Waterproofing Chemicals

Where waterproofing is required •Terrace/roofs •Walls •Basements •Bathrooms, kitchens •Water tanks, swimming pools •Decks, balconies •Green roofs

There are few types of the most commonly use system of waterproofing in the construction industry. They are : 1. Cementitious waterproofing 2. Liquid waterproofing membrane 3. Bituminuos coating 4. Bituminuous membrane 5. Polyurethane liquid membrane

1. Cementitious waterproofing Cementitious waterproofing is often used in the internal wet areas such as toilets. Most of the time the type of cementitious waterproofing is semi-flexible, some even toward rigid type. It is still good to use because internal toilets are not exposed to sunlight and weathering and so it do not go through the contraction and expansion process continuously.

Cementitious Waterproofing other Applications: Water Treatment Plants Sewage Treatment Plants Bridges Dams Railway & Subway Systems Marine Cargo Ports & Docks River Locks/Channels & Concrete Dykes Parking Structures & Lots Tunnels

2. Liquid waterproofing membrane Liquid membrane is a thin coating which consists of usually a primer coat and two coats of top coats. It offer more flexibility than the cementitious types of waterproofing. The elongation properties of the coating can reach as high as 280%. But the durability of the waterproofing coating also depend on what type of polymer the manufacturer use for the making of the liquid waterproofing.

3. Bituminous coating Bituminuos waterproofing coating is made of bitumen based materials and it is not suitable for expose to sunlight. It become very brittle and fragile when long exposure to the sunlight unless it is modified with more flexible material such as polyurethane or acrylic based polymers. The flexibility of the finished products always depend on the solid content of the polymer added to the bitumen.

4. Bituminous membrane Bituminous waterproofing membrane have torch on membrane and self adhesive membrane. The self adhesive type has low shelf life as bonding properties of the membrane reduces with time. Torch on membrane have exposed and covered types. Exposed membrane often has mineral granular aggregate to withstand the wear and tear of the weathering and the other types of membrane, contractor need to apply one protective screed to prevent the puncture of the membrane.

5. Polyurethane liquid membrane Polyurethane is also use for the flat roof area and exposed to weathering but it is expensive. It can offer higher flexibility. Polyurethane is very sensitive to moisture content present, therefore before application, one has to be very careful evaluating the moisture content of the concrete slab. Otherwise peeling or debonding easily observed after some time.

TYPES OF GLASSES

& GLAZING

GLASS TYPES

Specific descriptions of some of the many glasses that are currently available These may include:

Float: the most widely used method of molten glass manufactured. A sheet of glass made by floating molten glass on a bed of molten metal, typically tin, although lead and various low melting point alloys were used in the past

Heat Mirror: one of the latest high performance glass products. This concept includes a sealed insulating unit of two layers of clear float glass with a soft-coat low e coating that is applied to one or two thin films suspended between the layers of float glass. Leaded: a variety of glass that is assembled in usually intricate curved and straight Line patterns and connected together with lead. Sunlight decreases the strength of lead causing the glass plane to warp and weaken. Low E: low emissivity glass is another of the high-tech products with enhanced energy efficiency and includes a silver or metal oxide coating applied to one surface of clear float glass.

GLASS TYPES

Mirror: glass with a reflective coating or backing material. One and two way mirror glass and is also available.

Opaque: a term that applies to a variety of opaque glass including, but not limited to, etched, tinted, obscure, frosted, painted and stained glass. There are many varieties of opaque or obscure glass.

Sheet glass - manufactured by the flat or vertically drawn process. A wave or draw distortion runs in one direction through the sheet. The degree of distortion controls the usefulness of this type of glass.

Plate glass - Plate glass is thicker than ordinary glass. It has a very smooth surface. It is made by floating a layer of molten glass over a layer of molten tin. It is used in shop windows and doors.

Heat & glare reducing glass - Heat-absorbing glass contains controlled quantities of a ferrous iron admixture that absorbs much of the energy of the sun

GLASS TYPES

Insulating glass- Insulating glass units consist of two or more sheets of glass separated by air space

Tempered glass- fully tempered glass has three to five times the strength against impact forces and temperature changes due to inner tension & outside compression, than untempered glass has.

Laminated glass –It can also be called bulletproof glass. Several layers of safety glass are bound together with a transparent adhesive. The larger the number of layers used the greater is the strength of the glass. It is stronger than safety glass. It is used in airplanes and windshields of cars. Antique: or restoration glass is either true antique glass that has been salvaged or it is authentically reproduced or artificially simulated. Slight distortions, occasional pits and other imperfections characterize most antique glass.

Wired glass- is a kind of glass into which a wire mesh is embedded during production. It is a low cost and fire resistant glass

GLASS TYPES

Bent: glass that is curved, bent at an angle, spherical or segmented portions of same.

Etched & Frosted: glass that is rendered opaque from chemical wash or sandblasting. Often, intricate designs are permanently applied to various types of clear glass.

Bull's Eye: or Crown Bullion is either authentic antique glass or simulated reproduction. Wave like distortions in the shape of concentric circles generally characterize this glass.

Beveled: panels of straight line or curved glass with a beveled perimeter edge. Either machine or hand ground. The beveled angle is variable and dependent upon the bevel width and the thickness of glass required. Beveled glass can also be incorporated in sealed insulating panels and a wide variety of shapes and sizes are available.

WHAT IS “GLAZING”?

•"Glazing" refers to the installation of glass in prepared openings of windows, doors, partitions, and curtain walls. Glass may be held in place with glazier’s points, spring clips, or flexible glazing beads. Glass is kept from contact with the frame with various types of shims. Putty, sealants, or various types of caulking compounds are applied to make a weather tight joint between the glass and the frame. • Glazes are used to decorate the ware, to protect against moisture absorption, to give an easily cleaned sanitary surface, and to hide a poor body color. •Glazes are classified and described by the following characteristics:

• surface—glossy or matte; • optical properties—transparent or opaque; • method of preparation—fritted or raw; • composition—such as lead, tin, or boron; maturing temperature; and color.

•Opaque glazes contain small crystals embedded in the glass, but special glazes in which a few crystals grow to recognizable size are called crystalline glazes.

WHY “GLAZING” IS NECESSARY? •NOISE CONTROL - Reduces the noise inside a building to acceptable levels without sacrificing daylight. •SOLAR CONTROL -reduces solar heat gain and offers high levels of natural light to provide comfortable and pleasant environment to live in •THERMAL INSULATION- improves energy efficiency of domestic or commercial buildings while enabling the extensive use of glass and the benefit of passive solar gain. •SELF CLEANING- reduces the need for cleaning exterior glazing through a dual action coating. Uses daylight and rain to breakdown and wash away organic dirt. •DECORATIONS- offers an extensive choice of decorative options to provide style and privacy with maximum light. •SOLAR ENERGY - glazed glass maximizes solar energy conversion. •GLASS SYSTEMS -provides complete glazing instalations through specialist techniques •FIRE PROTECTION

GLAZING TYPES GLAZING OPTIONS: The use of single and multiple layers of various types of glass within any given sash or door. Generally, there are three common glazing configurations. They are : • Single glazing type : includes one layer of glass • Double glazing type : includes two layer of glass • Triple glazing type : includes three layer of glass Until the recent availability of various high performance materials, the greater the number of glass layers, the greater the insulating value of the window or door. Now, with the advent of such products as sealed insulating glass, Low E glass, Heat Mirror and others, insulating values can be enhanced without the use of multiple glass layers. Often, combinations of certain Glazing Options, Glass Types, Metalic Films and Chemical Gas Fillers can provide significant insulating efficiency.

GLAZING TYPES GLAZING OPTIONS: SINGLE GLAZED WITH WOODEN STOPS

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SINGLE GLAZED WITH GLAZING COMPOUND

DOUBLE GLAZED WITH DOUBLE GLAZED WITH DOUBLE GLAZED DOUBLE GLAZED REMOVABLE STORM REMOVABLE STORM WITH SEALED WITH EXTERIOR PANEL PANEL INSULATING STORM SASH GLASS

TRIPLE GLAZED WITH TRIPLE GLAZED WITH SEALED INSULATING HEAT MIRROR GLASS & STORM PANEL

TRIPLE GLAZED WITH SEALED INSULATING GLASS AND EXTERIOR STORM SASH

Bitumen Felts

Bitumen is obtained as a residual product in petroleum refineries after higher fractions like gas, petrol, kerosene and diesel

Bitumen felt- sheets of fibers matted into felt and bonded by saturating with bitumen or bitumen polymer

Bitumen felt used in water proofing to prevent water seepage Used in expansion joints

Indian standards define bitumen as a black or dark brown non crystalline soil or viscous material having adhesive properties derived from petroleum

Advantages of bitumen felt •Easy to roll •Good dimensional stability •Highly efficient waterproofing •Minimum handling loss •Long life •Durable •Economical •Can stand expansion and contraction

Reasons to use a roofing underlayment •It protects the roof deck from rain before the roofing is installed •It provides an extra weather barrier in case of blowoffs or water penetration through the roofing or flashings •It protects the roofing from any resins that bleed out of the sheathing •It prevents unevenness in the roof sheathing from telegraphing through shingles

Laying Bitumen felt •Bitumen felt for concrete water proofing • surface cleaned with wire mesh •Apply coat of hot bitumen •Lay bitumen felt over hot bitumen and press to avoid air gaps •Minimum overlap of 100 mm made at the ends ad sides •For double layer treatment the two layers should be staggered •Cement concrete filler should be used in junction of roof and parapet wall