], 7scot[1], 5Scotland[5], 1-2, 4-5, 10Scottish[1], 5second[1], 4Secretary[4], 3section[1], 4sector[12], 3, 5-7sectors[4], 2-3securing[1], 5See[1], 7see[4], 4, 6-7seeing[1], 4seen[2], 4, 10sense[1], 6sensor[1], 7sept[1], 8serious[1], 10seriously[1], 4Service[1], 6service[1], 5services[5], 3, 5-7set[6], 1-3, 10sets[2], 2, 8Sewerage[1], 2shaping[1], 6shorter[1], 4should[2], 4, 10show[3], 4-5, 9showed[1], 8shower[3], 4, 7showerhead[2], 4, 7showerheads[1], 7showers[11], 4-5, 7-8shown[3], 2, 6, 8shows[3], 7-9signed[1], 8significant[3], 2, 5, 10significantly[1], 6Simple[1], 6single[1], 4site[5], 2, 8-9size[1], 8smart[1], 3social[14], 2, 4-6, 8-9Society[1], 3society[10], 2-4, 8-9soft[1], 5solo[2], 9Some[1], 4some[5], 2, 6, 8, 10something[1], 8source[2], 3, 6

xi

Index1

South[3], 4, 7-8space[1], 4specific[2], 2, 5specifically[1], 2Speech[3], 3Spelman[3], 3spending[1], 6spent[2], 3, 8staff[1], 7Stakeholder[1], 2stakeholders[1], 6standard[3], 8standards[3], 7-8State[4], 3state[1], 3statistics[1], 8statutory[1], 4steps[1], 2still[2], 7stock[1], 8stop[1], 10strategic[1], 2strategically[1], 5Strategies[1], 10strategies[1], 5strategy[3], 3-4streams[1], 10stress[4], 4, 6, 10stressed[3], 4, 10stretches[1], 2study[1], 7subject[1], 8subsidies[1], 8such[10], 4-9suggests[1], 9summers[1], 4supplies[1], 6supply[6], 4, 6-7support[7], 3, 5, 7-8, 10supported[1], 10supporting[1], 10surrounding[1], 6survey[1], 8surveyed[1], 8surveys[1], 8Sustainable[1], 4sustainable[4], 2-3, 8, 10sustains[2], 10Swindon[2], 9-10system[2], 8systems[2], 4, 8

Ttackle[3], 3, 10Tackling[2], 4, 10tackling[1], 4take[1], 3taking[2], 6, 10Tap[4], 8-9tap[1], 3tapintosavings[1], 8taps[6], 4-5, 7target[1], 7Targeted[1], 7targeted[2], 8targets[2], 4, 10tariffs[2], 8task[1], 4taxpayers[2], 3, 5technologies[3], 3, 5, 10tend[1], 9term[4], 5-6, 10terms[2], 8text[1], 4Thames[2], 7, 9than[4], 6, 9that[25], 3-10The[28], 2-10the[207], 1-10theecologist[1], 4their[12], 3, 6-8them[1], 2There[5], 4-5, 8there[10], 4, 6-8, 10therefore[3], 5-6These[3], 4, 7, 10these[5], 2, 4, 6-8they[7], 5-8thing[2], 4, 7think[1], 10third[5], 3, 7thirds[1], 4This[8], 2, 6-7, 9this[11], 2-3, 5-8those[3], 6-7, 9three[2], 7, 10through[20], 1-4, 6-10tie[1], 5ties[1], 10tightening[1], 6time[1], 9today[1], 6together[3], 3, 9

xii

Index1

toilets[3], 5, 7tonne[1], 4too[3], 5, 10top[1], 7topics[1], 4total[1], 5towards[2], 8track[1], 3traditional[1], 6treat[1], 5trend[1], 8triggered[1], 7trusts[1], 9turn[1], 5two[2], 4, 7typically[1], 6

Uukcip[1], 4under[3], 7-8, 10underpinning[1], 4undertaken[1], 5unpredictability[1], 4Unsustainable[1], 10updated[1], 2uphill[1], 10uptake[2], 9urgent[1], 6urinals[2], 7Use[1], 3use[18], 3-10used[14], 1-10user[1], 5using[2], 2-3Usk[1], 10utility[1], 8utilityweek[1], 5

Vvalue[14], 3, 5-6, 8, 10Valuing[1], 6varies[1], 8very[2], 8-9

view[1], 4visible[1], 9Vision[1], 3vision[1], 3visit[1], 8visits[1], 8vital[1], 4vulnerable[4], 8

WWales[7], 2, 4, 6-8, 10Walker[5], 2-3, 6, 8walkerreview[1], 2want[1], 8wanting[1], 8was[2], 8washing[5], 4-5, 7wastage[1], 2waste[5], 2, 7-8wasted[1], 7wastewater[1], 5Wasting[5], 4-5, 7wasting[8], 1, 3-4, 7, 10Water[38], 1-10water[159], 1-10watering[1], 4waters[1], 5Waterwise[37], 1-10waterwise[8], 1-2, 8-9way[3], 3ways[1], 2wcl[2], 2, 10well[5], 2-3, 7-8, 10wellbeing[1], 10Welsh[1], 10were[2], 8wetlands[1], 10whats[1], 4when[1], 7which[21], 2-8, 10While[1], 6White[18], 1-10white[1], 7who[4], 5-6, 8whole[3], 2, 6, 10why[1], 4wide[4], 3, 5, 7, 10wider[2], 5-6widespread[1], 4

xiii

Index1

wildlife[2], 10will[26], 2-7, 10willing[1], 8wisely[12], 1-10With[1], 8with[19], 4-5, 7-10within[4], 5, 7-8without[1], 6work[1], 10working[3], 2, 7, 9workplaces[2], 7world[2], 4, 10worried[1], 8worth[1], 6would[14], 5-9WWF[2], 9-10wwf[1], 10www[24], 2-6, 8-10

Yyear[4], 4, 6-7years[6], 2, 4, 7-8, 10Yet[1], 6yet[1], 8

Zzero[1], 4

Index report :Total number of words indexed : 1117Total number of words not found in the book : 0Total number of pages indexed : 10Total number of pages failed to be indexed : 0Total time taken : (1) secOperation success : 100.0 %

Index creation date : 2013/08/22 14:33:17

i

Index1

Aabout[5], 6-8above[1], 6abstract[1], 5abstracted[2], 10Abstraction[2], 6, 10abstraction[6], 6, 10abstractors[1], 10abundance[1], 10According[1], 10achieved[1], 7ackroyd[1], 5across[10], 1-3, 6-7action[3], 3-4, 6actively[1], 6adapt[2], 3Adaptation[1], 4adaptation[2], 2, 4Adapting[1], 4adapting[2], 4addition[1], 6address[2], 3addressed[2], 8, 10administrative[1], 6advice[1], 8affairs[3], 3affordability[4], 2, 6, 8affordable[1], 8after[1], 4again[1], 3Agency[4], 4, 6, 10

agency[5], 4-5, 10agenda[1], 5agree[1], 6all[7], 3, 7-10alone[1], 5alongside[4], 3-4already[9], 2, 4, 6-7, 10also[17], 2, 4-10although[1], 6ambitions[1], 3amount[1], 10And[2], 4, 6and[207], 1-10Angelsey[1], 10any[1], 4appliances[1], 4approach[3], 2, 7, 9approaches[3], 6, 9are[28], 3-8, 10areas[9], 4, 6-8, 10around[2], 6, 10asp[2], 2, 10aspirational[1], 7aspx[3], 4, 6, 10assessment[1], 6assets[1], 10attachments[1], 5attitudes[1], 8Audit[1], 6August[1], 7authority[2], 1, 9autumn[1], 2average[1], 7avoid[1], 4

ii

Index1

Bback[2], 3balance[1], 6balanced[1], 9ban[1], 10Base[4], 1-2, 6, 9base[4], 2, 9bath[1], 7baths[2], 7-8because[7], 4, 8become[1], 6becomes[1], 6been[3], 4, 6, 10before[2], 4, 8began[1], 7behaviour[6], 5, 7-9behaviours[1], 8being[7], 2-3, 5-6, 8-9benefit[2], 8benefits[5], 2-3, 6best[1], 2better[2], 3, 9between[3], 2-3, 8beyond[6], 2, 6, 8-10bfw[1], 10Big[2], 3, 9big[10], 2-4, 8-9biggest[1], 4bill[2], 8billion[1], 6bills[14], 3, 6-8binding[1], 4biodiversity[2], 3, 10Blueprint[1], 2blueprintforwater[1], 2BNOC[1], 10BOBS[1], 5bodies[1], 6books[1], 4Both[1], 4both[7], 2, 4, 6, 8BPAS[1], 10build[1], 4building[2], 4Buildings[1], 4buildings[6], 3-5, 7-8builds[2], 2built[1], 4business[2], 4, 6businesses[8], 2-5, 7, 10But[1], 5

but[7], 4-5, 7-8

Ccalls[1], 2campaigns[2], 1, 9can[17], 2, 4, 6-10cannot[2], 4capital[1], 6carbon[20], 2-10Caroline[3], 3carried[2], 8-9case[7], 4, 6, 8, 10Catchment[1], 10catchment[2], 6, 10catchments[1], 10Cave[5], 2-3, 6cavereview[2], 2central[4], 4, 6-7, 10chain[1], 3chalk[1], 10challenge[1], 10challenges[2], 1, 4challenging[1], 6chance[1], 4change[19], 1-7, 9-10changing[1], 4characterising[1], 8characters[2], 3charge[1], 8charges[1], 8Charging[1], 2cheaper[2], 7child[1], 4chrome[1], 7citizen[1], 8citizens[2], 3classed[1], 10classified[2], 4, 10clean[2], 3cleaning[2], 4, 7Clear[1], 8clear[4], 2, 5, 8Clearly[1], 6clearly[1], 6Climate[1], 4climate[17], 1-7, 10Coal[1], 3Coalition[17], 2-3, 5-10coalition[1], 2

iii

Index1

cohesion[1], 8cold[3], 4-5com[1], 4combination[1], 8combined[1], 8comes[1], 5comfortable[2], 8coming[4], 3-4, 9commission[1], 4commitment[5], 3, 5, 7, 10commitments[1], 3communities[5], 3-4, 9community[5], 5, 8-9companies[2], 4, 6Competition[1], 2complement[1], 3completely[1], 3compulsory[1], 8concern[1], 8conclusions[1], 3considered[1], 8constantly[1], 7constraints[1], 6constructed[1], 8Consultation[2], 2consultation[1], 2consum[3], 3, 5, 10consume[2], 5, 7consumer[1], 8consumers[4], 6-8consuming[1], 7content[1], 4context[1], 2contributing[1], 8contribution[1], 2control[3], 3, 7-8cooking[1], 4cooling[1], 7coordinated[1], 1core[1], 2cost[10], 2, 6-8costeffective[1], 9costs[12], 3, 6-9could[10], 5-7, 9country[1], 3covering[1], 10covers[1], 2creating[1], 9creation[3], 3, 5, 10cross[1], 8Crucially[1], 6cup[1], 4current[5], 6, 8currently[2], 2, 5customer[1], 10

cut[8], 3, 5-8, 10Cutting[2], 7cutting[1], 6

Ddaily[2], 4, 7day[13], 1-10Deal[3], 3, 5, 7deal[1], 6Debate[3], 3decade[1], 6decades[2], 4decarbonise[3], 3, 5, 10decarbonised[2], 4Decent[2], 8decisions[3], 6Defence[1], 6Deficit[1], 6deficit[4], 3-4, 6definition[1], 8Defra[2], 3, 8defra[6], 2-3, 8delighted[1], 8deliver[6], 3, 5-7delivered[1], 2Delivering[1], 2delivery[2], 2, 5demand[1], 6dependent[2], 4, 6design[1], 2designed[1], 10despite[2], 4, 8devastating[1], 4develop[3], 2, 7-8Developed[1], 5developed[3], 2, 5developing[3], 1-2, 6development[4], 1, 7, 9develops[1], 1devices[1], 8Diffuse[1], 10digitalasset[3], 3, 5, 10digitalassets[3], 3, 5, 10dioxide[1], 8direct[3], 3, 5, 10Directive[1], 10dishwashers[3], 5, 7disposable[1], 8document[1], 2

iv

Index1

documents[5], 2-3, 5, 10does[3], 4-6doing[1], 8domestic[5], 6-7don[1], 5done[1], 8down[2], 5, 8download[1], 8downloads[2], 4, 10downside[1], 2Drawing[1], 10drier[1], 4drive[2], 5, 9drives[1], 1driving[1], 1Drought[2], 4, 10drought[3], 4, 10Dundee[1], 10during[1], 8

Eeach[2], 2-3East[5], 4, 7-8eco[1], 3economic[4], 2, 4-6economy[28], 2-7, 9-10EcoTeams[1], 9edge[1], 10effective[1], 9effectiveness[1], 2Efficiency[2], 1-2efficiency[58], 1-10efficient[20], 2-4, 6-9efficiently[1], 6effort[1], 8EIB[3], 5eib[1], 5elections[1], 2electricity[2], 4-5element[3], 5, 9emissions[9], 3-5, 10empowered[1], 3empowerment[1], 8enables[1], 8Encourage[1], 3encourage[2], 2, 10end[1], 5energy[21], 1-8engagement[3], 8-9

engineering[1], 6England[13], 1, 4, 6-8, 10enough[1], 7ensure[5], 2-3, 6ensures[1], 5enterprises[1], 9Environment[6], 3-4, 10environment[20], 2-6, 8, 10Environmental[1], 10environmental[8], 2, 4-6, 10environmentally[2], 3, 10equipment[3], 5, 7equivalent[2], 4, 7essential[2], 4estimate[3], 7Even[2], 4, 10even[2], 4, 6ever[2], 3, 10Every[1], 6every[12], 1-10everywhere[10], 1-10Evidence[4], 1-2, 6, 9evidence[5], 2, 8-9Examine[1], 3example[5], 5-7, 10existing[1], 4expensive[2], 6-7experienced[1], 4explicitly[2], 5exploitation[1], 10extended[1], 3extends[1], 8extra[1], 8

Ffaces[1], 10fact[1], 8factored[1], 6factors[1], 10fails[1], 6fair[1], 3families[2], 7-8features[1], 5feel[1], 8felt[1], 8few[1], 4final[3], 2, 8finalreport[1], 2finances[1], 3

v

Index1

financial[3], 8-9financing[1], 5fit[1], 4fitted[1], 8fitting[1], 8fittings[1], 4five[1], 2fixtures[1], 4flexible[1], 2flight[1], 4flood[2], 4floods[1], 4flush[2], 7focused[1], 1following[1], 3Food[3], 3footprint[2], 4-5For[1], 7for[76], 1-10found[2], 2, 10Framework[1], 10framework[7], 2, 5-6, 8frameworks[3], 2-3, 10France[1], 10freeing[1], 6frequently[1], 7friendly[1], 3from[17], 2-8, 10frontline[1], 6fulfil[1], 3full[9], 2-3, 6, 8, 10fully[4], 4, 6, 10fund[1], 5funding[2], 5funds[1], 5further[1], 4future[7], 3, 6, 10

Ggadgets[1], 4gas[4], 4-5GEHO[3], 5, 10generations[3], 3, 6, 10get[1], 3Given[1], 6gives[1], 8goals[1], 4goes[1], 6good[1], 8

Gov[1], 3gov[15], 2-5, 8, 10Government[20], 2-3, 5-10government[6], 2-3, 6-7, 10grant[1], 5great[1], 6greater[6], 4, 6, 8-9greatest[1], 8Green[3], 3, 5, 7green[13], 2-7, 10greener[2], 3greenest[2], 3greenhouse[3], 4-5grid[1], 4Group[1], 1groups[5], 3, 5, 8-10grow[2], 3growing[1], 8growth[2], 4, 6guidance[1], 2

Hhairshirt[1], 5half[2], 4, 7hard[1], 5has[9], 2, 4, 6, 8, 10have[11], 4, 6-8, 10having[2], 4, 8Health[1], 6health[1], 3Heating[1], 4heating[2], 4help[14], 3-4, 6-10Helping[2], 8helping[2], 1, 3higher[1], 6history[1], 3hmg[1], 3holders[1], 6home[4], 3, 8Homes[4], 1, 7-8homes[31], 2-5, 7-10Hon[3], 3hosepipe[1], 10Hospitals[1], 7hospitals[2], 7host[1], 10hot[8], 4-5, 7house[1], 4

vi

Index1

Household[1], 2household[5], 6-8Households[1], 7households[7], 3-4, 7-8housing[10], 2-3, 8-9How[1], 4how[2], 3, 5html[2], 2, 4http[31], 2-6, 8-10huge[1], 4hugely[1], 8

Iiconic[1], 10idea[1], 8identified[2], 6, 8illustrates[1], 3images[5], 2, 8-9Immediate[1], 3immediate[2], 7immediately[1], 4Impact[1], 4impact[3], 4, 6, 8impacts[1], 4Implement[1], 3implementation[1], 2importance[1], 6important[7], 2, 4, 6, 9improve[4], 2-3, 10improved[2], 8improvements[1], 3incalculable[1], 6incentive[2], 8incentives[3], 2, 8, 10incentivise[1], 6incentivises[1], 8include[1], 5included[1], 7includes[2], 2, 9Including[1], 7including[2], 6, 10income[2], 8increase[11], 3-9increases[2], 4, 8increasing[2], 7, 9increasingly[1], 7index[1], 4indicates[1], 8indirectly[1], 5

individual[1], 3industrial[2], 5, 7industries[3], 3, 6industry[8], 2-3, 5-6, 10influences[1], 1inform[1], 9informs[1], 1initiative[1], 8Innovation[1], 2innovative[3], 7-9installation[2], 8integrated[2], 3intensive[3], 6interest[1], 3interim[2], 2, 9interviews[1], 5into[7], 4, 6, 8-9Introduction[1], 2investment[3], 6-7Ireland[1], 2issues[1], 2Its[1], 2its[5], 2, 6-7

Jjobs[6], 3, 5, 7, 10joint[1], 3June[1], 1just[2], 4, 7justified[1], 8


vii

Index1

LLarge[1], 1large[4], 2, 7-9largely[1], 7larger[1], 4largest[1], 5last[1], 4leadership[2], 2, 8leading[1], 1leads[1], 1led[3], 4, 8left[1], 6legacy[1], 6legally[1], 4legislative[1], 3leisure[1], 10lending[2], 5less[25], 1-8, 10level[2], 8, 10levers[3], 3, 5, 10licence[1], 6licensed[2], 10licensing[1], 6lie[1], 5life[5], 3, 8, 10lifestyle[1], 8like[1], 4liked[1], 8likely[1], 6link[1], 3linked[1], 7linking[1], 2links[1], 2litres[2], 6little[1], 6lives[2], 3, 9loans[1], 5local[3], 2, 9London[1], 4london[1], 8long[4], 5-6, 10longer[1], 4loss[1], 3lost[3], 10Low[1], 7low[9], 2-6, 8

Mmachines[3], 5, 7made[2], 2, 6Madrid[1], 4mainstream[1], 7Mainstreaming[1], 1mainstreaming[2], 2-3make[7], 3, 7-10makes[1], 6making[2], 5, 8Management[1], 10management[5], 4, 6Manifesto[1], 2manifesto[1], 2manufactured[1], 7manufacturers[1], 7manufacturing[3], 3, 6-7Many[2], 6, 10many[1], 7march[1], 8marked[1], 3market[1], 7Markets[1], 2mass[1], 7matched[1], 3material[1], 6maximum[1], 2May[3], 3may[1], 6mean[1], 5means[2], 7, 10measures[8], 2-6meet[4], 1, 4, 7, 10meeting[1], 10megalitres[1], 7mentioned[1], 6message[1], 4metered[5], 7-8metering[6], 8, 10methods[1], 6million[5], 6Minister[1], 1Ministry[1], 6minute[2], 4, 7mirror[1], 7mitigation[1], 2mobile[1], 7money[5], 3, 5-7months[1], 7More[1], 8more[24], 2-6, 8-10

viii

Index1

Most[2], 6-7most[2], 6, 9move[1], 8much[4], 5, 8, 10multiple[2], 2-3multitude[1], 3

Nnao[1], 6National[3], 4, 6native[1], 10natural[1], 10necessary[1], 6need[4], 4-6needs[1], 5Network[1], 1new[11], 2-6, 9-10next[2], 2, 6NGO[2], 1-2niche[1], 7non[3], 6-8nor[1], 5Northern[2], 2, 10not[11], 4-8now[4], 4, 7number[2], 7, 10nutshell[4], 4, 6, 8, 10

Ooffering[1], 3offers[3], 4-5Office[1], 6once[1], 4one[3], 5-6only[2], 7, 10operatives[1], 9opinion[1], 10opportunities[4], 5, 8Opportunity[1], 5opportunity[5], 2-5optants[1], 8option[1], 4Order[1], 10

order[1], 8org[18], 1-2, 4-6, 8-10organisation[1], 4other[4], 3, 7-8, 10our[8], 3-4, 10out[10], 2-3, 6, 8-10outcome[1], 9outdoor[1], 4over[11], 2-3, 6-8, 10overall[1], 8

Ppackage[1], 8Page[9], 2-10page[12], 3-4, 6-8, 10pages[1], 2paid[1], 3Paper[18], 1-10Parliament[1], 2part[9], 2-4, 7-8participants[1], 8particularly[2], 2, 10partners[1], 8Partnership[2], 9partnership[4], 2, 8-10partnerships[4], 1-2, 5, 7parts[1], 10past[1], 7patients[1], 7pay[1], 8payback[1], 7paying[2], 8payment[1], 8pdf[20], 2-5, 8-10people[13], 2-5, 8-10per[1], 4percent[1], 7person[2], 4personal[2], 4phase[2], 2, 9phones[1], 7php[2], 4-5piecemeal[1], 8place[1], 10planning[2], 5, 10plastic[1], 7play[6], 4-6plays[2], 2-3plc[1], 6

ix

Index1

pockets[2], 4, 10pointed[1], 6points[1], 6Policy[2], 2, 9policy[4], 1-2, 5political[3], 4-5poll[1], 10pollution[1], 10poorer[1], 3poorly[1], 8Population[1], 4population[2], 6-7possible[1], 6potential[4], 2-3, 8practice[2], 2predicting[1], 4preserve[1], 10pressure[1], 7pressures[1], 6preston[1], 8price[1], 2principal[1], 5priorities[2], 3, 5private[4], 2-3, 6processes[2], 7procurement[3], 6-7prod[3], 3, 5, 10produces[3], 4-5, 7Product[1], 7product[1], 7products[4], 5, 7Prog[1], 3Programme[8], 3-4programme[4], 3, 8-9programmeforgovernment[1], 3programmes[4], 5, 7-8prohibition[1], 5project[2], 8Projections[1], 4projects[4], 5, 9properly[1], 6property[1], 8proportion[1], 8proposals[4], 2-3Protect[1], 3protect[2], 10protecting[1], 10protection[2], 3, 10protects[1], 6provide[1], 9providers[2], 5, 9provides[2], 3pubatt[1], 8public[10], 2-3, 6-7, 10publications[5], 4-6, 10

published[2], 4, 8pump[1], 5

QQuality[1], 8quality[6], 1-3, 10quarter[2], 4, 7Queen[3], 3

Rrainfall[1], 4range[4], 3, 5, 7, 10rateable[1], 8rates[1], 9recast[1], 3recent[4], 4, 8, 10recommends[1], 2reduce[9], 4-6, 8-10reduced[1], 8reducing[3], 2, 7, 10reduction[5], 4, 6-7reductions[1], 7referenced[1], 3refers[1], 5reflect[1], 5reflected[4], 3, 6Reflecting[1], 6reflecting[2], 6, 10reform[2], 3, 6refurbishment[1], 8regime[1], 6regional[1], 5regions[1], 8regulation[1], 6regulatory[7], 2-3, 6, 8, 10reinforced[1], 8relationship[1], 3relatively[1], 6reliance[1], 4rent[1], 8replace[1], 6replaced[1], 7replacing[1], 7

x

Index1

Report[1], 8report[7], 2, 6, 8-9require[3], 2, 5, 8requirements[1], 10requires[2], 6, 10Research[2], 8research[9], 1, 7-10residents[4], 8resilience[3], 4resilient[1], 5resource[4], 2, 6, 8resources[4], 3, 6, 10responses[1], 2responsible[1], 3responsibly[1], 3result[1], 5retailers[1], 7retrofit[3], 7, 10retrofitting[6], 1, 5, 7, 9return[1], 4revealed[1], 8Review[6], 2, 6, 8Reviews[2], 3, 6reviews[2], 2, 4richard[1], 5risk[3], 4river[2], 10rivers[5], 10roadmap[1], 8role[9], 2-6, 9running[2], 6Rural[3], 3

Ssafeguarding[1], 4said[1], 8same[2], 8-9sample[1], 8sat[1], 1save[6], 4-8savewaterswindon[1], 9Savills[1], 8Saving[3], 1, 6saving[4], 8Savings[4], 8-9savings[5], 3, 7-9Scale[1], 1scale[3], 2, 8-9Scaling[1], 2

scarce[1], 6scarcity[2], 2, 6schools[1], 7scot[1], 5Scotland[5], 1-2, 4-5, 10Scottish[1], 5second[1], 4Secretary[4], 3section[1], 4sector[12], 3, 5-7sectors[4], 2-3securing[1], 5See[1], 7see[4], 4, 6-7seeing[1], 4seen[2], 4, 10sense[1], 6sensor[1], 7sept[1], 8serious[1], 10seriously[1], 4Service[1], 6service[1], 5services[5], 3, 5-7set[6], 1-3, 10sets[2], 2, 8Sewerage[1], 2shaping[1], 6shorter[1], 4should[2], 4, 10show[3], 4-5, 9showed[1], 8shower[3], 4, 7showerhead[2], 4, 7showerheads[1], 7showers[11], 4-5, 7-8shown[3], 2, 6, 8shows[3], 7-9signed[1], 8significant[3], 2, 5, 10significantly[1], 6Simple[1], 6single[1], 4site[5], 2, 8-9size[1], 8smart[1], 3social[14], 2, 4-6, 8-9Society[1], 3society[10], 2-4, 8-9soft[1], 5solo[2], 9Some[1], 4some[5], 2, 6, 8, 10something[1], 8source[2], 3, 6

xi

Index1

South[3], 4, 7-8space[1], 4specific[2], 2, 5specifically[1], 2Speech[3], 3Spelman[3], 3spending[1], 6spent[2], 3, 8staff[1], 7Stakeholder[1], 2stakeholders[1], 6standard[3], 8standards[3], 7-8State[4], 3state[1], 3statistics[1], 8statutory[1], 4steps[1], 2still[2], 7stock[1], 8stop[1], 10strategic[1], 2strategically[1], 5Strategies[1], 10strategies[1], 5strategy[3], 3-4streams[1], 10stress[4], 4, 6, 10stressed[3], 4, 10stretches[1], 2study[1], 7subject[1], 8subsidies[1], 8such[10], 4-9suggests[1], 9summers[1], 4supplies[1], 6supply[6], 4, 6-7support[7], 3, 5, 7-8, 10supported[1], 10supporting[1], 10surrounding[1], 6survey[1], 8surveyed[1], 8surveys[1], 8Sustainable[1], 4sustainable[4], 2-3, 8, 10sustains[2], 10Swindon[2], 9-10system[2], 8systems[2], 4, 8

Ttackle[3], 3, 10Tackling[2], 4, 10tackling[1], 4take[1], 3taking[2], 6, 10Tap[4], 8-9tap[1], 3tapintosavings[1], 8taps[6], 4-5, 7target[1], 7Targeted[1], 7targeted[2], 8targets[2], 4, 10tariffs[2], 8task[1], 4taxpayers[2], 3, 5technologies[3], 3, 5, 10tend[1], 9term[4], 5-6, 10terms[2], 8text[1], 4Thames[2], 7, 9than[4], 6, 9that[25], 3-10The[28], 2-10the[207], 1-10theecologist[1], 4their[12], 3, 6-8them[1], 2There[5], 4-5, 8there[10], 4, 6-8, 10therefore[3], 5-6These[3], 4, 7, 10these[5], 2, 4, 6-8they[7], 5-8thing[2], 4, 7think[1], 10third[5], 3, 7thirds[1], 4This[8], 2, 6-7, 9this[11], 2-3, 5-8those[3], 6-7, 9three[2], 7, 10through[20], 1-4, 6-10tie[1], 5ties[1], 10tightening[1], 6time[1], 9today[1], 6together[3], 3, 9

xii

Index1

toilets[3], 5, 7tonne[1], 4too[3], 5, 10top[1], 7topics[1], 4total[1], 5towards[2], 8track[1], 3traditional[1], 6treat[1], 5trend[1], 8triggered[1], 7trusts[1], 9turn[1], 5two[2], 4, 7typically[1], 6

Uukcip[1], 4under[3], 7-8, 10underpinning[1], 4undertaken[1], 5unpredictability[1], 4Unsustainable[1], 10updated[1], 2uphill[1], 10uptake[2], 9urgent[1], 6urinals[2], 7Use[1], 3use[18], 3-10used[14], 1-10user[1], 5using[2], 2-3Usk[1], 10utility[1], 8utilityweek[1], 5

Vvalue[14], 3, 5-6, 8, 10Valuing[1], 6varies[1], 8very[2], 8-9

view[1], 4visible[1], 9Vision[1], 3vision[1], 3visit[1], 8visits[1], 8vital[1], 4vulnerable[4], 8

WWales[7], 2, 4, 6-8, 10Walker[5], 2-3, 6, 8walkerreview[1], 2want[1], 8wanting[1], 8was[2], 8washing[5], 4-5, 7wastage[1], 2waste[5], 2, 7-8wasted[1], 7wastewater[1], 5Wasting[5], 4-5, 7wasting[8], 1, 3-4, 7, 10Water[38], 1-10water[159], 1-10watering[1], 4waters[1], 5Waterwise[37], 1-10waterwise[8], 1-2, 8-9way[3], 3ways[1], 2wcl[2], 2, 10well[5], 2-3, 7-8, 10wellbeing[1], 10Welsh[1], 10were[2], 8wetlands[1], 10whats[1], 4when[1], 7which[21], 2-8, 10While[1], 6White[18], 1-10white[1], 7who[4], 5-6, 8whole[3], 2, 6, 10why[1], 4wide[4], 3, 5, 7, 10wider[2], 5-6widespread[1], 4

xiii

Index1

wildlife[2], 10will[26], 2-7, 10willing[1], 8wisely[12], 1-10With[1], 8with[19], 4-5, 7-10within[4], 5, 7-8without[1], 6work[1], 10working[3], 2, 7, 9workplaces[2], 7world[2], 4, 10worried[1], 8worth[1], 6would[14], 5-9WWF[2], 9-10wwf[1], 10www[24], 2-6, 8-10

Yyear[4], 4, 6-7years[6], 2, 4, 7-8, 10Yet[1], 6yet[1], 8

Zzero[1], 4



i

Index1

Aabout[5], 6, 7, 8above[1], 6abstract[1], 5abstracted[2], 10abstraction[8], 6, 10abstractors[1], 10abundance[1], 10according[1], 10achieved[1], 7ackroyd[1], 5across[10], 1, 2, 3, 6, 7action[3], 3, 4, 6actively[1], 6adapt[2], 3adaptation[3], 2, 4adapting[3], 4addition[1], 6address[2], 3addressed[2], 8, 10administrative[1], 6advice[1], 8affairs[3], 3affordability[4], 2, 6, 8affordable[1], 8after[1], 4again[1], 3agency[9], 4, 5, 6, 10agenda[1], 5agree[1], 6all[7], 3, 7, 8, 9, 10

alone[1], 5alongside[4], 3, 4already[9], 2, 4, 6, 7, 10also[17], 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10although[1], 6ambitions[1], 3amount[1], 10and[209], 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10angelsey[1], 10any[1], 4appliances[1], 4approach[3], 2, 7, 9approaches[3], 6, 9are[28], 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10areas[9], 4, 6, 7, 8, 10around[2], 6, 10asp[2], 2, 10aspirational[1], 7aspx[3], 4, 6, 10assessment[1], 6assets[1], 10attachments[1], 5attitudes[1], 8audit[1], 6august[1], 7authority[2], 1, 9autumn[1], 2average[1], 7avoid[1], 4

ii

Index1

Bback[2], 3balance[1], 6balanced[1], 9ban[1], 10base[8], 1, 2, 6, 9bath[1], 7baths[2], 7, 8because[7], 4, 8become[1], 6becomes[1], 6been[3], 4, 6, 10before[2], 4, 8began[1], 7behaviour[6], 5, 7, 8, 9behaviours[1], 8being[7], 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9benefit[2], 8benefits[5], 2, 3, 6best[1], 2better[2], 3, 9between[3], 2, 3, 8beyond[6], 2, 6, 8, 9, 10bfw[1], 10big[12], 2, 3, 4, 8, 9biggest[1], 4bill[2], 8billion[1], 6bills[14], 3, 6, 7, 8binding[1], 4biodiversity[2], 3, 10blueprint[1], 2blueprintforwater[1], 2bnoc[1], 10bobs[1], 5bodies[1], 6books[1], 4both[8], 2, 4, 6, 8bpas[1], 10build[1], 4building[2], 4buildings[7], 3, 4, 5, 7, 8builds[2], 2built[1], 4business[2], 4, 6businesses[8], 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10but[8], 4, 5, 7, 8

Ccalls[1], 2campaigns[2], 1, 9can[17], 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10cannot[2], 4capital[1], 6carbon[20], 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10caroline[3], 3carried[2], 8, 9case[7], 4, 6, 8, 10catchment[3], 6, 10catchments[1], 10cave[5], 2, 3, 6cavereview[2], 2central[4], 4, 6, 7, 10chain[1], 3chalk[1], 10challenge[1], 10challenges[2], 1, 4challenging[1], 6chance[1], 4change[19], 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10changing[1], 4characterising[1], 8characters[2], 3charge[1], 8charges[1], 8charging[1], 2cheaper[2], 7child[1], 4chrome[1], 7citizen[1], 8citizens[2], 3classed[1], 10classified[2], 4, 10clean[2], 3cleaning[2], 4, 7clear[5], 2, 5, 8clearly[2], 6climate[18], 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10coal[1], 3coalition[18], 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10cohesion[1], 8cold[3], 4, 5com[1], 4combination[1], 8combined[1], 8comes[1], 5comfortable[2], 8coming[4], 3, 4, 9commission[1], 4

iii

Index1

commitment[5], 3, 5, 7, 10commitments[1], 3communities[5], 3, 4, 9community[5], 5, 8, 9companies[2], 4, 6competition[1], 2complement[1], 3completely[1], 3compulsory[1], 8concern[1], 8conclusions[1], 3considered[1], 8constantly[1], 7constraints[1], 6constructed[1], 8consultation[3], 2consum[3], 3, 5, 10consume[2], 5, 7consumer[1], 8consumers[4], 6, 7, 8consuming[1], 7content[1], 4context[1], 2contributing[1], 8contribution[1], 2control[3], 3, 7, 8cooking[1], 4cooling[1], 7coordinated[1], 1core[1], 2cost[10], 2, 6, 7, 8costeffective[1], 9costs[12], 3, 6, 7, 8, 9could[10], 5, 6, 7, 9country[1], 3covering[1], 10covers[1], 2creating[1], 9creation[3], 3, 5, 10cross[1], 8crucially[1], 6cup[1], 4current[5], 6, 8currently[2], 2, 5customer[1], 10cut[8], 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10cutting[3], 6, 7

Ddaily[2], 4, 7day[13], 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10deal[4], 3, 5, 6, 7debate[3], 3decade[1], 6decades[2], 4decarbonise[3], 3, 5, 10decarbonised[2], 4decent[2], 8decisions[3], 6defence[1], 6deficit[5], 3, 4, 6definition[1], 8defra[8], 2, 3, 8delighted[1], 8deliver[6], 3, 5, 6, 7delivered[1], 2delivering[1], 2delivery[2], 2, 5demand[1], 6dependent[2], 4, 6design[1], 2designed[1], 10despite[2], 4, 8devastating[1], 4develop[3], 2, 7, 8developed[4], 2, 5developing[3], 1, 2, 6development[4], 1, 7, 9develops[1], 1devices[1], 8diffuse[1], 10digitalasset[3], 3, 5, 10digitalassets[3], 3, 5, 10dioxide[1], 8direct[3], 3, 5, 10directive[1], 10dishwashers[3], 5, 7disposable[1], 8document[1], 2documents[5], 2, 3, 5, 10does[3], 4, 5, 6doing[1], 8domestic[5], 6, 7don[1], 5done[1], 8down[2], 5, 8download[1], 8downloads[2], 4, 10downside[1], 2

iv

Index1

drawing[1], 10drier[1], 4drive[2], 5, 9drives[1], 1driving[1], 1drought[5], 4, 10dundee[1], 10during[1], 8

Eeach[2], 2, 3east[5], 4, 7, 8eco[1], 3economic[4], 2, 4, 5, 6economy[28], 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10ecoteams[1], 9edge[1], 10effective[1], 9effectiveness[1], 2efficiency[60], 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10efficient[20], 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9efficiently[1], 6effort[1], 8eib[4], 5elections[1], 2electricity[2], 4, 5element[3], 5, 9emissions[9], 3, 4, 5, 10empowered[1], 3empowerment[1], 8enables[1], 8encourage[3], 2, 3, 10end[1], 5energy[21], 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8engagement[3], 8, 9engineering[1], 6england[13], 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10enough[1], 7ensure[5], 2, 3, 6ensures[1], 5enterprises[1], 9environment[26], 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10environmental[9], 2, 4, 5, 6, 10environmentally[2], 3, 10equipment[3], 5, 7equivalent[2], 4, 7essential[2], 4estimate[3], 7even[4], 4, 6, 10

ever[2], 3, 10every[13], 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10everywhere[10], 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10evidence[9], 1, 2, 6, 8, 9examine[1], 3example[5], 5, 6, 7, 10existing[1], 4expensive[2], 6, 7experienced[1], 4explicitly[2], 5exploitation[1], 10extended[1], 3extends[1], 8extra[1], 8

Ffaces[1], 10fact[1], 8factored[1], 6factors[1], 10fails[1], 6fair[1], 3families[2], 7, 8features[1], 5feel[1], 8felt[1], 8few[1], 4final[3], 2, 8finalreport[1], 2finances[1], 3financial[3], 8, 9financing[1], 5fit[1], 4fitted[1], 8fitting[1], 8fittings[1], 4five[1], 2fixtures[1], 4flexible[1], 2flight[1], 4flood[2], 4floods[1], 4flush[2], 7focused[1], 1following[1], 3food[3], 3footprint[2], 4, 5for[77], 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10found[2], 2, 10

v

Index1

framework[8], 2, 5, 6, 8, 10frameworks[3], 2, 3, 10france[1], 10freeing[1], 6frequently[1], 7friendly[1], 3from[17], 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10frontline[1], 6fulfil[1], 3full[9], 2, 3, 6, 8, 10fully[4], 4, 6, 10fund[1], 5funding[2], 5funds[1], 5further[1], 4future[7], 3, 6, 10

Ggadgets[1], 4gas[4], 4, 5geho[3], 5, 10generations[3], 3, 6, 10get[1], 3given[1], 6gives[1], 8goals[1], 4goes[1], 6good[1], 8gov[16], 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10government[26], 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10grant[1], 5great[1], 6greater[6], 4, 6, 8, 9greatest[1], 8green[16], 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10greener[2], 3greenest[2], 3greenhouse[3], 4, 5grid[1], 4group[1], 1groups[5], 3, 5, 8, 9, 10grow[2], 3growing[1], 8growth[2], 4, 6guidance[1], 2

Hhairshirt[1], 5half[2], 4, 7hard[1], 5has[9], 2, 4, 6, 8, 10have[11], 4, 6, 7, 8, 10having[2], 4, 8health[2], 3, 6heating[3], 4help[14], 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10helping[4], 1, 3, 8higher[1], 6history[1], 3hmg[1], 3holders[1], 6home[4], 3, 8homes[35], 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10hon[3], 3hosepipe[1], 10hospitals[3], 7host[1], 10hot[8], 4, 5, 7house[1], 4household[6], 2, 6, 7, 8households[8], 3, 4, 7, 8housing[10], 2, 3, 8, 9how[3], 3, 4, 5html[2], 2, 4http[31], 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10huge[1], 4hugely[1], 8

Iiconic[1], 10idea[1], 8identified[2], 6, 8illustrates[1], 3images[5], 2, 8, 9immediate[3], 3, 7immediately[1], 4impact[4], 4, 6, 8impacts[1], 4implement[1], 3implementation[1], 2importance[1], 6

vi

Index1

important[7], 2, 4, 6, 9improve[4], 2, 3, 10improved[2], 8improvements[1], 3incalculable[1], 6incentive[2], 8incentives[3], 2, 8, 10incentivise[1], 6incentivises[1], 8include[1], 5included[1], 7includes[2], 2, 9including[3], 6, 7, 10income[2], 8increase[11], 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9increases[2], 4, 8increasing[2], 7, 9increasingly[1], 7index[1], 4indicates[1], 8indirectly[1], 5individual[1], 3industrial[2], 5, 7industries[3], 3, 6industry[8], 2, 3, 5, 6, 10influences[1], 1inform[1], 9informs[1], 1initiative[1], 8innovation[1], 2innovative[3], 7, 8, 9installation[2], 8integrated[2], 3intensive[3], 6interest[1], 3interim[2], 2, 9interviews[1], 5into[7], 4, 6, 8, 9introduction[1], 2investment[3], 6, 7ireland[1], 2issues[1], 2its[6], 2, 6, 7

Jjobs[6], 3, 5, 7, 10joint[1], 3june[1], 1just[2], 4, 7

justified[1], 8


Llarge[5], 1, 2, 7, 8, 9largely[1], 7larger[1], 4largest[1], 5last[1], 4leadership[2], 2, 8leading[1], 1leads[1], 1led[3], 4, 8left[1], 6legacy[1], 6legally[1], 4legislative[1], 3leisure[1], 10lending[2], 5less[25], 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10level[2], 8, 10levers[3], 3, 5, 10licence[1], 6licensed[2], 10licensing[1], 6lie[1], 5life[5], 3, 8, 10lifestyle[1], 8like[1], 4liked[1], 8likely[1], 6link[1], 3linked[1], 7linking[1], 2links[1], 2litres[2], 6little[1], 6lives[2], 3, 9

vii

Index1

loans[1], 5local[3], 2, 9london[2], 4, 8long[4], 5, 6, 10longer[1], 4loss[1], 3lost[3], 10low[10], 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

Mmachines[3], 5, 7made[2], 2, 6madrid[1], 4mainstream[1], 7mainstreaming[3], 1, 2, 3make[7], 3, 7, 8, 9, 10makes[1], 6making[2], 5, 8management[6], 4, 6, 10manifesto[2], 2manufactured[1], 7manufacturers[1], 7manufacturing[3], 3, 6, 7many[3], 6, 7, 10march[1], 8marked[1], 3market[1], 7markets[1], 2mass[1], 7matched[1], 3material[1], 6maximum[1], 2may[4], 3, 6mean[1], 5means[2], 7, 10measures[8], 2, 3, 4, 5, 6meet[4], 1, 4, 7, 10meeting[1], 10megalitres[1], 7mentioned[1], 6message[1], 4metered[5], 7, 8metering[6], 8, 10methods[1], 6million[5], 6minister[1], 1ministry[1], 6minute[2], 4, 7mirror[1], 7

mitigation[1], 2mobile[1], 7money[5], 3, 5, 6, 7months[1], 7more[25], 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10most[4], 6, 7, 9move[1], 8much[4], 5, 8, 10multiple[2], 2, 3multitude[1], 3

Nnao[1], 6national[3], 4, 6native[1], 10natural[1], 10necessary[1], 6need[4], 4, 5, 6needs[1], 5network[1], 1new[11], 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10next[2], 2, 6ngo[2], 1, 2niche[1], 7non[3], 6, 7, 8nor[1], 5northern[2], 2, 10not[11], 4, 5, 6, 7, 8now[4], 4, 7number[2], 7, 10nutshell[4], 4, 6, 8, 10

Ooffering[1], 3offers[3], 4, 5office[1], 6once[1], 4one[3], 5, 6only[2], 7, 10operatives[1], 9opinion[1], 10opportunities[4], 5, 8opportunity[6], 2, 3, 4, 5

viii

Index1

optants[1], 8option[1], 4order[2], 8, 10org[18], 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10organisation[1], 4other[4], 3, 7, 8, 10our[8], 3, 4, 10out[10], 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 10outcome[1], 9outdoor[1], 4over[11], 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10overall[1], 8

Ppackage[1], 8page[21], 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10pages[1], 2paid[1], 3paper[18], 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10parliament[1], 2part[9], 2, 3, 4, 7, 8participants[1], 8particularly[2], 2, 10partners[1], 8partnership[6], 2, 8, 9, 10partnerships[4], 1, 2, 5, 7parts[1], 10past[1], 7patients[1], 7pay[1], 8payback[1], 7paying[2], 8payment[1], 8pdf[20], 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10people[13], 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10per[1], 4percent[1], 7person[2], 4personal[2], 4phase[2], 2, 9phones[1], 7php[2], 4, 5piecemeal[1], 8place[1], 10planning[2], 5, 10plastic[1], 7play[6], 4, 5, 6plays[2], 2, 3plc[1], 6

pockets[2], 4, 10pointed[1], 6points[1], 6policy[6], 1, 2, 5, 9political[3], 4, 5poll[1], 10pollution[1], 10poorer[1], 3poorly[1], 8population[3], 4, 6, 7possible[1], 6potential[4], 2, 3, 8practice[2], 2predicting[1], 4preserve[1], 10pressure[1], 7pressures[1], 6preston[1], 8price[1], 2principal[1], 5priorities[2], 3, 5private[4], 2, 3, 6processes[2], 7procurement[3], 6, 7prod[3], 3, 5, 10produces[3], 4, 5, 7product[2], 7products[4], 5, 7prog[1], 3programme[12], 3, 4, 8, 9programmeforgovernment[1], 3programmes[4], 5, 7, 8prohibition[1], 5project[2], 8projections[1], 4projects[4], 5, 9properly[1], 6property[1], 8proportion[1], 8proposals[4], 2, 3protect[3], 3, 10protecting[1], 10protection[2], 3, 10protects[1], 6provide[1], 9providers[2], 5, 9provides[2], 3pubatt[1], 8public[10], 2, 3, 6, 7, 10publications[5], 4, 5, 6, 10published[2], 4, 8pump[1], 5

ix

Index1

Qquality[7], 1, 2, 3, 8, 10quarter[2], 4, 7queen[3], 3

Rrainfall[1], 4range[4], 3, 5, 7, 10rateable[1], 8rates[1], 9recast[1], 3recent[4], 4, 8, 10recommends[1], 2reduce[9], 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10reduced[1], 8reducing[3], 2, 7, 10reduction[5], 4, 6, 7reductions[1], 7referenced[1], 3refers[1], 5reflect[1], 5reflected[4], 3, 6reflecting[3], 6, 10reform[2], 3, 6refurbishment[1], 8regime[1], 6regional[1], 5regions[1], 8regulation[1], 6regulatory[7], 2, 3, 6, 8, 10reinforced[1], 8relationship[1], 3relatively[1], 6reliance[1], 4rent[1], 8replace[1], 6replaced[1], 7replacing[1], 7report[8], 2, 6, 8, 9require[3], 2, 5, 8requirements[1], 10requires[2], 6, 10research[11], 1, 7, 8, 9, 10residents[4], 8resilience[3], 4

resilient[1], 5resource[4], 2, 6, 8resources[4], 3, 6, 10responses[1], 2responsible[1], 3responsibly[1], 3result[1], 5retailers[1], 7retrofit[3], 7, 10retrofitting[6], 1, 5, 7, 9return[1], 4revealed[1], 8review[6], 2, 6, 8reviews[4], 2, 3, 4, 6richard[1], 5risk[3], 4river[2], 10rivers[5], 10roadmap[1], 8role[9], 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9running[2], 6rural[3], 3

Ssafeguarding[1], 4said[1], 8same[2], 8, 9sample[1], 8sat[1], 1save[6], 4, 5, 6, 7, 8savewaterswindon[1], 9savills[1], 8saving[7], 1, 6, 8savings[9], 3, 7, 8, 9scale[4], 1, 2, 8, 9scaling[1], 2scarce[1], 6scarcity[2], 2, 6schools[1], 7scot[1], 5scotland[5], 1, 2, 4, 5, 10scottish[1], 5second[1], 4secretary[4], 3section[1], 4sector[12], 3, 5, 6, 7sectors[4], 2, 3securing[1], 5see[5], 4, 6, 7

x

Index1

seeing[1], 4seen[2], 4, 10sense[1], 6sensor[1], 7sept[1], 8serious[1], 10seriously[1], 4service[2], 5, 6services[5], 3, 5, 6, 7set[6], 1, 2, 3, 10sets[2], 2, 8sewerage[1], 2shaping[1], 6shorter[1], 4should[2], 4, 10show[3], 4, 5, 9showed[1], 8shower[3], 4, 7showerhead[2], 4, 7showerheads[1], 7showers[11], 4, 5, 7, 8shown[3], 2, 6, 8shows[3], 7, 8, 9signed[1], 8significant[3], 2, 5, 10significantly[1], 6simple[1], 6single[1], 4site[5], 2, 8, 9size[1], 8smart[1], 3social[14], 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9society[11], 2, 3, 4, 8, 9soft[1], 5solo[2], 9some[6], 2, 4, 6, 8, 10something[1], 8source[2], 3, 6south[3], 4, 7, 8space[1], 4specific[2], 2, 5specifically[1], 2speech[3], 3spelman[3], 3spending[1], 6spent[2], 3, 8staff[1], 7stakeholder[1], 2stakeholders[1], 6standard[3], 8standards[3], 7, 8state[5], 3statistics[1], 8statutory[1], 4steps[1], 2

still[2], 7stock[1], 8stop[1], 10strategic[1], 2strategically[1], 5strategies[2], 5, 10strategy[3], 3, 4streams[1], 10stress[4], 4, 6, 10stressed[3], 4, 10stretches[1], 2study[1], 7subject[1], 8subsidies[1], 8such[10], 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9suggests[1], 9summers[1], 4supplies[1], 6supply[6], 4, 6, 7support[7], 3, 5, 7, 8, 10supported[1], 10supporting[1], 10surrounding[1], 6survey[1], 8surveyed[1], 8surveys[1], 8sustainable[5], 2, 3, 4, 8, 10sustains[2], 10swindon[2], 9, 10system[2], 8systems[2], 4, 8

Ttackle[3], 3, 10tackling[3], 4, 10take[1], 3taking[2], 6, 10tap[5], 3, 8, 9tapintosavings[1], 8taps[6], 4, 5, 7target[1], 7targeted[3], 7, 8targets[2], 4, 10tariffs[2], 8task[1], 4taxpayers[2], 3, 5technologies[3], 3, 5, 10tend[1], 9term[4], 5, 6, 10

xi

Index1

terms[2], 8text[1], 4thames[2], 7, 9than[4], 6, 9that[25], 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10the[235], 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10theecologist[1], 4their[12], 3, 6, 7, 8them[1], 2there[15], 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10therefore[3], 5, 6these[8], 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10they[7], 5, 6, 7, 8thing[2], 4, 7think[1], 10third[5], 3, 7thirds[1], 4this[19], 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9those[3], 6, 7, 9three[2], 7, 10through[20], 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10tie[1], 5ties[1], 10tightening[1], 6time[1], 9today[1], 6together[3], 3, 9toilets[3], 5, 7tonne[1], 4too[3], 5, 10top[1], 7topics[1], 4total[1], 5towards[2], 8track[1], 3traditional[1], 6treat[1], 5trend[1], 8triggered[1], 7trusts[1], 9turn[1], 5two[2], 4, 7typically[1], 6

Uukcip[1], 4under[3], 7, 8, 10underpinning[1], 4undertaken[1], 5

unpredictability[1], 4unsustainable[1], 10updated[1], 2uphill[1], 10uptake[2], 9urgent[1], 6urinals[2], 7use[19], 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10used[14], 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10user[1], 5using[2], 2, 3usk[1], 10utility[1], 8utilityweek[1], 5

Vvalue[14], 3, 5, 6, 8, 10valuing[1], 6varies[1], 8very[2], 8, 9view[1], 4visible[1], 9vision[2], 3visit[1], 8visits[1], 8vital[1], 4vulnerable[4], 8

Wwales[7], 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10walker[5], 2, 3, 6, 8walkerreview[1], 2want[1], 8wanting[1], 8was[2], 8washing[5], 4, 5, 7wastage[1], 2waste[5], 2, 7, 8wasted[1], 7wastewater[1], 5wasting[13], 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10water[197], 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10watering[1], 4

xii

Index1

waters[1], 5waterwise[45], 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10way[3], 3ways[1], 2wcl[2], 2, 10well[5], 2, 3, 7, 8, 10wellbeing[1], 10welsh[1], 10were[2], 8wetlands[1], 10whats[1], 4when[1], 7which[21], 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10while[1], 6white[19], 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10who[4], 5, 6, 8whole[3], 2, 6, 10why[1], 4wide[4], 3, 5, 7, 10wider[2], 5, 6widespread[1], 4wildlife[2], 10will[26], 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10willing[1], 8wisely[12], 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10with[20], 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10within[4], 5, 7, 8without[1], 6work[1], 10working[3], 2, 7, 9workplaces[2], 7world[2], 4, 10worried[1], 8worth[1], 6would[14], 5, 6, 7, 8, 9wwf[3], 9, 10www[24], 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10

Yyear[4], 4, 6, 7years[6], 2, 4, 7, 8, 10yet[2], 6, 8

Zzero[1], 4

xiii

Index1



Waterwise White Paper · Waterwise’s specific proposals can be found on pages 17 to 22 The White...

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Transcript of Waterwise White Paper · Waterwise’s specific proposals can be found on pages 17 to 22 The White...