Water soluble vitaminsThiamine vitamin B1

Thiamine is widely distributed in a large variety of animal and vegetable source .

Help the body burn nutrient to release energy.

Function Coenzyme many of which are

involved in the release of energy from carbohydrate, protein and fats

Deficiency Gastrointestinal symptoms such

as loss of appetite and vomitingBeriberiCardiovascular system ex. Heart diseaseFood source of thiamine meat, poultry and fishliver

continueWholegrain cerealsLegumesOil seedsMilkegg

Riboflavin vitamin B2

Riboflavin is found in small amount in wide variety of animal and vegetables food source and helps the body to burn nutrient to release energy.

Function 1. Cell respiration 2. Release of energy from

carbohydrate, protein and fats.

source of riboflavinMilkEggsLiver, meat and fishGreen leavesLegumesNote. Riboflavin is destroyed by

daylight

DeficiencyCracking of lips ( angular

stomatitis)Swelling of tongue ( glossitis)Failure of grow in children Eye and visual disturbanceConjunctivitis ( scaling dermatitis

affacting nasolabial fold.)

Niacin vitamin B3

Niacin is water soluble vitamin therefore it has been identified two forms niacin ( nicotinic acid )and niacinamide (nicotinamide)

Function functions as part of a group of enzymes

called flavoproteins which are involved in 1. Cell respiration2. Metabolism of carbohydrate, protein

and fat synthesis ( the vitamin activity of niacin riboflavin is closely related)

Deficiency

niacin deficiency is known as pellagra and is characterised by the three Ds

1. Dermatitis 2. Diarrhoea 3. Dementia (rare)Early symptoms include: loss of

appetite, indigestion , weakness, anaemia and glossitis

Toxicity lowering of blood cholesterol and triglycerideIncrease blood high density

lipoprotein

Source of niacinThe best source are liver, meat and fishGroundnuts milk wholemeal wheat and milletMaize and sorghum are not good

source of naicin.

Vitamin B6Vitamin B6 occurs naturally in food in three

forms. Pyridoxin, pyridoxal and pyridoxamine. function functions as coenzyme for many different

enzymes involved inSynthesis and metabolism of proteins such as

serotonin and gamma butric acid; synthesis of niacin from tryptophan; and the formation and growth of red blood cells including haemoglobin.

Release of energy from carbohydrate and fat.

Deficiency Clinical symptoms of deficiency are not

specific but may include.Central nervous system disturbances such

as irritability, mental depression , convulsive seizures, abnormal brain pattern, and conduction of nerve impulses.

Dermatitis, similar to that seen i pellagraSideroblastic anaemia is responsive to

vitamin B6Immune deficiencyRenal calculi.

Food sourceLiverBananasEgg yolkPotatoesMilk AppleToxicityDependency on vitamin B6

Folacin (folic acid) functions as coenzyme in the transfer

of carbon molecules to various compounds in the synthesis of key material as

A) Purines thymine involved in DNA synthesis

B) Haemoglobin C) Choline2. Involved in the metabolism of protein

and fat( function are closely, linked with those of vitamin B6.

DeficiencyCharacteristic and early result of

deficiency is macrocytic anaemia in which the red blood cells are abnormally large.

1. Small intestine defects result in mal absorption and deficiency of other nutrients.

2. White blood cells and platelets or during periods of rapid growth such as pregnancy.

3. Neural tube defects, Megaloblastic Anemia

Food sourceLiver and kidneyFresh vegetables particularly green

leavesFishBeans and groundnutsWholegrain cereals

Note : unfortunately, much folate is destroyed when foods are stored or cooked for a long time.

Folic acid deficiency

Vitamin B12Function as a coenzyme in protein

metabolism such as the synthesis of nucleic acids e.g. DNA and RNA.

A) Bone marrow, where the red blood cells are formed.

B) Nerve tissue, where vitamin B12 is involved in the breakdown of certain fats.

2. Vitamin B12 acts indirectly on red blood cell formation through the activation of folacin coenzymes.

DeficiencyCharacteristic result of deficiency

is1. Pernicious anaemia ( macrocytic

anaemia)2. Neurological disturbances

Food sourceAnimal food such as liver, meat, EggsSeafoodDairy products and fermented

foods

Pantothenic acidFunction as a coenzyme 1. Energy release from the metabolism

of carbohydrate, protein and fats2. Synthesis of amino acids, fatty acids

sterols ( such as cholesterol ), steroid hormones and vitamin D

3. Formation of red blood cells haemoglobin

4. Formation of acetycholine ( neurotransmitter).

deficiencyClinical signs of deficiency 1. Personal changes2. Irritability, restlessness3. Fatigue

Toxicity Toxicity is low.

Food sourcesLiver, kidneyEggs( yolk)MilkBroad bean beef

BiotinFunction as a coenzyme in 1. The fixation of a CO2 into

organic molecules.2. Linking the metabolism of

carbohydrate and fat3. Formation of glucose and fatty

acids in the body.4. May be involved in the

metabolism of vitamin B12.

Deficiency Symptoms includeLethargy Loss of appetiteNausea Vomiting glossititsMental depression Dermatitis Muscle painHypetcholesterolemia

Food sourceEgg yolkBrewers yeast Soy beans LiverLesser amounts occur in

meat ,fruit and vegetables.

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