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Water Supply and Sanitation and the Green Economy in the ESCWA Region: Building upon the
Millennium Development Goals
Mohamed I. Al-Hamdi First Economic Affairs Officer, SDPD – ESCWA
Water In the Green Economy in Practice: Towards RIO +20 3-5 October 2011 – Zaragoza, Spain
Green Economy
The UN Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) and the European Environment Agency (EEA) have launched an Assessment of Assessments report in September 2011.
• “The ‘green economy’ is still an emerging concept. At its core is the idea of revitalizing economies as they emerge from the recent economic crisis while significantly reducing environmental risks and addressing ecological scarcities.”
• “Globally, greening the economy is at the heart of renewed efforts to integrate environmental and social considerations with mainstream economic decision-making.”
Environment within development agenda
• At expense of environment • Ozone depletion • Polluted rivers • Soil salinization • Air pollution • Etc
Economic Development
• Environmental protection • Liability • Costly • Impede growth • Not priority to many
countries • Etc.
Sustainable Development • Green Economy
• It pays to protect the environment (Environmental Services)
• e.g. Water-shed management (greater water quantity, improved quality, flood control, etc.)
Sustainable Development +
Industrial revolution Rio (1992) Rio +20
• Maintain biodiversity – Environmental water rights
– In-stream water demands
– Sustainability of water resources
• Maintain ecosystem services – Water resources allocation
– Reduce, reuse and recycle
– Polluter pays principle
– Water use efficiency
– Full cost pricing
– Indicators • Access to water and sanitation
• Per capita water availability
• Water losses (domestic and irrigation)
• Virtual water and water footprints
• Etc.
Role of water in green economy
Regional Specificities / Challenges / Response measures
• Water Scarcity
• Food security
• Water and energy linkages • Institutional set up and development
• Access to water supply and sanitation
Regional Specificities / Challenges / Response measures
(1) Water Scarcity – Growing demand and declining supplies
67
115
206
253
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1961 1980 2000 2009
Millions Total Population of the ESCWA
1,857
1,316
971
735 566
0
400
800
1,200
1,600
2,000
1967 1977 1987 1997 2008
m3 per year
Total Per Capita Renewable Water Resources
Country Bahrain 2007
Egypt 2002
Iraq 2002
Jordan 2007
Kuwait 2002
Qatar 2007
S. A. 2007
Syria 2007
UAE 2007
Yemen 2007
Withdrawal 220 119 87 99 2465 544 943 100 2032 169
Water withdrawals (as percentage of total renewable water resources)
Source: World bank and FAO - Aquastat
Regional Specificities / Challenges / Response measures
(1) Water Scarcity (cont.) – Dependence on external water resources
Country Bahrain Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Occ. Palest. Territories
Dependency Ratio (%) 97 97 53 27 100 0.80 3.0
Country Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Sudan Syria UAE Yemen
Dependency Ratio (%) 0 3.5 0 77 72 0 0
Source: FAO - Aquastat
– Climate change – Rainfall variability
– Higher frequency of extreme weather events
Regional Specificities / Challenges / Response measures
(1) Water Scarcity (cont.) – Non-conventional water resources
0 500
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
Saudi Arabia UAE Kuwait Qatar Oman Bahrain
Annu
al P
rodu
ctio
n (m
illio
n m
3 ) Annual production of desalinated water in GCC countries
17%
14%
4% 3% 1.5% 1.3%
% of global production as of 2008
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Bahrain Egypt Jordan Kuwait Qatar Saudi Arabia
Syria UAE Yemen
Treated wastewater in selected ESCWA countries
1988-1992 1993-1997
1998-2002 2003-2007
Billion m3/yr
• Desalination as a industry – and promotion as green industry? • Desalination capacity of Saudi Arabia and the UAE accounts for over 30% of
global desalinated freshwater production. • Desalination increasing in Egypt due to real estate and tourism expansion. • GCC examining desalination as an industry: R&D, O&M, training, jobs, exports • Not better than fossil groundwater extraction?
Examining the full cost of Desalination • Water-Energy Linkages • Energy rich v/s Energy
poor endowments cause difference
• Solar options being explored, but not well developed: KSA, UAE
• Transfer/transmission costs need to be considered
• Environmental externalities (CO2 emissions)
$0.00
$0.50
$1.00
$1.50
$2.00
$2.50
$3.00
$3.50
$4.00
Sana’a SWRO
Amman SWRO (from
Dead Sea)
Riyadh SW MED
Damascus SWRO
Muscat SW MSF
Amman Brackish
RO (from Disi)
Gaza City SWRO
Cos
t in
$ p
er m
3
Environmental Externality
Transportation Cost
Supply Cost
Source: ESCWA Water Development Report 3 (2009)
Regional Specificities / Challenges / Response measures
Regional Specificities / Challenges / Response measures
(1) Water Scarcity (cont.) – Water quality
– Sea water intrusion (over pumping / reduced river flow)
– Naturally contaminated deep groundwater (salinity, heat, Fluoride, etc.).
– Water pollution from domestic and industrial wastewater.
Regional Specificities / Challenges / Response measures
(2) Food security – Policy focus on internal agricultural production
– Agriculture consumes around 80% of total water use – Groundwater mining
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Yemen Oman Saudi Arabia Syria UAE Jordan Lebanon Qatar Palestine Bahrain
Industrial Municipal Agricultural
Sectoral Water Withdrawal in Selected ESCWA Countries
0
50
100
1990 1995 2000 2005 2008
Mil
lio
n t
on
ne
Cereal production, import and total consumption in the ESCWA region
Production Import Total consumption
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1990 1995 2000 2005 2008
Pe
rce
nt
(%)
Cereal import dependency in the ESCWA region
Regional Specificities / Challenges / Response measures
(2) Food security (cont.) – Employment in agriculture in relation to economic output
– Inefficient irrigation practices
– Land leasing in water rich countries
Regional Specificities / Challenges / Response measures
(3) Water – Energy linkages – Diversity in access to and use of energy
0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
Qatar UAE Bahrain Kuwait Saudi Arabia
Oman Jordan Iraq Syria Lebanon Egypt Sudan Yemen
Energy Use per capita, 2007 GDP/capita
USD kg of oil equivalent
Source: ESCWA, Sustainable Production and Consumption Patterns in the Energy and Water Sectors in the ESCWA Region (forthcoming, 2011)
Energy Use per capita, 2007
ESCWA region mostly depends on oil and gas for its energy supply, while renewable resources represent very low share of energy supply (0-2%).
– Need for energy in water supply – Pumping , water treatment (desalination), wastewater treatment, etc. – Saudi Arabia, the top desalinated water producer in the world, uses 1.5
million barrels of oil per day at its plants (Arab news).
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
0
15,000
30,000
45,000
60,000
75,000
90,000
Average 2008 Apr-09 May-09 Jul-09
m3 /d
ay
Impacts of electricity cut-offs on water supply in Sana’a
Expected production capacity
Actual water production (due to power cut offs)
Total no. of operational wells
Reduction in water production (due to power cut offs): %
water production (bar graph) No. of wells (line graph)
Regional Specificities / Challenges / Response measures
(3) Water – Energy linkages (cont.) – Need for water in power production
– Hydropower – Steam generation – Cleaning (solar panels / mirrors) – Etc.
Regional Specificities / Challenges / Response measures
(4) Institutional setup and development • Many countries have developed IWRM policies, strategies and plans
• Fragmentation of water resources management among various institutions.
• Ineffective stakeholders participation.
• Poor monitoring, reporting, sharing and dissemination of water quality and quantity data.
• Outdated water laws & legislation in some countries
• Ineffective inspection, implementation & enforcement of water legislation.
• Social & political constraints on water management.
• Low morale & low pay for water professionals in some countries.
• Inadequate financial allocation for investment in the water sector.
• Reform programs have taken place in many countries in the water and sanitation subsector.
Contribution of access to safe water supply and sanitation services (goal 7-c) to the other MDGs:
• Improved public health leads to higher productivity (goal (1) on poverty alleviation, goal (4) on child mortality, and goal (6) on combating HIV, malaria and other diseases).
• Higher enrollment rates of children in schools (Goals (2) on access to primary education and goal (3) on gender equality).
Water supply and sanitation in green economy
Goal 7 Ensure environmental sustainability
Target 7-C Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable
access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation
Indicator 7.8: Proportion of population using an improved drinking water source
Indicator 7.9: Proportion of population using an improved sanitation facility
Observation: Protection of public health from water born and water related diseases is the main rationale behind the water and sanitation MDG.
MDGs monitoring systems
• National level – Progress reports with assistance from UNDP
• Regional level (Arab region)
– UN-LAS progress report
• Global level (Joint Monitoring Program – JMP)
– Biennial reports (March 2010)
– Country reports
JMP Water supply indicators classification
• Access to improved drinking water source
– Definition of improved water source
“By the nature of their construction or through active intervention, are protected from outside contamination, particularly from faecal matter.”
• Unprotected dug wells, unprotected springs tanker truck, surface water (river, dam, lake, pond, stream, canal, irrigation channel) and bottled water.
Unimproved
• public taps or standpipes, tube wells, protected dug wells, protected springs, and rainwater collection.
Other Improved
• Piped house connections.
Improved
protected from outside
contamination, particularly faecal
matter
JMP sanitation indicators classification
• Access to improved Sanitation facility
– Definition of Improved sanitation facility
“Facilities that ensure hygienic separation of human excreta from human contact.”
• Defecation in fields, forests, bushes, bodies of water, or disposal of human faeces with solid waste.
Open defecation
• Pit latrines without slab or platform, hanging latrines and bucket latrines
Unimproved
• Acceptable type, but shared between two or more households (incl. public toilets)
Shared (improved or unimproved)
• Flush or pour flush toilet/latrine to: piped sewer system, septic tank or pit latrine
• Ventilated improved pit latrine • Composting toilet
Improved
Status of access to improved water and sanitation in the Arab region (1)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1990
2006 2008
Population with access to improved water supply source (%)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
1990 2006 2008
Population with access to improved sanitation facilities (%)
Status of access to improved water and sanitation in the Arab region (2)
Algeria 5843 10%
Comoros 33 0%
Djibouti 68 0%
Egypt 815 1%
Iraq 6320 11%
Jordan 245 0%
Kuwait 29 0%
Mauritania 1640 3% Morocco
6005 10%
Oman 334 1%
Palestine 373 1%
Somalia 6248 11%
Sudan 17780 31%
Syrian Arab Republic
2335 4%
Tunisia 610 1% Yemen
8708 15%
Number of People without access to improved Water source (2008)
TOTAL NUMBER 57.4 million
Data source : 2010 JMP report Figures in 000, and % are related to uncovered regional population
Algeria, 4764, 6%
Comoros, 247, 0%
Djibouti, 350, 0%
Egypt, 28706, 35%
Iraq, 9132, 11%
Jordan, 2734, 3%
Kuwait, 768, 1%
Lebanon, 1219, 1%
Mauritania, 979, 1%
Morocco, 7243, 9%
Oman, 977, 1%
Palestine, 845, 1%
Qatar, 813, 1%
Somalia, 977, 1%
Sudan, 5959, 7%
Syrian Arab Republic, 8079, 10%
Tunisia, 2905, 4%
UAE, 2618, 3% Yemen,
2390, 3%
Number of People gained access to improved Water source (1990-2008)
TOTAL NUMBER 81.7 million
Data source : 2010 JMP report Figures in 000, and % are related to uncovered regional population
Status of access to improved water and sanitation in the Arab region (3)
Algeria 1719 2%
Comoros 423 1%
Djibouti 374 0%
Egypt 4892
6%
Iraq 8126 11%
Jordan 123 0%
Libya 189 0%
Mauritania 2379 3%
Morocco 9798 13%
Palestine 456 1%
Somalia 6873 9%
Sudan 27290 36%
Syrian Arab Republic
849 1%
Tunisia 1525 2%
UAE 135 0% Yemen
11000 14%
Number of People without access to improved sanitation facilities (2008)
Data source : 2010 JMP report Figures in 000, and % are related to uncovered regional population
TOTAL NUMBER 76.2 million Algeria 10406
12%
Comoros 163 0%
Djibouti 106 0%
Egypt 35030
40%
Kuwait 776 1%
Libya 1872 2%
Mauritania 518 1%
Morocco 8660 10%
Qatar 813 1%
Sudan 4847 6%
Syrian Arab Republic
9819 11%
Tunisia 2565 3%
UAE 2539 3%
Yemen 9701 11%
Number of People gained access to improved sanitation facilities (1990-2008)
TOTAL NUMBER 87.8 million
Data source : 2010 JMP report Figures in 000, and % are related to uncovered regional population
MDG+ Initiative: Justification and Content
• AMWC resolutions
• Scope – Level and quality of services
– Environmental protection
• Regional specificities
• Timeframe of original MDGs
• Indicators – Maximum additions with minimum efforts
– Availability and measurability
Water supply and sanitation service indicators
Technical
• Service coverage • Leakages • Water quality • wastewater
treatment • Continuity of service • Etc.
Administrative
• Non-revenue water • Number of staff per
1000 connections • Etc.
Financial
• Tariff structure • Cost recovery • Collection efficiency • Etc.
• Usually there are long lists of indicators found within: Standards (local or national level) Guidelines and manuals (national & global) Benchmarks and best practice (regional & global)
• These indicators are not incorporated within the global development agenda. • Opportunity to expand (build on) the current MDGs to incorporate additional
service related indicators.
MDG+ Indicators Water Supply Sanitation
• Water consumption
• Continuity of supply
• Water quality
• Distance to source
• Tariff structure
• Affordability
• Treated quantity
• Treatment type
• Reuse utilization
• Reuse type
• Tariff structure
• Affordability
Purpose is to consider not only accessibility to improved infrastructure, but also reliability, regularity, affordability, sustainability and quality of service provided.
Differentiates between conventional/non-conventional sources: Supply: rainwater harvesting; Sanitation: raw/treated reuse
These are particularly important issues to consider in water scarce environments and developing countries.
MDG + additional indicators
Data management
• Template – Two forms for basic MDG indicators (definitions and data
sources)
– Four forms for additional indicators • Two on water supply (urban and rural)
• Two on sanitation (urban and rural)
– Reference of the MDG+ initiative (template) in the Arab summit (Sharm El-Sheik, Egypt – 19 January 2011)
MDG+ data collection template
MDG+ data collection template
Conclusions/Reflections
• ‘Green Economy’ is still an emerging concept with the aim to revitalize economies while significantly reducing environmental risks and addressing ecological scarcities.
• Environmental protection is not fully integrated in socio-economic development in the ESCWA region.
• The region faces major water challenges that could impede development (water scarcity, food security, institutional capacity, finance, etc.).
• Access to safe water supply and sanitation facilities has been identified as an important requirement/element/driver of green economy.
• There is high discrepancy in access to water and sanitation among countries of the ESCWA region (GCC – LDCs).
• The Basic water and sanitation MDG indicators are health based and do not reflect the level or quality of services.
• A regional monitoring initiative has been approved by the Arab Ministerial Water Council to build upon the basic MDG indicators as to incorporate additional indicators that reflect level and quality of services as well as environmental protection.
Thanks for your attention …
Mohamed Al-Hamdi Water Resources Section Sustainable Development and Productivity Division UN-ESCWA Tel: +961 1 978 524 Fax: +961 1 981 510 Email: [email protected] Web: www.escwa.un.org