WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY (TAS 3010) LECTURE NOTES 5 - Water Quality Parameters

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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT © SHAHRUL ISMAIL, DESc. University College of Science and Technology Malaysia CHAPTER 3: Environmental Microbiology TAS 3101 : WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY MAY ALL THE BLESSING OF GOD BE UPON ALL OF YOU.. AND SUCCESS ALWAYS!!!!!!! YUS – 8 OGOS 1986 ZAKI – 9 AUGUST 1984 CASSEY – 12 AUGUST 1986 MALA – 13 AUGUST 1985 COKIES – 17 AUGUST 1986 API/PEQ – 24 AUGUST 1986 ZAI/ZYE – 26 AUGUST 1985

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WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY (TAS 3010) LECTURE NOTESUNIVERSITY MALAYSIA TERENGGANU 2009Disclaimer: I don't own this file. If you believe you do, and you don't want it to be published here, please let me know. I will remove it immediately

Transcript of WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY (TAS 3010) LECTURE NOTES 5 - Water Quality Parameters

Page 1: WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY (TAS 3010) LECTURE NOTES 5 - Water Quality Parameters

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

© SHAHRUL ISMAIL, DESc.University College of Science and Technology Malaysia

CHAPTER 3:Environmental Microbiology

TAS 3101 : WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY

MAY ALL THE BLESSING OF GOD BE UPON ALL

OF YOU.. AND SUCCESS ALWAYS!!!!!!!

YUS – 8 OGOS 1986

ZAKI – 9 AUGUST 1984

CASSEY – 12 AUGUST 1986

MALA – 13 AUGUST 1985

COKIES – 17 AUGUST 1986

API/PEQ – 24 AUGUST 1986

ZAI/ZYE – 26 AUGUST 1985

Page 2: WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY (TAS 3010) LECTURE NOTES 5 - Water Quality Parameters

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

© SHAHRUL ISMAIL, DESc.University College of Science and Technology Malaysia

CHAPTER 3:Environmental Microbiology

CHAPTER 5 : CHAPTER 5 : CHAPTER 5 : CHAPTER 5 :

TAS 3101 : WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY

Water Quality ParametersWater Quality ParametersWater Quality ParametersWater Quality Parameters

Page 3: WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY (TAS 3010) LECTURE NOTES 5 - Water Quality Parameters

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

© SHAHRUL ISMAIL, DESc.University College of Science and Technology Malaysia

CHAPTER 3:Environmental Microbiology

CHAPTER 5 : CHAPTER 5 : CHAPTER 5 : CHAPTER 5 :

TAS 3101 : WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY

Water Quality ParametersWater Quality ParametersWater Quality ParametersWater Quality Parameters

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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Menu

1) Introduction

2) Physical

3) Chemical

4) Biological

5) WQI

a) Suspended Solids

b) Turbidityc) Odourd) Tastee) Temperature

a) Microorganisms

a) TDSb) Alkalinityc) Hardnessd) Fluoridee) Metalsf) Nutrients

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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

• To illustrate the quality of a tested water qualitatively and quantitatively.

• Can be divided into three types:

■ physical■ chemical■ biological

Introduction

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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

a. Suspended solid – measured in mg/L

• Sources (s):i) inorganic compounds such as clay, sandii) organic compounds such plant fibre, human waste

• Effects (s):i) Aestheticsii) Adsorption point/centre for chemical and micro-organismiii) Health aspect

Suspended Solid

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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

b. Turbidity• Source (s):

i) same as in (a)

• effect (s):

i) same as in (b)

Turbidity

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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

c. Odour and taste • Source (s):

i) inorganic compounds such as minerals,metals, salts,

ii) organic compound from petroleum and/or degradation of organic matter

• Effect(s):

i) aesthetic

ii) health problems [reaction from sources and other chemicals such as chlorine (Cl)

Odour

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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

c. Odour and taste • Source (s):

i) inorganic compounds such as

ii) organic compound from• effect(s):

i) aesthetic

ii) health problems [reaction from sources and other chemicals such as chlorine (Cl)

Taste

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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

d. Temperature – measured in 0C or 0F• source (s):

i) effect from ambienceii) industrial activities – cooling system

• Effect (s):i) disturb biological activitiesii) chemical properties such as

Temperature

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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

a. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) – solid left in water after the water is filtered and dried.

• Source (s):i) inorganic compoundsii) organic compounds

• Effect (s):i) cause taste, colour and odour problemsii) health aspectiii) small amount of TDS – water becomes corrosive to attain equilibrium

measured in either mg/L (organic + inorganic) or mS/m* [milisiemens per meter – measuring unit for conductivity (the potential of waterallowing electric current to flow in it)]only measure compounds that produce ion (when it is added to water)

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

b. Alkalinity

• The quantity of ions in water to neutralize acid or a measure of water strength to neutralize acid.

• Main constituents are bicarbonate (HCO3-), carbonate (CO3

2-), and hydroxide (OH-) ions.

• Source (s):

i) mineral dissolved in water and airii) human activities such as

• Effect (s):i) non pleasant tasteii) reaction between alkaline constituent and cation (positive ion) produces precipitation in pipe.

Alkalinity

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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

c. Hardness

• Measure of “multivalent” cations in water such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Mn3+

• Ca2+ and Mn2+ are very important

• Source (s):i) natural mineral on earth

• effect (s):i) excessive soap usage (a waste !)ii) precipitate form on hardwareiii)precipitate in pipe – temperature and pH increased

Hardness

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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

• Two kinds of hardness:

i) carbonate hardness

ii) non-carbonate hardness

Hardness

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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Carbonate hardness Non-carbonate hardness

1. temporary in character e.g. Ca(HCO3)2, Mg(HCO3)2

1. permanent in character e.g. CaCl2, CaSO4, MgCl2, MgSO4

2. precipitated through boiling

2. eliminated through chemical softness methods and/or ion exchange

Hardness

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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

d. Fluoride• Source (s):

i) minerals

• Effect (s):i) not good for health if it is taken in high concentrationii) concentration of 1 mg/L is good for the growth of children teethiii) excessive concentration – color on teeth and problem in bone growth

Fluoride

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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

e. Metals – non toxic and toxic

• non – toxic - Ca2+, Mn2+, Na+, Fe2+, Mg2+, Al3+, Cu2+, Zn2+

dangerous for health if the concentration is high • Source (s):

i) minerals, readily available from nature

• Effect (s):i) color, odour, taste and turbidityii) deteriorate health (at high concentration)

Metals - Introduction

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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

• Toxic – As2+, Ba2+, Cd2+, Cr2+, Pb2+, Hg2+

stored up in food chain

• Source (s):i) human activities such as mining and industries

• Effect (s):i) dangerous disease such as cancer, abortion and deformation in newborn babyii) organic and inorganic compounds

Metals - Toxic

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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

g. Nutrients

• crucial elements needed by animals and plants to live

• important elements – C, N, P

• C – easily obtained from CO2, degradation of organic compounds

• N, P – limiting factors

Nutrients

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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Nitrogen (N)

• Source (s):i) elements for protein, chlorophyll and biological compoundsii) decomposition to a simple compound

……………………………………………………….iii) animals and human wastes, chemicals (fertilizers)

• effect (s):i) NO3

- poisoning in human and animals babies & human below than 6 month old)■ NO3

- > NO2- (in acidic condition) – will substitute O2 in blood

vessel■ Babies algae breeding and aquatic plantsii) Excessive algae breeding and aquatic plants

Nutrient - Nitrogen

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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Phosphorus (P)

• exist in a form of “orthophosphate”, “condensed phosphate”, and “organic phosphate”.

• Source (s):i) readily present in soilii) fertilizersiii) human wastes (“organic phosphate”)iv) domestic wastes (element in detergent)

• effects (s)i) algae breeding and aquatic plantsii) >0.2 mg/L – disturb coagulation processes in water treatment plants

Nutrient – Phosphorus (P)

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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

• microorganism that bring diseases are called “pathogen”. Their quantities are very small compared to other microorganisms.

• The experiments to determine the presence of all pathogens takes a long time and very expensive. It is only carried out for very specific cases

• The presence of pathogenic microorganism is shown by indicator microorganism

Biological

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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

• Pathogenic microorganisms

• Indicator microorganism

• Their presence shows that pollution has occurred and suggests the TYPE and LEVEL of pollution.

• Indicator microorganism properties:

– Can be used for all types of water

– Always present when pathogen is present

– Always absent when pathogen is absent

– Easily experimented and give reliable results

Biological

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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

• Typical indicators used are coliform group

i) Coliform group:

■ fecal coliform e.g. E.Coli

■ Total coliform e.g. fecal coliform, soil coliform and others

Biological

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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

• Relates a group of water quality parameters to a common scale and combines them into a single number in accordance with a chosen method or model of computation. 

• Preliminary means of assessment of a water body for compliance with the standards adopted for five designated classes of beneficial uses. 

Water Quality Index (WQI)

Page 26: WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY (TAS 3010) LECTURE NOTES 5 - Water Quality Parameters

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

• The parameters chosen for the WQI based on the DoE's formula are:

1. DO,

2. BOD,

3. COD,

4. SS,

5. AN and

6. pH.

WQI Formula

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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

• The formula used in the calculation of the DOE's WQI is :

WQI = 0.22*SIDO + 0.19*SIBOD + 0.16*SICOD + 0.15*SIAN +0.16*SISS + 0.12*SIpH

where SI is the subindex of each parameter.

DO - Dissolve Oxyge

BOD - Biological Oxygen Deman

COD - Chemical Oxygen Deman

AN - Ammoniacal Nitrogen

SS - Suspended Solid

pH - Acidity/Alkalinity

Water Quality Index (WQI)

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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Water Quality Index (WQI)

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Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

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