Water Supply Water Supply DevelopmentDevelopment

Mike KizerMike Kizer

OSU Extension Irrigation OSU Extension Irrigation SpecialistSpecialist

Water SourcesWater Sources Surface WaterSurface Water

StreamsStreams LakesLakes RunoffRunoff

Ground WaterGround Water WellsWells SpringsSprings GanatsGanats

Rain HarvestingRain Harvesting

Developing a Hillside Seep SpringDeveloping a Hillside Seep Spring

Intercept ground water before it reaches the surface to:Intercept ground water before it reaches the surface to:

- Protect its quality- Protect its quality

- Simplify its collection and transport- Simplify its collection and transport

Jetting A Well Jetting A Well

- Jetting is effective in unconsolidated material (sand, gravel, soil)- Jetting is effective in unconsolidated material (sand, gravel, soil)

- Downward water velocity sufficient to dislodge undisturbed material- Downward water velocity sufficient to dislodge undisturbed material

- Upward water velocity sufficient to “float” dislodged material- Upward water velocity sufficient to “float” dislodged material

- Jetted solids settle out in basin - Clear water re-circulated to jet

Drilling MudDrilling Mud

A slurry of water and clay (bentonite A slurry of water and clay (bentonite preferred) used in well drillingpreferred) used in well drilling Reduces water loss during drillingReduces water loss during drilling Helps “float” drill cuttings to surfaceHelps “float” drill cuttings to surface Stabilized hole until casing installationStabilized hole until casing installation

Must be removed by bailing and pumping Must be removed by bailing and pumping before well can be put into servicebefore well can be put into service

Percussion Drilling ToolsPercussion Drilling Tools

Round-Stock Cable Hangar

Pipe Body

I-Beam Body

Chisel-Point Bit

Round-Stock Hangar

Pipe Body

Heavy Rubber Flap Valve

Vertical Reciprocating Motion Vertical Reciprocating Motion for Low-Tech Percussion Drillingfor Low-Tech Percussion Drilling

Augers for Hand-Bored WellsAugers for Hand-Bored Wells

Low-Tech Methods to Sink Low-Tech Methods to Sink a Casing in a Well Borea Casing in a Well Bore

Dead ManDead Man

Driven WellsDriven Wells(Commercial Sand Points)(Commercial Sand Points)

Driven WellsDriven Wells

(Home-Made Sand Points)(Home-Made Sand Points)-- Driven Wells are normally 1 ½-inch or 2-inch pipes-- Driven Wells are normally 1 ½-inch or 2-inch pipes

-- Drive points should be ¼ - ½ inch larger in diameter that the well pipe-- Drive points should be ¼ - ½ inch larger in diameter that the well pipe

-- Well points can be driven with sledge hammer, post driver, jack hammer-- Well points can be driven with sledge hammer, post driver, jack hammer

GanatsGanats(Horizontal Wells)(Horizontal Wells)

- Ganats are horizontal borings in sloping topography from the ground surface that intercept the water table. They collect and convey subsurface water to the surface for use. If sloped slightly downward toward the point of use no pumping is required.

Small Earth DamsSmall Earth DamsSmall earthen dams should be constructed of low permeability material. Small earthen dams should have an 8-ft minimum top width.Slopes should be stabilized against erosion with vegetation or rock. Mechanical spillways should be sized to handle the average stream flow. Flood flows must be handled by the emergency spillway for the life of the dam.Emergency spillways should be constructed in undisturbed material.

Emergency SpillwaysEmergency Spillways

Flow MeasurementFlow Measurement ““Good water management begins with water Good water management begins with water

measurement”measurement” Basic principleBasic principle

Q = VQ = Vmm A Aff

Q = flow rate in a pipeline or channel (ftQ = flow rate in a pipeline or channel (ft33/sec)/sec) VVmm = mean or average velocity of flow in the pipeline or = mean or average velocity of flow in the pipeline or

channel (ft/sec) channel (ft/sec) AAff = cross-sectional area of flow (ft = cross-sectional area of flow (ft22))

Velocity is not constant throughout the cross-sectionVelocity is not constant throughout the cross-section

(feet)

(seconds)

Distance, (feet) = Velocity, (feet/second) Time, (seconds)

Estimating Surface Velocity, VEstimating Surface Velocity, Vss, of a Straight Stream with a Float and Stopwatch, of a Straight Stream with a Float and Stopwatch

VVmm = K = Kff V Vss

KKff : 0.65 – 0.80 : 0.65 – 0.80

KKff = 0.65 (if d = 0.65 (if d 1 ft) 1 ft)

KKff = 0.80 (if d > 20 ft) = 0.80 (if d > 20 ft)

Water Surface

Estimating the Cross-Sectional Area of Flow, AEstimating the Cross-Sectional Area of Flow, Aff

Dividing the Streambed into Triangles, Rectangles and TrapezoidsDividing the Streambed into Triangles, Rectangles and Trapezoids

Rectangle Area ARectangle Area Ar r = d w= d w

Trapezoid Area, ATrapezoid Area, Atztz = ½ (d = ½ (dii + d + di+1i+1) w) w

Triangle Area, ATriangle Area, Atrtr = ½ d w = ½ d w

w = spacing between verticals

w

Rain Water HarvestingRain Water Harvesting

UnitsUnits VolumeVolume

Quantity of water; Water “at rest”Quantity of water; Water “at rest” Gallon, cubic foot, etc.Gallon, cubic foot, etc. V = A d (units -- acre-inch, acre-foot, hectare-meter etc.)V = A d (units -- acre-inch, acre-foot, hectare-meter etc.)

DepthDepth Rainfall measured as depth; Useful for irrigation Rainfall measured as depth; Useful for irrigation

applications as wellapplications as well Inch, foot, millimeter, centimeter, etc.Inch, foot, millimeter, centimeter, etc. D = V / A (units -- Usually in. or mm)D = V / A (units -- Usually in. or mm)

FlowFlow Volume of water per unit time; Water “in motion”Volume of water per unit time; Water “in motion” Gallons per minute, cubic feet per second, acre-inches Gallons per minute, cubic feet per second, acre-inches

per day, liters per second, cubic meters per second etc.per day, liters per second, cubic meters per second etc. Q = V / t (units – gpm, L/s, ftQ = V / t (units – gpm, L/s, ft33/s, cfs, MGD)/s, cfs, MGD)

Volume balance (Qt=Ad)Volume balance (Qt=Ad) V = Q t and V = A d, so Q t = A dV = Q t and V = A d, so Q t = A d Q Q xx t t = = AA xx dd = = VV ((ftft33/s/s xx ss) = () = (ftft22) ) xx ( (ftft) = () = (ftft33)) (Flow rate) x (time) = (area) x (depth)(Flow rate) x (time) = (area) x (depth) Knowing any of the three, can solve for the Knowing any of the three, can solve for the

fourthfourth Units must be consistent (conversion constant, Units must be consistent (conversion constant,

kkvv, to balance units: Qt=k, to balance units: Qt=kvvAd)Ad) gpm gpm xx hr hr ≠≠ acres acres xx in in

Contact InformationContact Information

Email: Email: mkizer@okstate.edumkizer@okstate.edu Telephone: (405)744-8421Telephone: (405)744-8421 Fax: (405) 744-6059Fax: (405) 744-6059 Mailing Address: Michael KizerMailing Address: Michael Kizer

228 Agriculture Hall228 Agriculture HallOklahoma State Univ.Oklahoma State Univ.Stillwater, OK 74078Stillwater, OK 74078