Water Supply& Water Quality Information System of Hisar city...

International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR), Volume 4, Issue 2, February 2015

250

ISSN: 2278 – 7798 All Rights Reserved © 2015 IJSETR

Abstract— Although water covers about 70 percent of the Earth’s

surface, only 1 percent of it is available to us as a source of drinking.

―All peoples, whatever their stage of development and their social

and economic conditions, have the right to have access to drinking

water in quantities and of a quality equal to their basic needs‖(Mar

del Plata Water Conference 1977).

The present study focus on ―Water Supply Information System and

quality‖ covers municipal area of Hisar city for the purpose of water

supply management. The water supply Information system and

quality of Hisar city is generated from Geo-referenced Quick Bird

(Multi-Spectral) Satellite data, integrated with secondary spatial &

non-spatial data collected during ground truth and water supply map

provided by PWD, Hisar. The Criteria for classification of water

quality classes (Based on Indian Drinking Water Standards as per

BIS Guideline-IS: 10500: 1991) is adopt for the present study.

Major perameters like PH value, Hardness, chloride, TDS (A total

dissolved solid), Fluride and Alkalinity are discussed in the present

study of each water works. The water works no.2, Kaimri Road,

Hisar have recorded maximum value of desirable limit of water

quality parameters like minimum value of water quality parameters

like water PH value (6.5), Alkalinity (40 mg/l), Chloride (20 mg/l)

and water hardness (50). Only Water works sector no. 9-11 have

recorded all desirable limit of water quality parameters.

Key words— Water supply management, Water quality, Geo-

spatial techniques and GIS.

I. INTRODUCTION

Water is a precious natural resource and management of water

is a challenging task in developing countries. Increase in

population is causing an ever increasing demand on water

supply, which needs to prepare a water supply Information

and management system. There are approximately 24000

water supply connections under PWD water works in Hisar

city. Average 1000 connections are increasing every year.

At present the water pressure pipe which is use in water works

is not sufficient for long distances water supply and new water

works are also required to overcome the demand of water

supply. The goal of this report to prepared a water supply

Information system for Hisar city. Water resources are limited

and they require better management of water supply. The

supply of water is not able to meet the demand

Sunil Lamba, student, M. Tech., Geo-informatics, Haryana Space

Applications Centre, Hisar, India,

Dr. Ajeet Singh, Assistant Scientist, Haryana Space Applications Centre

(HARSAC), CCS HAU Campus, Hisar, Haryana

Shashikant, JRF, Haryana Space Applications Centre (HARSAC), CCS

HAU Campus, Hisar, Haryana

due to several reasons like shortage of source water, high

amount of leakage, poor maintenance of the system etc. An

urban water distribution pipe network of a mega city consists

of huge capacity of pumps, pipes, valves, reservoirs and

tanks.

It is a challenging task for the water supply board to operate

the system to deliver drinking water of required quantity and

quality. Indian cities have intermittent water supply and

demand is not meet by supply and there is considerable

amount of gap between demand and supply.

.

II. STUDY AREA

Hisar is located at 29.17°N 75.72°E. It has an average

elevation of 212 meters (695 feet). Hisar city is one of the

important and fast growing urban centers of Haryana. Very

hot summers and cold winters. The maximum day

temperature very often touches 48 degrees Celsius during

summers.

Hisar continued to be the District Headquarters of the

largest district in the state till its reorganization; some parts of

it were transferred to Jind in 1966 when Jind was made a new

district. Tehsil Bhiwani and Loharu estate were transferred to

the Bhiwani District when Bhiwani was carved out in 1974.

Hot winds, locally known as Loo, are strong and frequent

from May to July. Hisar lies just 30 km north-east of the Thar

Desert. Intermittent dust storms are also common. In the

winter some rain is received due to western disturbances.

Around 75 to 80 per cent of the annual rainfall is received

during SW Monsoon season (June to September) with 50 per

cent coefficient of variation (CV). Air temperatures during

summer are quite high at Hisar, the maximum value of which

touched 48.3°C in May, 1944.

However, with the onset of summer monsoon, the

temperature ameliorates and falls in the vicinity of 35.0°C.

The lowest temperature recorded at Hisar is -3.9°C which

occurred in January, 1929. The sub-zero temperatures (frost

conditions) are not uncommon during winter season. As of

2001 India census, Hisar had a population of 256,810. Males

constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. Hisar has

an average literacy rate of 71%, higher than the national

average of 59.5%: male literacy is 76%, and female literacy is

64%. In Hisar, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.

The Location map of study area is shown in figure-1.

Water Supply& Water Quality Information

System of Hisar city using GIS Technology

Sunil Lamba1, Ajeet Singh

2, Shashikant Sharma

3


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Figure-1 Location Map of Hisar city

III. MATERIALS & METHODOLOGY

Satellite Data

The satellite data consists of high resolution Quick Bird

(Multi-spectral) satellite data of 2006 has been used. The

details of satellite data and their characteristics are given

below:

Table1: Satellite Sensor Data and its Characteristics

Satellit

e

Spectral

bands

(microns)

Spatial

Resoluti

on

Swath

width

Altitude Format

Quick

Bird

0.45-0.90 0.60 m 18km 482Km IMG

Figure-2 Methodology flow chart

Field Survey & Ground Truth Data

Ground truth data collected from the field/site an important

source of information for verification, augmentation and

accuracy estimation/validation of thematic details mapped

from satellite imagery. Software Used:

ERDAS IMAGINE 9.3, ARC GIS Desktop 9.3, Microsoft

Office 2007.

IV. RESULTS & DISCUSSION

There are two types of water works HUDA and PWD in Hisar

city. Each Huda sector has his own Water Works. Both Water

works are providing the water supply to Hisar city. The

Criteria for classification of water quality classes (Based on

Indian Drinking Water Standards as per BIS Guideline-IS:

10500: 1991) is adopt for present study. In last few years

Population and Geographical Boundary of Hisar city had

increased. Migration of people from rural to urban area

increases the demand of drinking water in Hisar city.

There is a geographical difference in new MC boundary with

reference to the old MC boundary. Old MC boundary had 46

square km area whereas the new MC boundary having 76

square km area. So, net 30 square km area had increased.

There are many types of dissolved minerals and organic

constituents present in water supply. The most common

dissolved mineral substances are sodium (Na), calcium (Ca),

magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), potassium (K), chloride

(Cl), bicarbonate (HCO3) and sulphate (SO4). Major

perameters like PH value, Hardness, chloride, TDS (A total

dissolved solid), Fluride and Alkalinity are discussed in the

present study of each water works. The technical information

and water quality of water works are given as below:-

Water Supply Quality

The suitability of drinking water has been categorized in to

desirable, permissible and non-potable on the basis of IS:

10500:1991 drinking water standard (Table-2). The results of

the water sample analysis are given in Table-3.

Alkalinity

Alkalinity is a measure of the capacity of water to neutralize

acids or hydrogen ions. Alkalinity can sometimes be refereed

as "Carbonate hardness". Alkalinity acts as a buffer if any

changes are made to the water’s pH value. The alkalinity in

the water will help to keep the water’s pH stabilized. In the

study area maximum value of Alkalinity 126 mg/l is recorded

in (W/W no.1) and minimum value of Alkalinity 40 mg/l is

recorded in (W/W no.2). Both water works is shown in

figure-3.

TDS

A total dissolved solid (TDS) is the term used to describe the

inorganic salts and small amounts of organic matter present in

solution in water. The principal constituents are usually

calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium cations, carbonate,

bicarbonate, chloride, sulfates and nitrate anions. In the study

area maximum value of TDS 552 mg/l is found in (PTU

Water Works) and minimum value of TDS 126 mg/l is found

in (W/W no.1). Both water works is shown in figure-3.


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Table-2 Criteria for classification of water quality classes (Based on Indian

Drinking Water Standards as per BIS Guideline-IS: 10500: 1991)

DL: Désirable limit

PL: Permissible limit

NP: Non-potable

(No guideline value prescribed; however if ammonia, nitrite and phosphate are present at more than 1.0 mg/L, it indicates

pollution).

Table-3 Results of water sample analysis of the study area

S.

No.

Characteristic / Constituent Potable Non-Potable

Desirable Limit Permissible

Limit

1 pH 6.5 to 8.5 -- <6.5 to >8.5

2 Total Hardness (CaCo3) mg/l < 300 300-600 > 600

3 Iron (Fe) mg/l < 0.3 0.3-1.0 > 1.0

4 Chlorides (Cl) mg/l < 250 250-1000 > 1000

5 Total Dissolved solids (TDS) mg/l < 500 500-2000 > 2000

6 Bicarbonate (HCO3) mg/l < 500 -- > 500

7 Calcium (Ca) mg/l < 75 75-200 > 200

8 Magnesium (Mg) mg/l < 30 30-100 > 100

9 Nitrate (NO3) mg/l < 45 45-100 > 100

10 Sulphate (SO4) mg/l < 200 200-400 > 400

11 Fluoride (F) mg/l < 1.0 1.0-1.5 > 1.5

12 Manganese (Mn) mg/l < 0.10 0.10-0.3 > 0.3

13 Sodium (Na) mg/l -- -- --

14 Potassium (K) mg/l -- -- --

15 Arsenic (As) mg/l < 0.05 -- > 0.05

16 Phenolic Compounds (C 6H5OH) mg/l < 0.001 0.001-0.002 > 0.002

17 Mercury (Hg) mg/l < 0.001 -- > 0.001

18 Cadmium (Cd) mg/l < 0.01 -- > 0.01

19 Selenium (Se) mg/l < 0.01 -- > 0.01

20 Copper (Cu) mg/l < 0.05 0.05-1.5 > 1.5

21 Cyanide (CN) mg/l < 0.05 -- > 0.05

22 Lead (Pb) mg/l < 0.05 -- > 0.05

23 Zinc(Zn) mg/l < 5 5-15 > 15

24 Anionic detergents (MBAS) mg/l < 0.2 0.2-1.0 > 1.0

25 Chromium (Cr6+) mg/l < 0.05 -- > 0.05

26 Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) mg/l < 0.2 -- > 0.2

27 Mineral Oil mg/l < 0.01 0.01-0.03 > 0.03

28 Pesticides mg/l 0 0-0.001 > 0.001

29 Radioactive

Materials

i Alpha emitters pci/l 0 0-0.1 > 0.1

ii Beta emitters pci/l 0 0-1.0 > 1.0

30 Alkalinity mg/l < 200 200-600 > 600

31 Aluminium (Al) mg/l < 0.03 0.03-0.2 > 0.2

32 Boron mg/l < 1 1-5 > 5

Locations W/W no.2 W/W Sector

9-11

PTU W/W W/W no.1*

Parameters

pH 6.5 7.5 8.5 7

IS:10500-1991 DL DL DL DL

Alkalinity (mg/l) 40 60 100 126


Hardness (mg/l) 50 60 180 -


Chloride (mg/l) 20 20 180 200


T.D.S. (mg/l) 132 168 552 120


Fluoride (mg/l) 1 1 1.5 0.5

IS:10500-1991 PL DL PL PL


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Water pH

The pH value of water is a measure of its acidity or alkalinity.

The pH level is a measurement of the activity of the hydrogen

atom because the hydrogen activity is a good representation

of the acidity or alkalinity of the water. The pH scale ranges

from 0 to 14 with 7.0 being neutral. Water with a low pH is

said to be acidic and water with a high pH is basic or alkaline.

Pure water would have a pH of 7.0, but water sources and

precipitation tends to be slightly acidic, due to contaminants

that are in the water. A one unit change in pH represents a 10

fold difference in hydrogen ion concentration. For example,

water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen ions than

water with a pH of 7. In the study area maximum value of pH

8.5 is found in (PTU Water Works) and minimum value of pH

6.5is found in (Water works no.2). Both water works is shown

in figure-3.

Hardness

Water hardness is caused by dissolved divalent metal cations.

In natural waters Ca+2

and Mg+2

are the predominant cations

causing hardness. For analytical purposes, total hardness

(TH) is defined as the sum of dissolved Ca+2

and Mg+2

. Water

that contains a lot of calcium and magnesium is said to

be hard. The hardness of water is expressed in terms of the

amount of calcium carbonate-the principal constituent of

limestone or equivalent minerals that would be formed if the

water were evaporated. In the study area minimum value of

hardness 50 is recorded in Water works no.2 and maximum

value of hardness 180 is recorded in PTU Water Works. Both

water works is shown in figure-3.

Chloride

Chloride is common in nature, generally as a salt. Most

chloride is found in nature in the oceans. Sodium chloride is

used in industry for making chemicals and to melt snow and

ice. Chloride is needed for good health and may be important

for kidney health, nervous system and nutrition. There is no

known health effects associated with chloride. However, the

sodium often associated with chloride can be a concern to

people suffering from heart disease or kidney disease.

Chloride (Cl-1

) is one of the major anions found in water and

are generally combined with calcium, magnesium, or sodium.

In the study area maximum value of chloride 200 mg/l is

found in (W/W no.1) and minimum value of chloride 20 mg/l

is found in (W/W no.2). Both water works is shown in

figure-3.

Fluoride

Fluoride occurs naturally in some soils and rocks. People who

lived where drinking water has naturally occurring fluoride

levels of approximately 1 ppm had fewer dental caries

(cavities) than people who lived where fluoride levels in

drinking water has lower. Fluoride concentration is ranging

between 0.5 ppm to 1.5 ppm in the study area. In the study

area maximum value of Fluoride 1.5 mg/l is found in (PTU

Water Works) and minimum value of Fluoride 0.5 mg/l is

found in (W/W no.1). Both water works is shown in figure-3.

V. CONCLUSIONS

The present study was conducted to evaluate the water quality

and water supply status of Hisar city by using Quick Bird

satellite data and water quality sample of each water works.

The result of water quality and supply in Hisar city is given as

below:-

1. The water works no.2, Kaimri Road, Hisar have

recorded minimum value of water quality parameters

like water PH value (6.5), Alkalinity (40 mg/l),

Chloride (20 mg/l) and water hardness (50). All

parameters of this water works lie in category of

Désirable limit. Floride water quality of that water

Works came in the category of Permissible limit. 2. The water works no.1, comes in the average water

supply works because it’s have recorded maximum

Alkalinity and Chloride; however these parameter

are comes in permissible limit.

3. Except of Chloride water quality parameter, water

works PTU have recorded maximum value of all

quality parameter like water PH, Alkalinity, Fluoride

and hardness however all value comes in to

permissible limit but it is not a good sign of public

health.

4. Water pressure pipe which is use in all water works

are not sufficient pressure gauge for long distances

water supply and now it is time to maintain pumping

stations for long distances water supply. The

distribution of pipe line width is shown in figure-3.

5. The geographical area of old MC boundary have 46

square km area whereas the new MC boundary

having 76 square km area. So, net 30 square km area

has been increased. But no new water works was

made. Migration from rural to urban area also

increases the demand of water supply.

6. Only Water works sector 9-11 have recorded

Desirable limit of all water quality parameters.


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Figure-3 Water supply system and water works of Hisar city


255


VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to express my sincere and deep gratitude to the Vice Chancellor

Dr M L Ranga. Guru Jambheshswar University of Science and Technology,

Hisar, Haryana for his futuristic vision to start the post graduate degree

course in Geo-informatics.

I express my deep respect and gratitude to my guides, Dr. Ajeet Singh,

Assistant Scientist, HARSAC, Hisar and Dr. (Prof.) Vinay Maitri, Head,

Centre for CASS, GIS&RS, School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi

under whose generous guidance and supervision this study was carried out.

I am indebted to my beloved, my family whose prayer, support and constant

encouragement help me to complete the thesis work.

Finally, I acknowledge all people who gave me moral and intellectual

support during entire course of the work.

REFERENCES

[1] Barrocu, G., Biallo, G. (1993): Application of GIS for aquifer

vulnerability evaluation. In: Kovak, K., Nachtnebel, H.P. (Eds):

HydroGIS 93: Application of Geographic Information Systems in

Hydrology and Water Resources,Proceedings of the Vienna

Conference, April 1993. IAHS Publication No. 211, pp571-589.

[2] Byounggil CHOI and Gyewoon CHOI, Korea, A DEVELOPMENT OF

DETERIORATION ESTIMATION AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

ON WATER LINES USING GIS.

[3] Cesario, L. (1986). Denver’s Mapping Information Management

System. In Proc. of AWWA Annual Conference. Denver, Colorado

(USA). pp. 669-681. Ed. American Water Works Association

(AWWA).

[4] Kusum Lata, 2004, GIS Based Monitoring System For Urban Water

Supply System, National Institute of Urban Affairs ,India Habitat

Centre, New Delhi.

[5] Morris, J. 1998. Description on Dijkstra’s algorithm.

http://ciips.ee.uwa.edu.au/~morris/Year2/PLDS210/dijkstra.html

(accessed 28 Nov. 2003).

Author’s Profile

Sunil Lamba received the Bachelor degree in ECE, from KUK

University in 2008 and Student of M. Tech. in Geo-informatics from

Haryana Space Application Centre.

Dr. Ajeet Singh Assistant Scientist, Haryana Space Application Centre,

CCS, HAU campus, Hisar (Haryana)

Shashikant Sharma received the Master degree in Geography, from Agra

University, (U. P.) in 2007 and P. G. Diploma in Remote Sensing & GIS

from Rajasthan University, Jaipur (Rajasthan) in 2012. He is Junior

Research Fellow at Haryana Space Applications Centre (HARSAC),

CCSHAU Campus, Hisar (Haryana). He has Three years’ experience in the

field of remote sensing & GIS. He has published about 2 papers in national

and international journals.

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