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Ministry of Agriculture of Indonesia www.pertanian.go.id Ministry of Agriculture of Indonesia www.pertanian.go.id
WATER UTILIZATION MANAGEMENT FOR AGRICULTURE IN INDONESIA
SAEFOEL BACHRI, HARMANTO, & BUDI KARTIWA
INDONESIA CENTER FOR AGRICULTURAL LAND RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (ICALRRD)
2018 International Conference on Forward-looking Water Management in Taiwan
“Water & Environtment, Water & Safety, and Water & Development”
TAIPE, 8-9 OCTOBER 2018
Ministry of Agriculture of Indonesia www.pertanian.go.id
OUTLINE
Introduction
Water harverting technology
Irrigation Water Management
Conclussion
Ministry of Agriculture of Indonesia www.pertanian.go.id
I. INTRODUCTION The total area of Indonesia which covers land and sea is
7,081,369 KM square.
• The land area is 1,904,569 KM2 (incl rivers).
• Water area is 5, 8 KM2.
LAND AREA in Indonesia: 188,20 Million Ha
148 Million Ha Dryland (78%):
76,22 Million Ha (52%) -> Suitable For Agriculture
23,26 Million Ha Lowland Area -> Suitable For Food Crops
40,20 Million Ha Wetland (22%) -> Including Swampland.
Population : 260 million (2017)
Projected population: 295 million (2030)
Ministry of Agriculture of Indonesia www.pertanian.go.id
LAND AREA BASED ON ECOSYSTEMS
Ecosystem Low Land High Land Dry
Climate
Wet
Climate
Acid
Soil
Non Acid
Soil
Swamp
land
Wet land (Non Swamp)
Dry land
Misc (Settlement/city, water bodies, escarpment, ex mining etc)
Ministry of Agriculture of Indonesia www.pertanian.go.id
Dry land, 148, 79%
Wet land, 40.2, 21%
Land Area: 188.2 M Ha
148 M Ha of Dry land
76.22 M Ha (77%) Suit for
Agriculture
26.32 M Ha
Food Crop on Low land
LAND TYPE PROPORTION
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DRY LAND FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT in Indonesia
Area of dry land suitable for Agriculture
Island
Low land (ha) High land (ha) Total
Annual
Crops Perenual
Crops
Annual
Crops
Perenual
Crops
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1. Water limitation on dry land -> Plantation
Index (IP) < 1,50.
2. Water scarcity is the main limiting of dry land management.
3. Innovation technology for water management: a. Identification technique for water
resources b. Water harvesting c. Eficiency technique on Irrigation d. Soil and water conservation
DRY LAND UTILIZATION PROBLEMS
Dry land utilization problems
Soil Fertility
Soil Acidity
Topography
Water Availability
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WATER SUPPLY PROBLEMS ON DRY LAND AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS
Water availability:
Inbalance water availability
(spasial and time) Water management technique on dry land • Identification for Water resources
potency • Water harvesting techniques • Efficiency techniques in Irigation
system • Soil and Water conservation
Water demands:
Water utilize In-efficency on
agriculture production system
Ministry of Agriculture of Indonesia www.pertanian.go.id
Type of Infrastucture
WH Infrastructure
Water Harvesting
(WH)
Technology
(1) Water surface (Irrigation Pump); (2) Channal storae (Dam Parit); (3) eater reservoir (Embung); (4) Long Storage; (5) Shallow Well (6) Sumur Bor
Techniques for collecting, storing and saving rainwater or river flow, during the rainy season into a reservoir -> then using the water for irrigation during the dry season
• Optimizing the utilization of surface water sources for irrigation
• Provide alternative irrigation sources when the main irrigation source is unable to meet the water needs of the plant
WATER HARVESTING
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Dam Parit: Agricultural infrastructure
to stem the flow of trenches or small
rivers and distribute them to irrigate the
surrounding land
Long Storage
Channel reservoir di Desa Bunder, Gunung Kidul Channel reservoir (dam parit) in Kalisidi,
Ungaran
Long storage in HSU (Polder Alabio)
Water reservoir (Embung)
Embung Tlogo Pucang Temanggung
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(1) SURFACE WATER UTILIZATION:
< 4 m
< 6
m
1000 m
Suction
4 inch
Satuan Luas Lahan Irigasi
Bak Bagi + Pintu
Saluran Terbuka
Pompa + Mesin Penggerak
Sungai
Sumber Air Permukaan Melimpah,
Tapi IP 100
• Centifuge Pump
• Divider pool/storage
• Cannal
Desa Negara Bumi Udik, Kec. Anak Tuha, Kab.
Lampung Tengah, Lampung
CHARACTERISTICS DESIGN AND
INFRASTRUCTURE OF WATER HARVESTING
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SUMATERA • Potensi 1.206.476 ha Dam-parit, Embung, Long- storage, Pemanfaatan Air Sungai dan Sumur Dangkal
1.206.476 ha
724.334 ha
1.342.702 ha
608.872 ha 28.681 ha
JAWA • Potensi 724.334 ha Dam-parit, Embung, Long- storage, Pemanfaatan Air Sungai dan Sumur Dangkal
KALIMANTAN • Potensi 1.342.702 ha Dam-parit, Embung, Longstorage, Pemanfaatan Air Sungai dan Sumur Dangkal
SULAWESI • Potensi 608.872 ha Dam-parit, Embung, Longstorage, Pemanfaatan Air Sungai dan Sumur Dangkal
PAPUA • Potensi 28.681 ha Dam-parit, Embung, Long- storage, Pemanfaatan Air Sungai dan Sumur Dangkal
BALI+NUSTRA • Potensi 117.876 ha Dam-parit, Embung, Longstorage, Pemanfaatan Air Sungai & Sumur Dangkal
MALUKU • Potensi 24.216 Ha Dam-parit, Embung, Longstorage, Pemanfaatan Air Sungai dan Sumur Dangkal
117.876 ha
24.216 ha
POTENTCY Of WATER HARVESTING INFRASTRUCTURE ON DRY OR RAINFED LAND (DISTRIBUTION OF 4,0 MILL. HA)
Invest Rp 22.6 B Prod 10 Jt ton GKG Benefit: Rp 40 Bill
Total: 13.829 of 74.093 Village, 3.287 of 7.094 Sub District, 401 of 415 District, in 34 Provinces.
Total Area : 4.053.156 ha
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Notes:
D : Domestic
M : Municipal
I : Industrial
Source:
Puslitbang SDA (2012)
Roadmap CC Water Sector (2011)
DMI (106 m3/year)
34,10 (19.5%)
AGRICULTURE (106 m3/yr)
141,00 (80.5 %)
DM
(106 m3/year)
6.40 (3,7%)
ALREADY UTILIZED
(106 m3/year)
175,10 (25.3%)
YET UTILIZIED
(106 m3/year)
516,20 (74.7%)
INDUSTRIAL
(106 m3/year)
27.70 (15,8%)
WATER AVAILABLE (106 m3/year)
POTENCY CAN BE UTILIZED
3.906,50 691,30
INDONESIA 3.906,50
SUMATERA 840,70
JAVA 164,00
KALIMANTAN 1.314,00
SULAWESI 299,20
BALI + NUSA
TENGGARA 49,60
MALUKU 176,70
PAPUA 1.062,10
DISTRIBUTION
SOIL WATER UTILIZATION IN INDONESIA
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No Parameter Characteristics Type of WH
Infrastrucuture
1 Rivers Debit minimum > 25 l/s, widht < 15 m depth < 2 m, water
elevasi higher than land surface , and <1 km distance.
Channal reservoir (Dam
Parit)
2 River flow, irrigation channal, lake Debit Minimum > 25 l/s, elevation of water resource lower
than the land, and <100 m distance.
Pump
3 Rainfall, drainage channel, intermittent
river flow
Weavy to Hilly tophography as a water catchment area (DTA) Water reservoir (Embung)
4 Rainfall, drainage channel, intermittent
rivers, tidal rivers
Flat topography, close to drainage channel, intermittent
river, rivers, tidal.
Long Storage
5 Groundwater Groundwater surface < 20 m Shallow well
INFRASTUCTURE TYPES OF WATER HARVESTING BASED UPON WATER RESOURCES
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Water Utilization Efficiency Technology
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• Shallow well / connected well
• Closed Irrgation System
• Wet and Dry Irrigation
• Intermittent Irrigation
• Drip Irrigation
• Impact Sprinkler
• Furrow Irrigation
• Solar Pump Irrigation
• Shallow well / connected well
Ministry of Agriculture of Indonesia www.pertanian.go.id
CLOSED IRRIGATION SYSTEM (PIPE)
very high efficien, using gravity due to
mountinous area, suitable for horticulture
with limited soil water source
CLOSED IRRIGATION (Drip Irigation): Super efficient
water-use irrigation, clean water, suitable for hilly area,
horticulture (but still explensive material)
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a. Wet – Dry Irrigation system
• Flooding high of 5-10 cm, depend on
growth phase of paddy crop
• 10 days before harvesting time, no
water to the land
• Water requirement can be saved up to
10-15% compared to teh fooding all the
time
b. Intermittent irrigation
• New technique intermittent irrigation within a season
• Initial planting with flooding, then water given
according to requirement within 3-7 day
• It can saved water by 25%.
WUE for Paddy wetland
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DRIP IRRIGATION • Water availability is limited • Land flat up to hilly area • Soil texture: clay up to sandy loam • Commodities: horticulture crop with high
value
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IMPACT SPRINKLER • Irrigation of spray type with medium pressure and nozzle
360 degree direction of spray
• Can distribute a certain water irrigation with radius or
distance of 15 meter along the tool (maximum)
• Suitable for horticulture (vegetable crop)
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FURROW IRRIGATION • Water availability is excessive (no limit) • Topography is relatively flat • Soil texture: clay • Commodities suitable: paddy, vegetable & FRUIT
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SOLAR PUMP APPLICATION FOR HORTICULTURE
The system have already implemented to several dry land
Imogiri, Bantul Muneng, Probolinggo
Sukabumi, Jabar
Banjarbaru, Kalsel
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II. IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT PRACTICE Irrigation: The activity to supplement water for maintaining normal growth of crops
1.1 Irrigation Water Management (IWM): 2.1 Irrigation Water Management (IWM): • The overall operation of irrigation, in a systematic way and
accordance with approved plans, is concerned with proper regulation and allocation of water quantities required for various growth stages of crops.
• In practice, an irrigation plan is prepared in accordance with
cropping patterns and irrigation scheme; and its implementation has to also take into account water sources and local farm situations. It is essential to adequately regulate and allocate irrigation water such that the water can be fairly, reasonably and at right time distributed to each farm plot.
Ministry of Agriculture of Indonesia www.pertanian.go.id
THE IRRIGATION WATER NEEDS The irrigation water needs/calculation of wetland rice including: - evapotranspiration, - water loss due to percolation and seepage, - water is needed for saturation of the soil. Whereas plants other than lowland rice lose water because percolation and seepage do not include irrigation water needs. The function of rice plant water is to regulate plant temperature and humidity conditions and affect the growth and yield of rice plants (winarso, 1985).
Ministry of Agriculture of Indonesia www.pertanian.go.id
2.2 Irrigation Water Distribution Technique:
• Factors to be considered:
1) Canal water conveyance capacities, 2) water losses and sequences of water regulation and allocation; 3) so as to maintain the smooth water conveyance and on‐farm irrigation.
• Other factors: areal rainfall distributions, water source stability and
crop cultivation timing have to be considered too; in order to grasp the trends of water sources for adequate regulation and allocation of irrigation water to properly supply the water demands of crop cultures.
2.3 Irrigation Operation Principles: Irrigation Operation Principles: • On‐farm water distributions: implemented in line with the distribution plans
prepared with principle of rotational irrigation. Such plans delineate the distribution flow quantities, arranged timing, and sequences of water distributions to farm plots.
• Field water distribution work is conducted by water masters of irrigation
groups, or by IA members on duty by turns, so that all the plots can avail fair and reasonable water uses.
Irrigation Water Management Practice
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Suggestion to Future Maintenance 2.4. Main plans to be formulated Irrigation Plan
• Water conveyance & distribution plans • Rotational water distribution plan • Emergency irrigation plan in response to severe draught
Irrigation Implementation
• Allocation of water from water sources • Regulation of water in conveyance systems • On-farm water distribution • Emergency irrigation measures in response to severe drought period • Recording of water uses
Ministry of Agriculture of Indonesia www.pertanian.go.id
Irrigation Plan
Crop cultivation area
Soil texture Crop water
requirement Water conveyance
losses
Irrigation water requirement
Water distribution
time per district
Water distribution
time per district
Irrigation intervals
Water distribution
sequence per district
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Irrigation Implementaion
Rotation blocks Discharge
regulation and recording
Water distribution in
Rotation Blocks
On-farm water distribution
(Rotaional irrigation operation)
Single blocks
Farm plots
Check gate operation
Water distribution in single blocks
Water division box
management
Guiding Igs by WS/IA on field
water distribution work
Ministry of Agriculture of Indonesia www.pertanian.go.id
Ministry of Agriculture of Indonesia www.pertanian.go.id
Ministry of Agriculture of Indonesia www.pertanian.go.id
4.Conclusion Water Long Storage
1. The height of the embankment on both sides of the water long storage cannot be increased more than 0.5 meters, which is equivalent to 0.65 meters above the paddy field.
2. Heightening embankment with dredged mud is difficult to reach stability, which is confirmed by bilateral team.
3. The embankment of long storage can not be piled up by the mud excavated by dredging, because of its poor plasticity and stability. If the bank design is too high, its construction is not easy and may cause bank collapse in the future.
Ministry of Agriculture of Indonesia www.pertanian.go.id
4.Conclusion III. Irrigation Operation
1. Establish the general rules of Governing Organization of Irrigation Associations. 2. Establish a rigorous Water Use Associations (WUAs) under the supervision of the Ministry of
Agriculture. 3. According to the authority of law, WUAs can charge fees, management and repair facilities. 4. The fees shall be charged in the form of farmland area. The fees of decisions is negotiated by the
members.
Ministry of Agriculture of Indonesia www.pertanian.go.id
Association Roles Water User Farmer Association (WUFA/KP3A): Decree of the Minister of Home Affairs No. 50 LAWS OF THE RI No. 7 OF 2004. ABOUT WATER RESOURCES.
• An association of water-using farmer associations is a set of water-using farmers who are socio-economic, cultural, and environmentally sound.
• To facilitate the farmers associated with irrigation water management at the farming level to increase food production and the interests of rural agricultural development.
• Need Strengthening or Empowering Water User Farmers
• Wadah perkumpulan petani pemakai air merupakan himpunan bagi petani pemakai air yang bersifat sosial-ekonomi, budaya, dan berwawasan lingkungan. P3A dibentuk dari, oleh, dan untuk petani pemakai air secara demokratis, yang pengurus dan anggotanya terdiri dari unsur petani pemakai air. P3A dalam satu daerah pelayanan sekunder tertentu dapat bergabung sampai terbentuk GP3A. GP3A dalam satu daerah irigasi tertentu dapat bergabung sampai terbentuk IP3A.
Ministry of Agriculture of Indonesia www.pertanian.go.id
THANK YOU
谢谢
Ministry of Agriculture of Indonesia www.pertanian.go.id
SOME FACTOR AFFECTING WATER NEEDS • CROP TYPE
• CLIMATE
• TYPE OF SOIL CONDITION
• CROP PATTERN
• WATER SUPPLY METHOD
• IRRIGATION INFRASTRUCTURE CONDITION
• ACREAGE OF AGRICILTURE AREA