Water ResourcesWater Resources

G. Tyler Miller’sLiving in the Environment

13th Edition

Chapter 14

G. Tyler Miller’sLiving in the Environment

13th Edition

Chapter 14

Dr. Richard ClementsChattanooga State Technical Community CollegeDr. Richard ClementsChattanooga State Technical Community College

Water’s Unique PropertiesWater’s Unique Properties

Hydrogen bonding Hydrogen bonding

Liquid over wide temperature range Liquid over wide temperature range

Changes temperature slowly Changes temperature slowly

High heat of evaporation High heat of evaporation

Great dissolving power Great dissolving power

pH pH

Adhesion and cohesion Adhesion and cohesion

Expands when it freezes Expands when it freezes

Supply of Water ResourcesSupply of Water Resources

Fig. 14-2 p. 314Fig. 14-2 p. 314

FreshwaterFreshwater Readily accessible freshwaterReadily accessible freshwater

Biota0.0001%

Biota0.0001%

Rivers0.0001%Rivers

0.0001%

Atmosphericwater vapor

0.0001%

Atmosphericwater vapor

0.0001%

Lakes0.0007%

Soilmoisture0.0005%

Groundwater0.592%

Groundwater0.592%

Ice capsand glaciers

0.592%

0.014%0.014%

Surface WaterSurface Water

Surface runoffSurface runoff

Reliable runoffReliable runoff

Watershed Watershed

Drainage basinDrainage basin

Evaporation and transpiration

Evaporation

Stream

Infiltration

Water tableInfiltration

Unconfined aquifer

Confined aquifer

Lake

Well requiring a pump

Flowingartesian well

Runoff

Precipitation

ConfinedRecharge Area

Aquifer

Less permeable materialsuch as clay Confirming permeable rock layer

Ground WaterGround Water Fig. 14-3 p. 315Fig. 14-3 p. 315

Use of Water ResourcesUse of Water Resources

Humans use about 50% of reliable runoff Humans use about 50% of reliable runoff

Agriculture Agriculture

Industry Industry

Domestic Domestic

Power plants Power plants

Fig. 14-5 p. 316Fig. 14-5 p. 316

United States

Industry 11%

Public 10%

Powercooling

38%

Agriculture38%

Too Little WaterToo Little Water

Dry climateDry climate

Drought Drought

DessicationDessication

Water stressWater stress

Acute shortage

Adequate supply

Shortage

Metropolitan regions with population greater than 1 millionFig. 14-7 p. 317Fig. 14-7 p. 317

Using Dams and Reservoirs to Supply More WaterUsing Dams and Reservoirs to Supply More Water

Large lossesof water throughevaporation

Large lossesof water throughevaporation

Flooded land destroys forests or cropland anddisplaces people

Flooded land destroys forests or cropland anddisplaces people

Downstream flooding is reducedDownstream flooding is reduced

Downstream cropland andestuaries are deprived ofnutrient-rich silt

Downstream cropland andestuaries are deprived ofnutrient-rich silt

Reservoir is useful for recreation and fishing

Can produce cheap electricity (hydropower)

Migration and spawning of some fish are disruptedMigration and spawning of some fish are disrupted

Provides waterfor year-roundirrigation ofcropland

Fig. 14-9 p. 319Fig. 14-9 p. 319

Transferring Water from One Place to AnotherTransferring Water from One Place to Another

North BayAqueductNorth BayAqueduct

South BayAqueductSouth BayAqueduct

California AqueductCalifornia Aqueduct

CALIFORNIANEVADA UTAH

MEXICO

Central ArizonaProject

Colorado RiverAqueduct

Los AngelesAqueduct

Shasta Lake

Sacramento

Fresno

Phoenix

Tucson

ARIZONA

ColoradoRiver

SacramentoRiverSacramentoRiver

San FranciscoSan Francisco

Los AngelesLos Angeles

San DiegoSan Diego

Watershed transferWatershed transfer

California Water Project

California Water Project

Central Arizona Project

Central Arizona Project

James BayJames Bay Fig. 14-13 p. 323Fig. 14-13 p. 323

Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwater

Year-round useYear-round use

No evaporation lossesNo evaporation losses

Often less expensiveOften less expensive

Potential Problems!Potential Problems!

Problems with Using GroundwaterProblems with Using Groundwater

Water table lowering (See Fig. 14-15 p. 326)Water table lowering (See Fig. 14-15 p. 326)

Depletion (See Fig. 14-16 p. 326)Depletion (See Fig. 14-16 p. 326)

Subsidence (See Fig. 14-16 p. 326) Subsidence (See Fig. 14-16 p. 326)

Saltwater intrusion (See Fig. 14-17 p. 328)Saltwater intrusion (See Fig. 14-17 p. 328)

Chemical contaminationChemical contamination

Reduced stream flowsReduced stream flowsSee Case Study

p. 327See Case Study

p. 327

Converting Salt Water to Fresh Water and Making it RainConverting Salt Water to Fresh Water and Making it Rain

Distillation desalinationDistillation desalination

Reverse osmosis desalinationReverse osmosis desalination

Desalination is very expensiveDesalination is very expensive

Cloud seedingCloud seeding

Using Water More EfficientlyUsing Water More Efficiently

Reduce losses due to leakage Reduce losses due to leakage

Reform water laws Reform water laws

Improve irrigation efficiency (Fig. 14-18 p. 330) Improve irrigation efficiency (Fig. 14-18 p. 330)

Improving manufacturing processes Improving manufacturing processes

Water efficient landscaping Water efficient landscaping

Water efficient appliances Water efficient appliances

Too Much Water: FloodsToo Much Water: Floods

Natural phenomena Natural phenomena

Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir

Renew and replenish Renew and replenish

Aggravated by human activities

Aggravated by human activities

Fig. 14-22 p. 332

Solutions: Achieving a More Sustainable Water FutureSolutions: Achieving a More Sustainable Water Future

Efficient irrigationEfficient irrigation

Water-saving technologiesWater-saving technologies

Improving water managementImproving water management

See Fig. 14-25 p. 336See Fig. 14-25 p. 336

Water PollutionWater Pollution

G. Tyler Miller’sLiving in the Environment

13th Edition

Chapter 19

G. Tyler Miller’sLiving in the Environment

13th Edition

Chapter 19

Dr. Richard ClementsChattanooga State Technical Community CollegeDr. Richard ClementsChattanooga State Technical Community College

Types and Sources of Water PollutionTypes and Sources of Water Pollution

Point sourcesPoint sources

Nonpoint sourcesNonpoint sources

Biological oxygen demand

Biological oxygen demand

Water qualityWater quality

Refer to Tables 19-1 and 19-2 p. 484 and 485

Refer to Tables 19-1 and 19-2 p. 484 and 485

Fig. 19-3 p. 485Fig. 19-3 p. 485

Point and Nonpoint SourcesPoint and Nonpoint Sources

NONPOINT SOURCES

Urban streets

Suburban development

Wastewater treatment plant

Rural homes

Cropland

Factory

Animal feedlot

POINT SOURCES

Fig. 19-4p. 486

Pollution of StreamsPollution of Streams

Oxygen sag curve Oxygen sag curve Factors influencing recovery Factors influencing recovery

Fig. 19-5 p. 488

Pollution of LakesPollution of Lakes

Eutrophication Eutrophication

Slow turnover

Slow turnover

Thermal stratification

Thermal stratification

Fig. 19-7 p. 491Fig. 19-7 p. 491

Case Study: The Great LakesCase Study: The Great Lakes

Fig. 19-8p. 492

Groundwater Pollution: SourcesGroundwater Pollution: Sources

Low flow rates Low flow rates Few bacteria Few bacteria

Cold temperatures Cold temperatures

Fig. 19-10 p. 494

Coal strip mine runoff

Pumping well

Waste lagoon

Accidental spills

Groundwater flow

Confined aquifer

Discharge

Leakage from faulty casing

Hazardous waste injection well

Pesticides

Gasoline station

Buried gasoline and solvent tank

Sewer

Cesspool septic tank

De-icing road salt

Unconfined freshwater aquifer

Confined freshwater aquifer

Water pumping well Landfill

Groundwater Pollution PreventionGroundwater Pollution Prevention

Monitoring aquifersMonitoring aquifers

Leak detection systemsLeak detection systems

Strictly regulating hazardous waste disposal

Strictly regulating hazardous waste disposal

Storing hazardous materials above ground

Storing hazardous materials above ground

Ocean PollutionOcean Pollution

Fig. 19-12 p. 498

Case Study: Chesapeake BayCase Study: Chesapeake Bay

Largest US estuary

Largest US estuary

Relatively shallow Relatively shallow

Slow “flushing” action to Atlantic

Slow “flushing” action to Atlantic

Major problems with dissolved O2 Major problems with dissolved O2

Fig. 19-14 p. 500

Oil SpillsOil Spills Sources: offshore wells, tankers, pipelines and

storage tanks

Sources: offshore wells, tankers, pipelines and storage tanks

Effects: death of organisms, loss of animal insulation and buoyancy, smothering

Effects: death of organisms, loss of animal insulation and buoyancy, smothering

Significant economic impacts Significant economic impacts

Mechanical cleanup methods: skimmers and blotters

Mechanical cleanup methods: skimmers and blotters

Chemical cleanup methods: coagulants and dispersing agents

Chemical cleanup methods: coagulants and dispersing agents

Solutions: Preventing and Reducing Surface Water PollutionSolutions: Preventing and Reducing Surface Water Pollution

Nonpoint SourcesNonpoint Sources Point SourcesPoint Sources

Reduce runoffReduce runoff

Buffer zone vegetation

Buffer zone vegetation

Reduce soil erosionReduce soil erosion

Clean Water ActClean Water Act

Water Quality ActWater Quality Act

Technological Approach: Septic SystemsTechnological Approach: Septic Systems

Require suitable soils and maintenanceRequire suitable soils and maintenance

Fig. 19-16 p. 504

Technological Approach: Sewage TreatmentTechnological Approach: Sewage Treatment

Mechanical and biological treatmentMechanical and biological treatment

Fig. 19-17p. 504

Technological Approach: Advanced Sewage TreatmentTechnological Approach: Advanced Sewage Treatment

Removes specific pollutantsRemoves specific pollutants

Fig. 19-18p. 505

Technological Approach: Using Wetlands to Treat SewageTechnological Approach: Using Wetlands to Treat Sewage

Fig. 19-19p. 506

Drinking Water QualityDrinking Water Quality

Safe Drinking Water Act

Safe Drinking Water Act

Maximum contaminant levels Maximum contaminant levels

Bottled water Bottled water

Fig. 19-11 p. 495Fig. 19-11 p. 495