WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM BASIC OPERATIONS
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Transcript of WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM BASIC OPERATIONS
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WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM BASIC OPERATIONSBASIC OPERATIONS
Prepared by RCAP SolutionsPrepared by RCAP Solutions
For PADEPFor PADEP
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IntroductionIntroduction
Basics of Water SupplyBasics of Water Supply
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Drinking Water SourcesDrinking Water Sources
Surface WaterSurface Water
GroundwaterGroundwater
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Surface Water: AdvantagesSurface Water: Advantages
Easily accessibleEasily accessible
Large volumes of waterLarge volumes of water
Surface reservoirs for storageSurface reservoirs for storage
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Surface Water: DisadvantagesSurface Water: Disadvantages
Exposure to contaminantsExposure to contaminants
Expensive filtrationExpensive filtration
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Groundwater: AdvantagesGroundwater: Advantages
Less treatmentLess treatment
ConsistencyConsistency
AvailabilityAvailability
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Groundwater: DisadvantagesGroundwater: Disadvantages
Chemical contamination Chemical contamination
HardnessHardness
Multiple wells Multiple wells
LocationLocation
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Groundwater Treatment ProcessesGroundwater Treatment Processes
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Groundwater Treatment ProcessesGroundwater Treatment Processes
Not very complexNot very complex
Mainly disinfectionMainly disinfection
Covered laterCovered later
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Surface Water Treatment ProcessesSurface Water Treatment Processes
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Racks and ScreensRacks and Screens
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Racks and ScreensRacks and Screens
Prevent debrisPrevent debris
Pipes and pumpsPipes and pumps
Straining pastaStraining pasta
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MixingMixing
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MixingMixing
Coagulant Coagulant
Suspended particlesSuspended particles
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Coagulation and FlocculationCoagulation and Flocculation
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Coagulation and FlocculationCoagulation and Flocculation
Reduces solidsReduces solids
Prevents bacterial “hiding”Prevents bacterial “hiding”
Like making cheeseLike making cheese
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SedimentationSedimentation
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SedimentationSedimentation
PresedimentationPresedimentation
BasinsBasins
Solids loading reductionSolids loading reduction
Sludge removalSludge removal
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FiltrationFiltration
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FiltrationFiltration
Solids and floc removalSolids and floc removal
PhysicalPhysical
ChemicalChemical
BiologicalBiological
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Types of FiltrationTypes of Filtration
Slow SandSlow Sand
Conventional FiltrationConventional Filtration
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Types of FiltrationTypes of Filtration
Direct FiltrationDirect Filtration
Diatomaceous EarthDiatomaceous Earth
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Types of FiltrationTypes of Filtration
Membrane FiltrationMembrane Filtration
Bag and Cartridge FiltersBag and Cartridge Filters
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DisinfectionDisinfection
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DisinfectionDisinfection
Disease-causing organismsDisease-causing organisms
ChlorineChlorine
Ozone and Ultraviolet RadiationOzone and Ultraviolet Radiation
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Disinfection: ChlorineDisinfection: Chlorine
Chlorine GasChlorine Gas
Sodium HypochloriteSodium Hypochlorite
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Disinfection: ChlorineDisinfection: Chlorine
Calcium HypochloriteCalcium Hypochlorite
Chlorine may form carcinogensChlorine may form carcinogens
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Disinfection: Ultraviolet LightDisinfection: Ultraviolet Light
Penetrates most cell wallsPenetrates most cell walls
No toxic residualsNo toxic residuals
Short contact times; easy to operateShort contact times; easy to operate
Unsuitable for some water sources Unsuitable for some water sources
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Disinfection: OzoneDisinfection: Ozone
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Shorter contact timeShorter contact time
Capital costsCapital costs
O&MO&M
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Other Typical Treatment ProcessesOther Typical Treatment Processes
Iron and manganese removalIron and manganese removal
Corrosion controlCorrosion control
These are source dependentThese are source dependent
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Iron and Manganese RemovalIron and Manganese Removal
Various techniquesVarious techniques
AerationAeration
Sequestration Sequestration
Ion exchangeIon exchange
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Corrosion ControlCorrosion Control
Prevents degradationPrevents degradation
Adjust water characteristicsAdjust water characteristics
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ExerciseExercise
Exercise!!!Exercise!!!
Complete the fill-in-the blank questionsComplete the fill-in-the blank questions
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Distribution System FacilitiesDistribution System Facilities
PumpsPumps Storage facilitiesStorage facilities Transmission mainsTransmission mains Valves and hydrantsValves and hydrants MetersMeters
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PumpsPumps
Provide liftProvide lift
Do not generally create pressureDo not generally create pressure
Major part of O&M costsMajor part of O&M costs
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Storage FacilitiesStorage Facilities
Clear wellsClear wells
Stand pipesStand pipes
Elevated storage tanksElevated storage tanks
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Clear WellsClear Wells
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Clear WellsClear Wells
Large concrete reservoirs Large concrete reservoirs
Constant rate of operationConstant rate of operation
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Stand PipesStand Pipes
Located on the groundLocated on the ground
Require little maintenanceRequire little maintenance
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Elevated Storage TanksElevated Storage Tanks
Supporting structures Supporting structures
Use gravityUse gravity
Filled in off-peak hoursFilled in off-peak hours
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Transmission MainsTransmission MainsSystem DesignSystem Design
Branching systems Branching systems
Loop or grid systemsLoop or grid systems
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Transmission MainsTransmission MainsMaterialsMaterials
Cast ironCast iron
Ductile ironDuctile iron
Plastic (polyvinylchloride – PVC) Plastic (polyvinylchloride – PVC)
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Valves and HydrantsValves and Hydrants
Valves Valves
Wet barrel hydrants Wet barrel hydrants
Dry barrel hydrantsDry barrel hydrants
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MetersMeters
Throughout the system Throughout the system
Used for billing and to identify lossUsed for billing and to identify loss
Lowers usageLowers usage
Replacement program Replacement program
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ExerciseExercise
Exercise time!!!Exercise time!!!
Fill in the graphic and answer the questionsFill in the graphic and answer the questions
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SummarySummary
Key pointsKey points
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References and ResourcesReferences and Resources
See your workbooks for detailsSee your workbooks for details