Water Unit Introduction Outline: Unique chemistry Distribution on planet - changes with time...

23
Water Unit Introduction tline: Unique chemistry Distribution on planet - changes with time Hydrologic cycle - redistribution, climate effects Ocean circulation - basic wind & thermohaline
  • date post

    20-Dec-2015
  • Category

    Documents

  • view

    214
  • download

    0

Transcript of Water Unit Introduction Outline: Unique chemistry Distribution on planet - changes with time...

Page 1: Water Unit Introduction Outline: Unique chemistry Distribution on planet - changes with time Hydrologic cycle - redistribution, climate effects Ocean circulation.

Water Unit Introduction

Outline:• Unique chemistry• Distribution on planet - changes with time • Hydrologic cycle - redistribution, climate effects• Ocean circulation - basic wind & thermohaline

Page 2: Water Unit Introduction Outline: Unique chemistry Distribution on planet - changes with time Hydrologic cycle - redistribution, climate effects Ocean circulation.

Chemically unique because it:• exists in all three phases at atmospheric temp & pressure (high melting

and boiling points for size & bond type- ammonia-NH3-mass 17, MP -78, BP 33)

and is the only substance that does this!• has covalent bonds for molecule, hydrogen bonds for liquid/solid

phase (10x stronger than usual inter-molecular bonds, but weaker than metal or ionic bond)

Page 3: Water Unit Introduction Outline: Unique chemistry Distribution on planet - changes with time Hydrologic cycle - redistribution, climate effects Ocean circulation.

Chemically and physically unique because it has:• high heat capacity - 4.2 J/g/K- i.e., takes more

energy to raise temp, therefore stores more, important for spreading planet’s heat

• high heat of fusion (solid <> liquid ~ 335 J/g/ºK) and vaporization (liquid <>gas ~ 2400 J/g/ºK) so more effectively transfers heat when changing phase in atmosphere/ocean

• conducts heat more readily as a liquid

Page 4: Water Unit Introduction Outline: Unique chemistry Distribution on planet - changes with time Hydrologic cycle - redistribution, climate effects Ocean circulation.

Water is chemically and biologically unique because it: • has high surface tension so forms drops & helps make good cell

membranes• can dissolve other compounds very easily (most common solute),

so can transport many things, e.g. NaCl, nutrients• mediates or facilitates most chemical reactions in living systems

(e.g., takes water to photosynthesize) - neutral pH

Page 5: Water Unit Introduction Outline: Unique chemistry Distribution on planet - changes with time Hydrologic cycle - redistribution, climate effects Ocean circulation.

Water is physically unique because it is less dense as a solid (ice) than as a liquid.

Page 6: Water Unit Introduction Outline: Unique chemistry Distribution on planet - changes with time Hydrologic cycle - redistribution, climate effects Ocean circulation.
Page 7: Water Unit Introduction Outline: Unique chemistry Distribution on planet - changes with time Hydrologic cycle - redistribution, climate effects Ocean circulation.

Distribution on Earth“Water, water everywhere, nor

any drop to drink.” – Coleridge, Rime of the Ancient

Mariner

Page 8: Water Unit Introduction Outline: Unique chemistry Distribution on planet - changes with time Hydrologic cycle - redistribution, climate effects Ocean circulation.

Hydrologic Cycle (in 103 km3)

Page 9: Water Unit Introduction Outline: Unique chemistry Distribution on planet - changes with time Hydrologic cycle - redistribution, climate effects Ocean circulation.
Page 10: Water Unit Introduction Outline: Unique chemistry Distribution on planet - changes with time Hydrologic cycle - redistribution, climate effects Ocean circulation.
Page 11: Water Unit Introduction Outline: Unique chemistry Distribution on planet - changes with time Hydrologic cycle - redistribution, climate effects Ocean circulation.
Page 12: Water Unit Introduction Outline: Unique chemistry Distribution on planet - changes with time Hydrologic cycle - redistribution, climate effects Ocean circulation.
Page 13: Water Unit Introduction Outline: Unique chemistry Distribution on planet - changes with time Hydrologic cycle - redistribution, climate effects Ocean circulation.

Global warmingGlobal warming(temperature increase)(temperature increase)

Effects of global warming on water cycleEffects of global warming on water cycle

Speeds up globalSpeeds up globalwater cyclewater cycle

More extreme weather eventsMore extreme weather events• DroughtsDroughts• StormsStorms• FloodsFloods

Page 14: Water Unit Introduction Outline: Unique chemistry Distribution on planet - changes with time Hydrologic cycle - redistribution, climate effects Ocean circulation.

Projected Changes in Annual Precipitation for the 2050sProjected Changes in Annual Precipitation for the 2050s

Source: The Met Office. Hadley Center for Climate Prediction and Research

The projected change is compared to the present day with a ~1% increase per year in equivalent COThe projected change is compared to the present day with a ~1% increase per year in equivalent CO 22

Page 15: Water Unit Introduction Outline: Unique chemistry Distribution on planet - changes with time Hydrologic cycle - redistribution, climate effects Ocean circulation.

GreenGreen •• = increasing, Brown= increasing, Brown •• = decreasing= decreasing

Global Precipitation Trends Global Precipitation Trends (% per decade) (% per decade) 1900 - 19941900 - 1994

Source: Watson 2001

Page 16: Water Unit Introduction Outline: Unique chemistry Distribution on planet - changes with time Hydrologic cycle - redistribution, climate effects Ocean circulation.

U.S. Precipitation Trends: 1901 to 1998U.S. Precipitation Trends: 1901 to 1998

Source: National Climatic Data Center/NESDIS/NOAA

GreenGreen •• = increasing, Brown= increasing, Brown •• = decreasing= decreasingAll stations/trends displayed regardless of statistical significanceAll stations/trends displayed regardless of statistical significance

Page 17: Water Unit Introduction Outline: Unique chemistry Distribution on planet - changes with time Hydrologic cycle - redistribution, climate effects Ocean circulation.

Extreme Precipitation Events in the U.S.Extreme Precipitation Events in the U.S.

Source: Karl, et.al. 1996.

Page 18: Water Unit Introduction Outline: Unique chemistry Distribution on planet - changes with time Hydrologic cycle - redistribution, climate effects Ocean circulation.
Page 19: Water Unit Introduction Outline: Unique chemistry Distribution on planet - changes with time Hydrologic cycle - redistribution, climate effects Ocean circulation.
Page 20: Water Unit Introduction Outline: Unique chemistry Distribution on planet - changes with time Hydrologic cycle - redistribution, climate effects Ocean circulation.
Page 21: Water Unit Introduction Outline: Unique chemistry Distribution on planet - changes with time Hydrologic cycle - redistribution, climate effects Ocean circulation.
Page 22: Water Unit Introduction Outline: Unique chemistry Distribution on planet - changes with time Hydrologic cycle - redistribution, climate effects Ocean circulation.
Page 23: Water Unit Introduction Outline: Unique chemistry Distribution on planet - changes with time Hydrologic cycle - redistribution, climate effects Ocean circulation.