Water Quality Treatment - Produced Water & Flowback

26
Water Quality and Treatment of Frac Flowback and Produced Water Nasim Esmaeilirad Ryan Hutcherson Colorado State University August 12, 2013

Transcript of Water Quality Treatment - Produced Water & Flowback

Page 1: Water Quality Treatment - Produced Water & Flowback

Water Quality and Treatment of Frac Flowback and Produced Water

Nasim EsmaeiliradRyan Hutcherson

Colorado State University

August 12, 2013

Page 2: Water Quality Treatment - Produced Water & Flowback

Overview on produced water

• Oil and gas within underground in source rock referred as Formations.

• Geology of formations vary along with hydrocarbons characteristics.

• Different methods are used for different formations.

• While some oil and gas are produced by drilling a well and relying on the natural pressure to come out to the surface, hydraulic fracking is used to extract some hydrocarbons .

• Hydraulic fracking: Injection of water along with chemicals and sand under high pressure inside the ground.

• Produced water is a key byproduct comes out to the surface along with oil and gas.

• 250mbbr of produced water was generated per day in the world in 2009, corresponding to 80mbbrs of produced oil.

• 21mbbrs of PW was generated in the USA.

• About 90% of produced water is injected to the deep wells.

• Given this huge amount of produced water and growing demand of fresh water give a potential source of water in replace of conventional source of water

Page 3: Water Quality Treatment - Produced Water & Flowback

Basic Water Use Model

Groundwater

Municipal Water

Surface Water

Drilling and Hydraulic Fracturing

Flowback and Produced Water

Deep Injection Well

Page 4: Water Quality Treatment - Produced Water & Flowback

Water Reuse Model

Groundwater

Municipal Water

Surface Water

Drilling and Hydraulic Fracturing

Flowback and Produced Water

Deep Injection Well

Treatment

Dilution

Page 5: Water Quality Treatment - Produced Water & Flowback

Sampling Plan

Flow back Transition Formation

- Unsuccessful Treatment

- Treatment to be completed- Successful Treatment

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 1850

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Days

BBLS

Page 6: Water Quality Treatment - Produced Water & Flowback

0 20 40 60 80 1000

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250Frac Fluid ll Frac Fluid ll

Days

Iron

(mg/

L)

0 2 4 6 8 10 120

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0.5

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1.5

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Frac Fluid ll Frac Fluid ll

Days

Alum

inum

(mg/

L)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12012345

Raw Water Quality

Page 7: Water Quality Treatment - Produced Water & Flowback

Raw Water Quality

0 20 40 60 80 1000

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Frac Fluid l Frac Fluids ll

Calci

um (m

g/L)

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Frac Fluid l Frac Fluid ll

Days

Bariu

m (m

g/L)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12012345

Page 8: Water Quality Treatment - Produced Water & Flowback

Raw Water Quality

0 20 40 60 80 1000

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Days

Chlo

ride

(mg/

L)

0 2 4 6 8 10 120

2000400060008000

10000

0 20 40 60 80 1000

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Frac Fluid l Frac Fluid ll

Days

Sulfa

te (m

g/L)

0 2 4 6 8 10 120

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Page 9: Water Quality Treatment - Produced Water & Flowback

Raw Water Quality

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 1051000

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Frac Fluid l Frac Fluid ll

TOC

(mg/

L)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 1050

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10000

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Frac Fluid l Frac Fluid ll

Days

TDS

(mg/

L)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4400900

140019002400290034003900

Page 10: Water Quality Treatment - Produced Water & Flowback

Raw Water Quality

0 20 40 60 80 1000

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Frac Fluid ll Frac Fluid l

pH

Page 11: Water Quality Treatment - Produced Water & Flowback

(1) Electrocoagulation => Softening => Solid-Liquid Separation

(2) Softening => Electrocoagulation => Solid-Liquid Separation

(3) Chemical coagulation => Softening => Solid-Liquid separation

Chemical and Electro Coagulation (EC) Processes Studied

Goals:

• Determine the point in time when flowback can be treated effectively

• Determine what type of treatment and dosage is most effective on early flowback

• Determine which water quality parameters could be used as indicators of whether treatment will be successful

Page 12: Water Quality Treatment - Produced Water & Flowback

Chemical Coagulation

• Destabilize (charge neutralize) solid particles using tri-valent cations• A blend of Aluminum and a polymer were used• HCl was used to lower the raw water pH to 6 (increase hydration of floc blend)• Each raw sample was treated with a dosage of 5 parts per thousand of Floc

Blend and stirred for approximately 2 minutes• Floc Blend consists of a 1:1 ratio of Aluminum Chlorohydrate (ACH) and Poly-

aluminum Chloride (PACl) • Aluminum dosage was approximately 449 mg/L• Floc was allowed to settle for approximately 20 minutes• Once settled water was decanted off the top softened at a pH of 10.2 (NaOH)

2.5μm glass fiber filters either with positive pressure or a vacuum were used• HCl was then used to lower pH to neutral (~ 7)

Page 13: Water Quality Treatment - Produced Water & Flowback

Electrocoagulation

Insitu generating coagulants:

• Using electricity to dissolution and oxidation of

metal ions in anode: Aluminum or/and Iron plates/disc.

• Formation of hydroxyl ions(Aluminum hydroxide) and hydrogen gas at the cathode.

• Reacting with the hydroxyl ion (from the cathode) to

form Aluminum hydroxide.

• The hydroxide flocculates and coagulates purifying

the water.

Page 14: Water Quality Treatment - Produced Water & Flowback

EC/Softening (1) and Softening/EC (3) Schematics

Raw water

EC pH = 10.2(NaOH)

pH = 7(HCl)(1)

(2)

2.5 mm filter

Sample A

2.5 mm filter

Sample B

2.5 mm filter

DissolvedTotal

2.5 mm filter

2.5 mm filter

pH = 7(HCl)

pH = 9.5(NaOH)

Sample A Sample B Sample C

EC

Page 15: Water Quality Treatment - Produced Water & Flowback

EC (1) and Chemical Coagulation (2) Schematics

Raw water

EC pH = 10.2(NaOH)

pH = 7(HCl)(1)

(3)

2.5 mm filter

Sample A

2.5 mm filter

Sample B

Sample A Sample B Sample C

2.5 mm filter

DissolvedTotal

ChemicalTreatment

pH = 10.2(NaOH)

2.5 mm filter

2.5 mm filter

pH = 7(HCl)

Page 16: Water Quality Treatment - Produced Water & Flowback

Treated Water Quality (EC vs. CC)

1 2 26.5 69.5 90 153 161 183 1 2 700

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100RawPost-ECPost-CC% Removal-EC% Removal-CC

Alu

min

um (m

g/L)

%

Frac Fluid l (guar based, pH=10.2) Frac Fluid ll (non-guar, pH=5)

1 2 26.5 69.5 90 153 161 183 1 2 700

50

100

150

200

250

0102030405060708090100 Raw

Post-ECPost-CC% Removal-ECSeries5

Iron

(mg/

L)

%

Page 17: Water Quality Treatment - Produced Water & Flowback

Treated Water Quality (EC vs. CC)

1 2 26.5 69.5 90 153 161 183 1 2 700

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Calc

ium

(mg/

L)

%

1 2 26.5 69.5 90 153 161 183 1 2 700

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0102030405060708090100 Raw

Post-ECPost-CC% Removal-EC% Removal-CC

Bari

um (m

g/L)

%

Frac Fluid l (guar based, pH=10.2) Frac Fluid ll (non-guar, pH=5)

Page 18: Water Quality Treatment - Produced Water & Flowback

Treated Water Quality (EC vs. CC)

1 2 26.5 69.5 90 153 161 183 1 2 700

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COD

(mg/

L)

%

1 2 26.5 69.5 90 153 161 183 1 2 700

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TOC

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%

Frac Fluid l (guar based, pH=10.2) Frac Fluid ll (non-guar, pH=5)

Page 19: Water Quality Treatment - Produced Water & Flowback

1 2 26.5 69.5 90 153 161 183 1 2 700

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Turb

idit

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TU)

%

Treated Water Quality (EC vs. CC)

Frac Fluid l (guar based, pH=10.2) Frac Fluid ll (non-guar, pH=5)

Page 20: Water Quality Treatment - Produced Water & Flowback

Treated Water Quality (softening before/after EC)

1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 30.00 60.00 60.00 90.00 153.00 161.00 183.000.00

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0.00

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-61.71

-38.43 -46.15

87.62 95.06 99.68 99.76 99.82 98.85 99.72 98.56

Turbidity

Raw EC pH

EC removal pH removal

Days

Turb

idit

y(N

TU)

Rem

oval

%

Page 21: Water Quality Treatment - Produced Water & Flowback

1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 30.00 60.00 60.00 90.00 153.00 161.00 183.000.00

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TOC TOC-EC TOC-pH Turbidity Turbidity-EC

Turbidity-pH

Days

TOC(

mg/

l)

Turb

idit

y(N

TU)

Treated Water Quality (softening before/after EC)

Page 22: Water Quality Treatment - Produced Water & Flowback

1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 30.00 60.00 60.00 90.00 153.00 161.00 183.000.00

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Raw-Ca+2 EC-Ca+2 pH-Ca+2 Raw-Mg+2 EC-MG+2 pH-Mg+2

Days

Conc

entr

ation

(mg/

)

Treated Water Quality (softening before/after EC)

Page 23: Water Quality Treatment - Produced Water & Flowback

1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 30.00 60.00 60.00 90.00 153.00 161.00 183.000.00

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Fe+2 EC-Fe+2 pH-Fe+2 Al+3 EC-Al+3pH-Al+3

Days

Fe+2

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l)

Al+

3(m

g/l)

Treated Water Quality (softening before/after EC)

Page 24: Water Quality Treatment - Produced Water & Flowback

Treatment Comparison after 1 hour

Treated Water Quality (softening before/after EC)

Page 25: Water Quality Treatment - Produced Water & Flowback

Comparison between EC Only and Increased pH before EC

Treated Water Quality (softening before/after EC)

Page 26: Water Quality Treatment - Produced Water & Flowback

Future Work

• Collect water samples for chemical treatability study• 5 days, 10 days, 20 days• Frac Fluid l and Frac Fluid ll• Use same chemical treatment process

• Repeat flowback study• Time intervals to be determined• Treat samples with various coagulants and processes (i.e. Alum, Ferric

Chloride, 2 stage treatment)• Measure change in dose-repose over the first month to better understand

treatability changes with time.• Additional Analytical Parameters

• Detailed characterization of organics• Seek a more simple measure of the class of organics which are found to be

most important (from a treatment point of view)